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The Global Vision of The Global Vision of Professor Hiromi Professor Hiromi HirabayashiHirabayashifor Applied Superconductivity for Applied Superconductivity

and Cryogenic Engineeringand Cryogenic Engineering

Thomas M. TaylorThomas M. TaylorCERNCERN

T. M. Taylor 2009T. M. Taylor 2009--0404--09 09 22

Thanks go to

T. Shintomi, K.Tsuchya, A. Yamamoto

for providing valuable information (but if there are errors, I take full responsibility!)

I have surely left out some items –please forgive serious omissions. For the less serious ones my excuse is that there is so much material, and not time to refer to everything…


It started 40 years agoIt started 40 years ago……

The first major application The first major application of superconductivity in the of superconductivity in the realm of high energy realm of high energy physics was for the large physics was for the large spectrometer magnets spectrometer magnets required for determining required for determining the momentum of charged the momentum of charged particles particles


ExampleExample:: BEBCBEBC

Big European Bubble Chamber Magnet

1967-73


First stepsFirst steps

in the 1970s, As a bubble in the 1970s, As a bubble chamber scientist at KEK chamber scientist at KEK Professor Hiromi Professor Hiromi HirabayashiHirabayashi, , like some other farlike some other far--sighted sighted persons in other laboratories, persons in other laboratories, became aware of the importance became aware of the importance of superconducting technology of superconducting technology for the whole field of high energy for the whole field of high energy physics physics –– not only for analyzing not only for analyzing magnets in experiments but also magnets in experiments but also for guiding and focusing the for guiding and focusing the particle beams in accelerators. particle beams in accelerators.


Build for real Build for real

He started by building a model He started by building a model solenoid for the 1solenoid for the 1--m bubble m bubble chamber. He therefore went on chamber. He therefore went on to build, to build, with the help of with the help of colleagues present here todaycolleagues present here today, , large aperture superconducting large aperture superconducting dipoles and quadrupoles for the dipoles and quadrupoles for the ππ1 beam line.1 beam line.Important step: build for Important step: build for operation in an accelerator to operation in an accelerator to demonstrate to sceptics the demonstrate to sceptics the –– UtilityUtility–– ReliabilityReliability

Of superconducting technologyOf superconducting technology


Large aperture dipole Large aperture dipole for for ππ1 beam line 1 beam line (1977(1977--80)80)

Size: length 1.38 m, bore 270 mmSize: length 1.38 m, bore 270 mmField: 4 TField: 4 TExcitation current: 3518 AExcitation current: 3518 AStored energy: 615 kJStored energy: 615 kJCold mass: 10 tCold mass: 10 tConductor: 35 strand compacted cable Conductor: 35 strand compacted cable NbNb--Ti/CuTi/Cu


The Early 80sThe Early 80s

This was the time that the This was the time that the TevatronTevatron was being was being constructed at constructed at FermilabFermilab, and , and Professor Professor HirabayashiHirabayashirecognized that the technology recognized that the technology would also be important in the would also be important in the long term for KEK so he long term for KEK so he worked with the Cryogenics worked with the Cryogenics CenterCenter and the Mechanical and the Mechanical Engineering department to Engineering department to provide the laboratory with a provide the laboratory with a CenterCenter of expertise in of expertise in cryogenic engineering and cryogenic engineering and applied superconductivity. applied superconductivity.


A global visionA global vision

Being relatively small and not Being relatively small and not having the resources of having the resources of laboratories such as laboratories such as FermilabFermilab, , BNL, and CERN, Professor BNL, and CERN, Professor HirabayashiHirabayashi recognized from recognized from the outset that in order to be the outset that in order to be viable the group would have to viable the group would have to get involved in projects both get involved in projects both inside and outside KEK, and inside and outside KEK, and would have to continue to earn would have to continue to earn worldworld--wide recognition through wide recognition through making timely and quality making timely and quality contributions to the science.contributions to the science.


A global vision A global vision continuedcontinued

To be correct, this global approach To be correct, this global approach was the attitude fostered by ICFA was the attitude fostered by ICFA (International Committee for Future (International Committee for Future Accelerators), which recognized that Accelerators), which recognized that world resources should be pooled to world resources should be pooled to make the big new machines, and make the big new machines, and enacted guidelines to encourage enacted guidelines to encourage scientists (and funding agencies) to scientists (and funding agencies) to cooperate.cooperate.

The exchange of scientists and The exchange of scientists and information that had begun in the information that had begun in the 1970s was further developed.1970s was further developed.

At the time sense of optimism At the time sense of optimism reigned. LEP and the reigned. LEP and the TevatronTevatron were were being built and the SSC and SLC being built and the SSC and SLC were planned. Superconducting were planned. Superconducting magnet technology was being magnet technology was being mastered.mastered.


Strategy to earn Strategy to earn recognitionrecognition

To maintain recognition of To maintain recognition of KEKKEK’’ss place place in the superconducting magnet in the superconducting magnet community, Professor community, Professor HirabayashiHirabayashidetermined to build magnets that determined to build magnets that create the highest possible fields, create the highest possible fields, requiring to address the main requiring to address the main problemsproblems–– strong forces due fields strong forces due fields –– choice of suitable conductors. choice of suitable conductors.

This expertise enabled him, together This expertise enabled him, together with his small team, to secure with his small team, to secure participation in the R&D program for participation in the R&D program for the SSC dipole magnet, and to guide the SSC dipole magnet, and to guide and encourage the manufacturers of and encourage the manufacturers of superconducting wire and cables in superconducting wire and cables in Japan to develop material of the Japan to develop material of the required quality. required quality.


Tristan test dipoleTristan test dipole

(MT-7 Karlsruhe 1981)


KEK 10 T dipole modelKEK 10 T dipole model

WindowWindow--frame typeframe typePressurized Pressurized superfluidsuperfluid coolingcooling

(PAC(PAC--1983 Santa Fe)1983 Santa Fe)


KEK SSC dipole modelKEK SSC dipole model

Designed, built, tested Designed, built, tested Seven quenches to SS Seven quenches to SS

(ASC(ASC--1990 Snowmass)1990 Snowmass)


High Field Magnets and High Field Magnets and A15 Superconductors A15 Superconductors

In addition to the direct In addition to the direct application of tried technology to application of tried technology to an operating system, and the an operating system, and the R&D for making a 10 T dipole, R&D for making a 10 T dipole, specific work was done on specific work was done on conductors:conductors:–– To maximize the keystone angle in To maximize the keystone angle in

Rutherford cableRutherford cable–– Use of Use of NbNb--Ti with 1.8 K HeTi with 1.8 K He–– A15 conductors were also studied. A15 conductors were also studied.

Interest in Nb3AlInterest in Nb3Al……

See invited talk at MTSee invited talk at MT--8 8 ((GrenobleGrenoble, 1983), 1983)

““Present status of A15 compoundsPresent status of A15 compounds””


ICFAICFA

In May 1984 an important In May 1984 an important ICFA seminar was held at KEKICFA seminar was held at KEKThis was attended by Giorgio This was attended by Giorgio BriantiBrianti, representative from , representative from Europe, technical director at Europe, technical director at CERN, and in charge of the CERN, and in charge of the LHC effortLHC effortA panel was set up to care for A panel was set up to care for ““superconducting magnets superconducting magnets and cryogenicsand cryogenics””. . Strong KEK participation in the Strong KEK participation in the 1986 ICFA workshop at BNL1986 ICFA workshop at BNL


ICFA conclusions 1984ICFA conclusions 1984


ICFA guidelines 1985ICFA guidelines 1985


ICFA panels 1985ICFA panels 1985


ICFA SC panel 1985ICFA SC panel 1985


Visibility in the 1980Visibility in the 1980--9090’’ssThanks to the energy he applied to his work Thanks to the energy he applied to his work with superconductivity and cryogenics Professor with superconductivity and cryogenics Professor HirabayashiHirabayashi was called upon to participate in was called upon to participate in many associated activities. Such activities take many associated activities. Such activities take time but helptime but help to maintain visibility of the team. to maintain visibility of the team.

International activitiesInternational activities1984 1984 --1995 Member of ICFA panel on 1995 Member of ICFA panel on Superconductivity and cryogenics (chairman Superconductivity and cryogenics (chairman from 1987)from 1987)19871987--1998 Asian editor of Cryogenics1998 Asian editor of Cryogenics19881988--1996 Board member of ICEC1996 Board member of ICEC19811981--1995 In charge of liaison of Japan1995 In charge of liaison of Japan--U.S. U.S. collaboration program for superconducting collaboration program for superconducting magnet developmentmagnet development19921992--1995 Collaboration with Uppsala 1995 Collaboration with Uppsala University for WASAUniversity for WASA19901990--1995 Collaboration with BNL for g1995 Collaboration with BNL for g--2 2 experimentexperiment

Domestic activitiesDomestic activities1899218992--1993 Chairman of the Cryogenic Society 1993 Chairman of the Cryogenic Society of Japanof Japan19881988--1993 Member of the executive board of 1993 Member of the executive board of the Cryogenic Association of Japan the Cryogenic Association of Japan

AwardAward2003 (at MT2003 (at MT--18) IEEE Award for his outstanding 18) IEEE Award for his outstanding contribution to magnet science and technology contribution to magnet science and technology


From SSC to LHCFrom SSC to LHC

Cancellation of the SSCCancellation of the SSC--> big disappointment> big disappointment

LHC work acted as backLHC work acted as back--upup


KEK, CERN, KEK, CERN, FermilabFermilaband LHC and LHC

The previous experience with The previous experience with developing very high field magnets developing very high field magnets was also an advantage in facing up was also an advantage in facing up to the new challenges. to the new challenges.

First, an alternative design for a First, an alternative design for a twintwin--aperture dipole was developedaperture dipole was developedThen the KEK team, together with a Then the KEK team, together with a team from team from FermilabFermilab, was awarded , was awarded the task of developing and the task of developing and supplying large aperture, high supplying large aperture, high performance quadrupoles for the performance quadrupoles for the lowlow--beta insertionsbeta insertions

This initiative reinforced the global This initiative reinforced the global approach that had been set in approach that had been set in motion previously. motion previously.


TwinTwin--aperture dipoleaperture dipole

Model. 1 m longModel. 1 m long. Alternative design. Alternative design

Max. field 9TMax. field 9T (tested later)(tested later)


LowLow--beta quadrupolebeta quadrupole

Length 6.3 m, bore 70 mmLength 6.3 m, bore 70 mmGradient 215 T/mGradient 215 T/m


Preassembled LHC Preassembled LHC triplet at triplet at FermilabFermilab

Tested quadrupoles were shipped to Tested quadrupoles were shipped to FermilabFermilab where they were installed in where they were installed in cryostats before being sent to CERNcryostats before being sent to CERN

This is s fine example of collaborationThis is s fine example of collaboration


Superconductor Superconductor development in Japan development in Japan It is important to It is important to acknowledge the guidance acknowledge the guidance provided to Japanese provided to Japanese industry by Professor industry by Professor HirabayashiHirabayashi over the over the preceding years. This was preceding years. This was instrumental in its being instrumental in its being prepared to also contribute prepared to also contribute in a substantial way to the in a substantial way to the LHC project.LHC project.


Superconducting magnets Superconducting magnets for experimentsfor experiments

In parallel with the work on In parallel with the work on superconducting magnets for superconducting magnets for guiding beams, KEK also guiding beams, KEK also continued to develop magnets continued to develop magnets for the experiments, for the experiments, concentrating on solenoids concentrating on solenoids with transparent coils. with transparent coils. Based on his knowledge of the Based on his knowledge of the needs of the experiments, this needs of the experiments, this development was encouraged development was encouraged by Professor by Professor HirabayashiHirabayashi, and , and through a series of successful through a series of successful designs has led to KEK now designs has led to KEK now providing undisputed providing undisputed leadership in the domain. leadership in the domain.


Detector magnets for Detector magnets for TRISTAN at KEKTRISTAN at KEK

Superconducting solenoids Superconducting solenoids were designed at KEK and were designed at KEK and built in industry for three built in industry for three TRISTAN experiments:TRISTAN experiments:–– TOPAZTOPAZ–– VENUSVENUS–– AMYAMY

1980 1980 –– 1986 was a period 1986 was a period of intense activity.of intense activity.


ICECICEC--11 (Berlin) talk11 (Berlin) talkIn his invited talkIn his invited talk

““Detector Magnet Technology for Detector Magnet Technology for High Energy AcceleratorsHigh Energy Accelerators””

He describes how the design of detector He describes how the design of detector solenoids progressed through 3 solenoids progressed through 3 generations in the period 1975generations in the period 1975--87:87:

1 1 -- CELLO, CLEO, TPC CELLO, CLEO, TPC 2 2 –– CDF, TOPAZ, VENUS, AMYCDF, TOPAZ, VENUS, AMY3 3 –– ALEPH, DELPHI, CLEO IIALEPH, DELPHI, CLEO II

To arrive at a universal consensus for To arrive at a universal consensus for the design of this type of magnet: the design of this type of magnet:

Indirect coolingIndirect coolingAluminumAluminum--stabilized conductorstabilized conductorInternal winding methodInternal winding method


ExampleExample BEBC BEBC (1967-73)

••Size: length 6m (split coil), bore 4.7 mSize: length 6m (split coil), bore 4.7 m

••Central field: 3.5 T (5.1 T on coil)Central field: 3.5 T (5.1 T on coil)

••Conductor*: monolithic Conductor*: monolithic NbNb--Ti/Cu Ti/Cu

••Stored energy: 800 MJStored energy: 800 MJ

••He bath cooled. CryoHe bath cooled. Cryo--stablestable

* * UntwistredUntwistred filaments, 200 filaments, 200 µµm m diadia


TOPAZ solenoid TOPAZ solenoid (1980(1980--84)84)

Size: length 5.1 m, bore 2.7 mCentral field: 1.21 T Excitation current: 3.65 kAStored energy: 19.5 MJCoil thickness: 0.7 radiation lengthsCold mass: 4.5 tConductor: co-extrusion of monolithic Nb-Ti/Cu in Al stabilizer


ATLAS solenoid ATLAS solenoid (1998(1998--2005)2005)

Size: length of 5.3 m, 2.4 m. Size: length of 5.3 m, 2.4 m. Field: 2 T (max. 2.6 T in coil ends)Field: 2 T (max. 2.6 T in coil ends)Excitation current: 7.73 kAExcitation current: 7.73 kAStored energy: 40 MJStored energy: 40 MJCoil transparency: 0.64 radiation lengthsCoil transparency: 0.64 radiation lengthsCold mass: 5.7 tCold mass: 5.7 tConductor: coConductor: co--extrusion of flat SC cable in a extrusion of flat SC cable in a rectangular aluminum stabilizerrectangular aluminum stabilizer


CMS Solenoid CMS Solenoid (1996(1996--2006)2006)

Size: length 12.5 m , bore 6 mSize: length 12.5 m , bore 6 mCentral field: 4 TCentral field: 4 TExcitation current: 20 kAExcitation current: 20 kAStored energy: 2.5 Stored energy: 2.5 GGJJCold mass: 220 tCold mass: 220 tConductor: coConductor: co--extrusion of flat SC cable in extrusion of flat SC cable in a rectangular aluminum stabilizer, a rectangular aluminum stabilizer, reinforced with Al alloyreinforced with Al alloy


Conclusion 1Conclusion 1

It is a pleasure to It is a pleasure to acknowledge the important acknowledge the important contribution that Professor contribution that Professor Hiromi Hiromi HirabayashiHirabayashi made made to the technical to the technical development of development of superconductivity at KEK, superconductivity at KEK, and, as a result, to the and, as a result, to the important contribution that important contribution that KEK has made, and KEK has made, and continues to make, in the continues to make, in the field in general. field in general.



At least of equal At least of equal importance is to pay importance is to pay tribute to his ability to take tribute to his ability to take full advantage of the full advantage of the excellent workshops, and excellent workshops, and to motivate, encourage to motivate, encourage and mentor his successors, and mentor his successors, thus earning their respect thus earning their respect and friendship that and friendship that prevailed long after he prevailed long after he retired from KEK in 1995. retired from KEK in 1995.



From the points of view ofFrom the points of view of–– Pursuit of technical Pursuit of technical

excellenceexcellence–– AssiduityAssiduity–– LeadershipLeadership–– Personal qualitiesPersonal qualities

He has provided a vivid He has provided a vivid example that deserves to example that deserves to be closely followed.be closely followed.

This is his legacy to us allThis is his legacy to us all


Thank you for your Thank you for your attentionattention