v
THE FRIENDSHIP VALUES AMONG THE MAJOR
CHARACTERS AS REFLECTED IN MARK TWAIN’S THE
ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements
For the Sarjana Sastra Degree in the English Department
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Sebelas Maret University
by
DIENUL HANIF MUKHLISHI
C1313003
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2016
vi
THE FRIENDSHIP VALUES AMONG THE MAJOR CHARACTERS AS
REFLECTED IN MARK TWAIN’S
THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN
by
DIENUL HANIF MUKHLISHI
C1313003
Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Sebelas Maret University
Thesis Consultant
Drs. Hendarto Rahardjo, M.A.
NIP. 195207211979031004
Head of English Department
Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 196708301993021001
vii
THE FRIENDSHIP VALUES AMONG THE MAJOR CHARACTERS AS
REFLECTED IN MARK TWAIN’S
THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN
by
DIENUL HANIF MUKHLISHI
C1313003
Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Sebelas Maret University
On April, 2016
The Board of Examniners
Position Name Signature
Chairman Dra. S.K. Habsari, M.Hum, PhD. (……………………………)
NIP. 196703231995122001
Secretary Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M. Tourism. (……………………………)
NIP. 196305301990032001
First Examiner Drs. Hendarto Rahardjo, M.A. (……………………………)
NIP. 195207211979031004
Second Examiner Dra. Endang Sri Astuti, M.S. (……………………………)
NIP. 195208141981032001
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences
Sebelas Maret University
Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D.
NIP. 196003281986011001
viii
PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Dienul Hanif Mukhlishi
NIM : C1313003
I hereby stated wholeheartedly that I write the thesis entitled THE FRIENDSHIP
VALUES AMONG THE MAJOR CHARACTERS AS REFLECTED IN MARK
TWAIN’S THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN. It is not a plagiarism nor
made by others. The things related to others people’s work are written in the quotation and
included in bibliography.
Surakarta, 2016
Dienul Hanif Mukhlishi
ix
MOTTOES
“And if all trees in the earth were pens, and the sea, with seven
more seas to help it, (were ink), the words of Allah could not be
exhausted. Lo! Allah is Mighty, Wise”.
( Q.S Luqman 27 )
“A friend indeed is a Friend in need”
( proverb )
x
DEDICATION SHEET
This Graduating Paper is dedicated to
Allah S.W.T
my beloved parents
my beloved brother
my beloved friends
and all people in my life…
xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahhi rabbil’aalamin
I Thank the Almighty God, Allah S.W.T., for everything and wonderful life. The
best thing in my life, I can finish this final project. My gratitude also belongs to the Great
Prophet Muhammad S.A.W and the following people :
1. Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D., Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences.
2. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D., Head of English Department.
3. My beloved Thesis Advisor Drs. Hendarto Rahardjo, M.A., I thank him so much
for being my advisor, I am so happy to have an advisor like him. His suggestion
are so inspiring. My Academic Advisor Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D., I
thank him for the inspiration and his advice.
4. All my lecturers in the English Department, who I cannot mention one by one,
thanks for the billions of knowledge and unforgettable moments during this
years. Their lessons have led me from nothing to be something. Thanks to all
staff in Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University for the hospitality
and friendliness during my study.
5. My great family, they are my beloved mommy, Ita Roswita, M.Pd., my beloved
daddy, Basuki, M.Pd., I thank them for their advices and supports, both material
xii
and immaterial stuffs. My little brother Muhammad Isa Rahmatullaah, I thank
him so much for his support, I believe he can do better than me!
6. My best friends and all my lovely classmates in the English Literature
Matriculation Class 2013 that I cannot mention one by one here, thanks for the
beautiful and unforgettable moments, friendship and togetherness during these
two years more. Thanks for the spirit and motivation.
7. Thanks to all my friends in the English Literature Department. Thank to my
Lieutenant, my special one, Letda. Pnb. Andika Octama Said, S.T.Han., for
everything, congratulations for his “wing day” be a great fighter pilot of
Indonesian Air Force and always have a safe flight.
April, 2016
Dienul Hanif Mukhlishi
xiii
ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “THE FRIENDSHIP VALUES AMONG THE MAJOR
CHARACTERS AS REFLECTED IN MARK TWAIN’S THE ADVENTURES OF
HUCKLEBERRY FINN” is intended to answer the objectives of the study: 1). to describe
the personality of the major characters, 2). to find out the quality of friendship in the novel
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn through the characterization develoment by employing
the theory of friendship written by Aristotle.
The type of this research is a library research which consists of primary data and
secondary data. The primary data of this research are the novel entitled The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain, while the secondary data were taken from other
sources, such as books, journals, articles that are related to the topic, and the internet sources
to complete the data. In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the object of this
research focuses on the friendship values among the major characters. The method used in
this research is critical reading. To collect the data, the researcher did some steps including
reading the novel closely and intensively, making notes, visiting library, and exploring the
data from the internet which are related to the topic. In analyzing the data, the researcher
used descriptive qualitative method.
After conducting the research, the researcher got several research findings. They are:
1). The personality of the major characters, i.e : Huck is, a smart, independent, and simple
boy who has a strong sense of humanity; Tom is an adventuring, naughty, and clever boy
who has many ideas; Jim is a follower of magic power, a caring person, and a loyal slave.
2). The friendship values of the major characters in the novel are based on utility. Huck and
Jim have the same purpose to run away. The novel also shows the moral values that all
aspects of friendship which can be found in the novel slowly eliminate racial disparities.
Keywords: Huckleberry Finn, Personality, Friendship.
xiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE .................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL SHEET ....................................................................................................... ii
MOTTOES ....................................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION SHEET ................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….. 1
1.1.Background of Study ....................................................................................... 1
1.2. Scope of Research .............................................................................................. 4
1.3. Research Question ............................................................................................. 4
1.4. Objectives of Research ...................................................................................... 4
1.5. Benefits of Research .......................................................................................... 5
1.6. Methodology of Research ……………………………………………………. . 5
1.7. Thesis Organization …………………………………………………………... 7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ………………. ................................................ 9
2.1. Previous Study ………………………………………………………………... 9
2.2. Author’s Biography ........................................................................................... 10
2.3. Theory of Character and Characterization ......................................................... 13
2.3.1. Character ………………………………………………………………… 13
2.3.2. Characterization …………………………………………………………. 16
2.4. Aristotle’s Theory of Friendship ....................................................................... 17
xv
CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION ………... .............................................................................. 26
3.1. Character and Characterization .......................................................................... 26
3.1.1. Huckleberry Finn (Huck) ........................................................................ 26
3.1.2. Tom Sawyer (Tom) ................................................................................. 31
3.1.3. Jim ........................................................................................................... 34
3.2. Friendship Based on Aristotle’s Theory ............................................................ 38
3.2.1. Friendship based on Utility ..................................................................... 38
3.2.2. Friendship based on Pleasure .................................................................. 43
3.2.3. Friendship based on Goodness ................................................................ 44
3.3. Moral Values in the Novel …………………………………………………… . 47
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................................. 50
4.1. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………. . 50
4.2. Suggestion ……………………………………………………………………... 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. xii
xvi
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
Abrams, M.H. (1981).A Glossary of Literature Terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Wiston.
Aristotle. (2002). Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. Joe Sachs. Newburyport, MA: Focus
Publishing.
Azwar, Saifuddin.(1998). Metode Penelitian. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Belajar.
Bortolussi, Marisa and Peter Dixon. (2002). Psychonarratology, Foundation for the
Empirical Study of Literary Response. Cambridge : Cambridge University
Press.
Devoto, Bernard.(1942). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn with an introduction by
Bernard Devoto. New York : Harper and Brother. Pdf.
Hardjana, Andre.(1994). Kritik Sastra Sebuah Pengantar. Jakarta : Gramedia.
Hornby.(1987). Oxford Advance learner’s Dictionary. Oxford : Oxford University
Press.
Luxemburg, Jan Van, Mieke ball, William G. (Translated by Dick Hartoko.(1984).
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Mulatsiwi, Oktri. (2016). Thesis, Social Stratification in Mark Twain’s The Prince and
the Pauper. Yogyakarta : UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Nurgiantoro, Burhan. (1998). Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada
University Press.
Nurmala, Ami. (2013). Thesis, Narrative Technique in two Mark Twain Novels The
Adventure of Tom Sawyer and the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. Bandung :
UIN Bandung.
Rosmiati. (2014). Thesis, Rasisme Dalam Novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Karya Mark Twain Analisis Sosiologi Sastra. Yogyakarta : UGM.
Subhan, Bustami. (2003). A Guide to Literary Criticism. Yogyakarta : LPPDMF.
______________. (2005). Understanding English Poetry and Prose. Yogyakarta
:LPPDMF.
Twain, Mark. (1876). Adventure of Tom Sawyer. New York : NY City Published.
xvii
Wallace, S. Twain Mark. (1960). The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. New York :
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Waluyo, Herman.(1995). Apresiasi Prosa dan Drama. Surakarta : Sebelas Maret
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B. Websites
Biography. “People/Mark Twain”. Accessed on 17 July 2015.
http://www.biography.com/people/mark-twain
Biography. “Mark Twain-The Official Web Site of Mark Twain”. Accessed on 23
September 2015.
http://www.cmgww.com/historic/twain/about/bio.htm
Classiclit. “Profile Writers/Mark Twain”. Accessed on 08 August 2015.
http://classiclit.about.com/od/twainmark/
Gradesaver. “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn/study-guide”. Accessed on 27
August 2015. http://www.gradesaver.com/the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn
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