DRY FISH
MARKET RESEARCH
Carried out for:
Swisscontact Sri Lanka
23/17,
Manchanayake Gardens
Off Pagoda Road
Nugegoda – Sri Lanka
By:
Kapila R. A. Tissera
Fishery Biologist
29/8A, Pangiriwatte
Mirihana
Nugegoda
Executive Summary
Objectives
The project for Women’s Economic Development, funded by the Swiss Solidarity
Organisation aims at restoring the livelihood of Tsunami affected women and their
families in the Matara and Trincomalee districts. It aims at empowering them through the
creation of sustainable employment. It is also expected to provide them and their families
with psychological and legal counseling.
The current study was carried out in order to assist Swisscontact Sri Lanka to survey the
possibility of creating sustainable employment to the target group in the Trincomalee area
through the production and marketing of salted and dried fish. This sub-project is to be
carried out together with the “Sinhala Tamil Muslim Rural Women’s Network” currently
operating in the Trincomalee district.
The main tasks of the study were categorised as follows:
1. Assessment of the supply potential of raw material
2. Understanding the channels and linkages prevalent in the dry fish industry
3. Assessment of the domestic and export demand
4. Assessing the viability and sustainability of the proposed project (Refer to annex 1 for the terms of Reference)
Methodology
The estate sector (Mainly Tea Plantations) is identified as the main consumer of salted &
dried fish products in Sri Lanka (per.com. Colombo Wholesale Market). Special attention
was paid in surveying this segment of the market. The cities of Nuwaraeliya and Kandy,
which are the hubs of trade supplying this sector in general, were visited. A cross section
of wholesalers, retail grocery shops and supermarkets in this sector have been
interviewed in order to ascertain the trade channels, retail prices, volumes of sales and
specialties of this segment. The same cross section of the trade was visited in selected
ii
cities which were thought to be typical for the rest of the market. This was done to enable
the researcher to compare the data obtained at the aforementioned locations with those of
areas typical of the country. (Refer annex 2 for the questionnaires used in this exercise.)
Trincomalee, a prominent city in the production of marine fish products was selected as
the target location for supplies. Special attention was paid to identify the products, trade
channels, price levels and production characteristics in this area by interviewing a cross
section of the people involved in the Fishery Industry.
iii
Table of Contents
1) AVAILABILITY AND SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIAL....................................................... 1
1.1) TRINCOMALEE ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2) FISHING METHODS AND LANDING LOCATIONS ................................................................ 3
1.2.1 Off Shore Fishery.................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2) Coastal Fishery ....................................................................................................... 4
1.3) POTENTIAL ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.4) AVAILABILITY OF FRESH FISH FOR DRY FISH PRODUCTION.............................................. 7
1.5) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CATCH – VARIETY COMPOSITION ........................................... 8
1.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CATCH – SEASONAL VARIATIONS............................................ 9
1.7) PRICE FLUCTUATIONS ...................................................................................................... 12
1.8) MARKET CHAINS .............................................................................................................. 14
1.9) FORCES IN PLAY AND ETHNIC DYNAMICS ....................................................................... 16
1.10) POST TSUNAMI CHANGES IN THE SUPPLY ....................................................................... 18
2) DOMESTIC DEMAND FOR DRY FISH.............................................................................. 22
2.1) LOCAL PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 22
2.2) IMPORTS OF DRY FISH ...................................................................................................... 22
2.3) THE EXPORT MARKET FOR DRY FISH .............................................................................. 24
2.4) CONSUMER PREFERENCES................................................................................................ 26
2.5) MARKET LINKS IN THE RETAILING OF DRY FISH. ............................................................ 29
2.6) PRODUCT QUALITY .......................................................................................................... 31
3) CURRENT SITUATION..................................................................................................... 32
4) RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................... 35
5) GUIDELINES FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT .......................................................... 37
iv
List of Tables
Table 1 Coastal Fish Production in Trincomalee 1
Table 2: Fishing Villages in Trincomalee District (pre-tsunami situation in project area) 2
Table 3: Fishing Vessels Operating in Trincomalee (2004) 3
Table 4: Characteristics of Fishing Effort in Trincomalee (2002) 5
Table 5: Fresh Fish Availability for Dry Fish Production (2002) 7
Table 6: Species Composition of the annual catch (2002) 8
Table 7: Seasonal Variation in Catch Quantity MDB Vs. ODBs Kg of fish per fishing Trip 10
Table 8: Seasonal Variation of Species 11
Table 9: Minimum Buying Prices at Auctions 12
Table 10: Characteristics of the Domestic Market 27
Table 11: Summary of Target Markets 38
v
List of Figures
Figure 1: Coastal Fish Production in Trincomalee 1993-2002 (MT/Annum) 7
Figure 2: Species Composition of the Annual Catch (2002) 9
Figure 3: Seasonal Variation in Catch (Catch in Kg per Fishing Trip) 10
Figure 4: Colombo Wholesale Market - Price Behaviour (2004) 13
Figure 5: Fresh Fish Market Chain 15
Figure 6: Relationship between the fishermen and the trader 16
Figure 7: Import of Dry Fish and Sprats 2004 – Major Suppliers 23
Figure 8: Sprats and Dried Fish Imports 2002 -2004 23
Figure 9: Exports of Dry Fish from Sri Lanka 25
Figure 10: Sri Lanka's Major markets for Sprats and Dried Fish 25
Figure 11: Links in the Dry Fish Retail Chains 30
vi
List of Annexes Annex 1: Terms of Reference i
Annex 2: Questionnaires vii
Annex 3: District map of Trincomalee xvii
Annex 4: Fish Movement to the Wholesale Market xviii
Annex 5: Basic Technical Process of Preparing Dry Fish xix
Annex 6: LIST OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION xx
vii
1). Availability and Supply of Raw Material
1.1) Trincomalee
District of Trincomalee is located in the North-Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, and
consists of four District Secretaries Divisions. These have been among the best producers
of marine fish both through the Coastal and Off-Shore Fishery. It is interesting to note
that 8.1% of Sri Lanka’s coastal line runs along the district of Trincomalee ( 141 Km of
Coastal line in Trincomalee as against the total of 1730 Km) and fish production
percentages too remain within the same percentage when compared to the all island
coastal catch. (Annex 3 – District map of Trincomalee)
The fish produced through the marine fishery of Sri Lanka is transported to the Colombo
Central Fish market from all major areas. The movement of fresh fish to the Colombo
Wholesale Market from the major landing sites is shown in annex 4.
The importance of Trincomalee in the Island’s total coastal fish production is shown in
table 1.
Table 1 Coastal Fish Production in Trincomalee
Coastal Fish Production
(in tons)
Year
Trincomalee All Island
Percentage from all
Island
1998 12,870 166,700 7.7%
1999 14,770 171,950 8.5%
2000 14,540 183,280 7.9%
2001 14,790 167,530 8.8%
2002 18,980 176,250 10.7 Dept of Fisheries
It can be seen that Trincomalee has, on a consistent basis, contributed about 8-9% of the
island’s total coastal fish production.
The district of Trincomalee is divided in to 11 administrative divisions known as
Divisional Secretary’s Divisions. Of these three divisions were visited during the survey,
1
which had the best potential in organising the proposed project. The Sinhala Tamil
Muslim Rural Women’s Network (the network) had a strong membership in these
locations as well as the locations were well supplied with fresh by incoming day boats as
their beaches were wide enough to accommodate the boats.
1. Town and Gravets
2. Kuchchaveli
3. Kinniya
A description of these villages is given in table 2. The division of Town and Gravets
seem to be producing the largest quantity of fish among the divisions. There are 2 fishery
harbours in this location where the multi-day boats bring in their production. This has had
an affect on the fish production data in this locality.
Table 2: Fishing Villages in Trincomalee District (pre-tsunami situation in project area)
DS Division Village Fishing
Families
Production
2002 (MT)
Percentage
Catch
Town and Gravets
Sandy Bay
Pattanaththneru1
Sally
Jamaliya
Weeranagar1
Thirukkadoloor1
Pallaththoddam1
Srimapura
Sinnakkadai
Cod Bay (Not a Village)
Kenniyai1
Neerothumunai
Sinnapillaichchenai
588
450
300
350
250
155
860
175
683
400
150
148
90
13,050 69.0%
Kuchchaveli
Salappaiaru
Kuchchaveli
Pudavaikkaddu
105
482
81
2,970 16.0%
2
Kuchchaveli .. continued Kalarawa
Pulmoddai Arsimalai
Pulmoddai Jinnapura
Irakkandi
Nilaveli
48
558
1,758
375
175
Kinniya Kandaladiyotu
Thona
Sinnakinniya
Periyathumunai
Nadutheevu
173
447
179
163
257
1,255 6.0%
Courtesy: Business Development Centre - Trincomalee
1. Villages selected for the survey
Table 3: Fishing Vessels Operating in Trincomalee (2004)
Type of Fishing Craft Number
Operating
Multi-Day Boats 48
3 ½ ton Day Boats 131
6-7 m FRP Boats 1,509
Traditional – Motorised Boats 12
Traditional - Non Motorised Boats 1,210
Total 2,910 Dept of Fisheries
1.2) Fishing Methods and Landing Locations
The Fishing Effort in Sri Lanka consists of two major sectors. Namely;
1. Off Shore Fishery
2. Coastal Fishery
1.2.1) Off Shore Fishery
The off shore fishery is carried out by multi day boats (MDB) that remain in the sea for
28-36 days per one fishing trip. They may travel around the island as well as navigate as
far as Somalia in their pursuit of fish. The main catch in these boats are the large Tuna.
The day boats, as the name implies carry out fishing operations lasting for no more than
24 hours per fishing trip. 3 ½ ton boats and fiber reinforced plastic boats also known as 6
meter (18 to 22 feet) boats operate in this category.
3
The multi-day boats and 3 ½ ton day boats are received at the harbours or anchorages
specially meant for them. Kokilai, Cod Bay and Muthur are such areas where these boats
arrive with their catch. Fish Auction halls have been in operation in Kinniya and Sally.
As there is no auction facility at Cod Bay, the fish is directly transported to the
Trincomalee Main Fish Market. It should be noted that since the tsunami disaster the
auction halls in Kinniya and Sally have not been in operation.
1.2.2) Coastal Fishery
The boats which do not spend more than 24 hours in sea per fishing trip are engaged in
coastal fishery activities. Mainly gill nets of various sizes (table 4) pole and line and
beach seine nets are used in this category of fishery. Off shore fishery contributes to
about 80% of the marine catch in Sri Lanka. It should be noted that all production data
for marine fish are given for the coastal fishery.
Seine netting is carried out from the beaches. A very long net (2000-3000 feet) is laid in a
semi circle in the sea by boats. The two ends are brought to the beach at a distance of
about 50-100 feet from each other. Many fishermen will gather at these ends and start
pulling the net to the beach along with the fish caught in it. The depth at which the net
will be submerged is carefully calculated and balanced with floaters and sinkers placed
on the net.
The Beach Seine netting is an important supply point in the production of dry fish. This is
due to the fact that a larger part of the fish caught in the seine nets are damaged and are
not transported to Colombo as fresh fish. They are sold locally for the production of dry
fish. Beach seining can be carried out only under a permit obtained from the government
after registration of the owner or the fisheries cooperative society, which will be
operative in the area. These areas are known as “PADUs”. The Trincomalee district has
the following number of “padu”s in the DS divisions under survey:
4
• Trincomalee North 10
• Kuchchuveli 37
• Kinniya 11
Table 4: Characteristics of Fishing Effort in Trincomalee (2002)
Type of Craft Fishing Methods Maximum Potential
per unit per time
Types of Fish
Caught
Multi-day Boats up to 40 Gill nets 5”–6”
2000 Kg / 28 days
4500 Kg / 36 days
Tuna1, Sharks2
Tuna Long Line 200 Hooks Yellow Fin1, Big
Eye1
3 ½ , (t) Day-Boats Gill Nets 5”-6” (40 Nets) Upto 150Kg Tuna1, Sharks2
Pole and Line Skip Jack2
Fiber Reinforced Plastic
Boats
Tuna Long Line 50-60 Kg / Boat Yellow Fin1
Gill Net 5”-5 ½ “ 50-60 Kg / Boat Tuna1, Shark2,
Marlin2
Gill Net 1 ¼”-2 ½” 50-60 Kg / Boat Sardines2,
Mackerel2,
Mural2, Scads2.
Bottom Gill Nets 15”-17” 50 Kg / Boat Scats2
Bottom Gill Nets 7” 50 Kg / Boat Queen Fish2
Bottom Long Line 50 Kg / Boat Rock Fish2
Travelly1
Hand Line 30-35 kg / Boat Travelly1,
Rock Fish2
Troll Fishing 50-60 kg/Boat Tuna1,
Seer1
Oru (Manual Boats) Crustaceans2
Other (Non Boat) Beach Seine Netting 300-400 Kg per attempt Anchovy2
Sardines2
Mackerel2
Flying Fish2
FAO Fisheries Sector Study of the NEP, High demand and price as fresh fish. 1). Economically not viable for processing as dry fish.
2). Good demand as fresh fish. Also available for processing as dry fish.
5
1.3) Potential
The latest official historical data available for the survey on the fish production of
Trincomalee date back to the year 2002. This has been taken as an indication of post war,
pre tsunami estimate of the fisheries activities in Trincomalee. Both in year 2001 and
2002 close to 80% of the marine fish production has come from the coastal sector and the
balance 20% from deep sea and off shore fisheries2. The catches of the deep sea and off
shore sectors are predominantly large pelagic fish such as Tuna, Seer, and Sharks as
suggested by the type of fishing gear used by them (Refer to table 4). Smaller fish as well
as larger demersal fish are caught by types of fishing gear other than those used by multi-
day and off-shore boats, contributing to the coastal fisheries.
A total of 23,472 fishermen have been active in Trincomalee in 2002 and of this, 1,320
are part time fishermen. The following types of fishing crafts have been operating in
Trincomalee in the same year.
A study of a ten year period from 1992 to 2002 shows that Trincomalee has a potential of
producing about 14,000 tons of fish per annum through the operation of the coastal
fishery sector, which is the important supply base for the production of dry fish.
6
Figure 1: Coastal Fish Production in Trincomalee 1993-2002 (MT/Annum)
Coastal Fish Production In Trincomalee1993-2002
02000400060008000
100001200014000160001800020000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Tons
It is seen from figure 1 that starting from 1998 there has been an average annual growth
rate of about 9% in the coastal fisheries sector before the tsunami disaster.
1.4) Availability of Fresh Fish for Dry Fish Production
Data pertaining to the production of dry fish in Trincomalee were available only up to
1993. The ratio of the raw material weight to the finished dried product is 1:3. As the dry
fish production figures are available for four years since 1990, it can be safely assumed
that about 17-18% of the coastal fish production has been available for the production of
dry fish during that period.
Table 5: Fresh Fish Availability for Dry Fish Production (2002)
Production 1990 1991 1992 1993
Dry Fish 619 652 726 782
Fresh Fish Equivalent 1,857 1,956 2,178 2,346
Fresh Coastal Fish Production 8,223 11,412 13,048 14,250
Percentage from Coastal Catch 22.5% 17% 16% 16% Calculations based on Dept of Fisheries Statistics
7
1.5) Characteristics of the Catch – Variety Composition The species abundance in the marine harvest of the Trincomalee district comprises large
pelagic fish such as skip jack and yellow-fin tuna as well as small tuna consisting of
frigate tuna and kawakawa. These are mainly caught by the multi-day boats with large
gill nets and long line fishing methods. In 2002, these varieties comprised almost 50% of
the total marine catch in Trincomalee.
Smaller shore seine varieties, such as anchovy, sardines, mackerel, scad and flying fish
comprise about 15% of the coastal fishery in Trincomalee. Table 6 illustrates the species
composition of the annual catch in year 2002.
Table 6: Species Composition of the annual catch (2002)
Species Percentage Annual Quantity (t)
Trevally 6.5 1,233
Spanish Mackerel 3.2 600
Rock Fish 9.0 1,700
Skip Jack Tuna 19.6 3,700
Yellow-fin Tuna 16.8 3,100
Small Tuna 12.8 2,500
Shark 4.1 775
Crustaceans 2.5 475
Shore Seine Varieties 14.7 2,800
Others 10.8 2,000 FAO Sector Study Repot
8
Figure 2: Species Composition of the Annual Catch (2002)
Catch CompositionTrevally
Ma ckerel
Rock Fish
Tuna
Shark
Crustaceans
Shore Seine Varietes
Other
FAO Sector Study Repot
1.6 ) Characteristics of the Catch – Seasonal Variations
Sri Lanka experiences two monsoon seasons when the sea wind starts blowing from the
South-West and from the North-East. During the monsoon periods the sea becomes rough
with high waves and strong winds. Traditionally fisherman kept out of sea during this
time causing a major drop in the production of fish from these areas. However, now with
the use of mechanised and more powerful fishing vessels, the effect of the monsoon
seasons on the volume of catch is being smoothened out. It is now possible to engage in
offshore fishing activities throughout the year thus making it possible to obtain raw fish
from the mechanised boats throughout the year. The rough seas during the monsoon
winds however, deter the activities of beach seining fishermen to some extent.
On the other hand, the rough seas and the wind have a positive effect on the catch effort
in the seas. The churning of the shallow waters brings up the sediments containing algae
and nutrients from the sea bottom which results in increased food for the fish. The
murkiness created by the up welling is also said to make it difficult for the fish to see the
gill nets as well as its prey leading to an increase in the catch by gill nets and causing an
increase in the abundance of smaller fish shrimps, prawns and squid during this period.
9
During a study of the North Eastern Province (NEP) carried out by the FAO (2002), the
mean values for the monthly catches of a day boat and a multi day boat have been
recorded and the data is shown below. It can be seen that the stronger boats in the coastal
area can still engage in fishing during the off season and main a consistency of the
quantities so caught.
Table 7: Seasonal Variation in Catch Quantity MDB Vs. ODBs Kg of fish per fishing Trip
Month MDB 3 ½ t Day
Boat
Month MDB 3 ½ t
1 Day Boat
Jan 739 106 Jul 920 142
Feb 874 81 Aug 1026 113
Mar 801 107 Sep 749 98
Apr 554 81 Oct 862 103
May 324 73 Nov 454 61
June 394 94 Dec 906 137
Figure 3: Seasonal Variation in Catch (Catch in Kg per Fishing Trip)
Monthly Mean Catch (2002)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Month
Mea
n Catch
per B
oat
MDBDB
FAO Sector Study
The mean catch figures of historical data shown in the FAO Fishery Report also confirmed
by the interviews we have had with fishermen as well as officials of the Ministry of
Fisheries, shows the existence of a more or less continuous supply of fish right
throughout the year in the Trincomalee district through the catches of mechanised day
boats that go to see during the off season.
10
However, a seasonal variation of commercial quantities in the different varieties abundant
in the catches is seen in different times of the year. A rainy season and a season of rough
seas are also prevalent in the district which will hamper the operation of beach seine nets
and traditional boats. Table 8 summarises this data.
Table 8: Seasonal Variation of Species
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rainy Season
Rough Seas
Scarcity Period
Yellow Fin Tuna
Cuttle Fish (Small)
Cuttle Fish (Large)
Sardines
Keeri
Mackerel (Gld Strp)
Black kip Jack
Seer Fish
Paraw
Skip Jack
Striped Tuna
Anchovy
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Seasonal Changes in the Commercial Availability of Different Fish Varieties - Trincomalee
Courtesy: Business Development Centre – Trincomalee
Although the stronger boats produced fish during the off and rough seas seasons, it
should be noted that from November to March the project would have to organise
different suppliers or commercial activities to maintain the income levels of the group.
11
1.7) Price Fluctuations
The Ceylon Fisheries Corporation acts as a government arm to more or less stabilize the
prices of fish at the point of the sea beach and at the level of the consumer by bulk buying
during low price periods and releasing of frozen stocks to the retail market during periods
of escalating fish prices. Though this is not fully active now due to the government’s
policy of free market economy, the minimum price levels during the year 2004 have been
obtained by the courtesy of the Corporation. Table 9 shows the minimum prices of fish
recorded at the buying places in Trincomalee.
Table 9: Minimum Buying Prices at Auctions 2004
Type of Fish Minimum
Buying
Price
Rs./Kg
Seer (Pole and Line) 150
Ttrevally (Large) 80
Trevally (Small) 80
Skip Jack 40
Yellow Fin 60
Sail Fin 130
Marlene 130
Shark 70
Rock Fish 60
Flying Fish 40
Golden Striped Mackerel 40
Sardines 40
Herrings 40 Ceylon Fisheries Corporation
It should be noted here, that this buffering activity may have a negative effect on reaching
low prices of the fish in the markets, which would otherwise be an ideal condition for the
purchase of fish for the project at low prices.
12
Although the fish reaches the central fish markets in the regions of production prior to
reaching Colombo, the fish prices are decided on the quantity of fish arriving at the
Central Fish Market in Colombo as a totality from all the regions of production (annex 4).
Therefore, a scarcity of fish in Trincomalee will essentially not cause an increase in the
floor prices in Trincomalee, if the Colombo Central fish market is receiving fish from
other areas of production in abundance. It can be seen from this that the prices prevailing
in the Colombo Wholesale Market is the determining factor of regional fish prices.
Price Fluctuations of Major Commercial Varieties at the Colombo Wholesale Fish
Market are illustrated in figure 4.
Figure 4: Colombo Wholesale Market - Price Behaviour (2004)
Seasonal Price Fluctuations
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Pric
e R
s
Seer (Pole & Line) Skip Jack Yellow Fin Sail Fin Marlene
Ceylon Fisheries Corporation
It is the price and supply of the large fish shown in the chart that have a major influence
in the prices of other smaller types. Abundance in the larger varieties of the fish shown in
the chart will automatically cause a drop in the prices of the smaller varies.
13
1.8) Market Chains
The multi-day and the larger day boats arrive at the fishery harbours or to anchorages.
The fish are either auctioned at site or if auctioning facilities are not available at site
would be transported in lorries to the Trincomalee main fish market. The traditional boats
will arrive at any point in the shoreline where it is wide enough to accommodate the
boats. Usually this will be in the location of the home of the fisherman. Beach seining is
done at the locations assigned and registered to them by the government known as the
“Madel Padu”s (Landing locations for the beach seine nets). Lorries and vans arrive in
these places for purchase of fish from these locations. Figure 5 illustrates these
relationships. The fish are normally given to the oligopoly of traders in the Trincomalee
central fish market as the fishermen as a rule would have obtained a cash advance or
other types of assistance from the traders before embarking on the fishing trip. See figure
6 for summary of these relationships.
14
Figure 5: Fresh Fish Market Chain
Market Links - Marine Fish Movement in Trincomalee
Multi-Day Boats
3 1/2 (t)Day Boats
Traditional Motorised&
Non Motorised BoatsBeach Seining
FisheryHarbour ORAnchorages
Madel Paduor
Wadiyas
Central Fish Market
Dry FishProducer
Export Company Agent
Best Quality Export
Good Quality Fish
Accep
table
Fresh Q
uality
To ColomboCentral Fish Market
To RegionalFresh Fish
Markets
Early Catch in B
rine
Spoilt or in Brine
Grade II, Spoiltor
Damaged
Exess or Dam
aged Fish
Exess or Damaged Fish
Icons not representative of actuality © SCSL 2005
15
Figure 6: Relationship between the fishermen and the trader
Financial Assistance for Boat Repairs
Fisherman
WholesaleTrader
Assistance for Boat Maintenance
Repair / Replacement ofFishing Gear
Asistance in supplyof
Fuel, Ice, Salt
Fish
Fish
© SCSL 2005
1.9) Forces in Play and Ethnic Dynamics
It was easy to note that the traders in the central fish market in Trincomalee were
predominantly if not only, from the Sinhala community. Fishermen were represented in
all three communities although the predominant ethnic group in the towns and gravets DS
division was Tamil fishing families.
16
There is a multitude of ethnicity-based power plays, market chains, perceptions (whether
wrong or right) and conflicts. Some sources say that there is an exploitative relationship
between the Sinhala traders and boat owners and the Tamil fishermen due to the
dependency of the fishermen on the trader. However, other sources say this relationship
is a friendly one and though there is dependency, the trader looks after the fishermen and
acts like a social security provider in case of need and emergency (i.e. pays medical bills
of the family).
The purchase of the dry fish produced in Trincomalee and its distribution is currently
handled mainly by three Sinhalese traders in the Fish Market. During our discussions
with two of them, it was felt that the idea of assisting the women in re-establishing their
home based production facilities was welcome and that it is possible for them to assist in
the marketing of the products not depending on any ethnic complexities.
Another perceived conflict evolves around the access of the fishermen to ice. Some
sources say that the Singhalese who own the ice plants are unwilling to sell ice to the
Tamil fishermen in order to force them to sell the fish immediately to the (Sinhala) trader
instead of being able to store it and negotiate a better price. Other people deny this and
say that there is a general lack of ice because the production capacity is not high enough
and therefore everyone faces a problem in accessing ice and there is no ethnic bias
involved in the sale of ice.
According to information collected, it was further noticed that the Muslim fishermen
seem to be unhappy, as they are the most effected by the Security Measures taken by the
security forces as well as restrictions placed by the LTTE on sea faring in their areas.
However, if one asks X number of different people whether there are any restrictions or
not, one is sure to get as many different answers. According to what we could find out,
there is really such a problem in the Kinniya area. Fishermen there confronted with a
Navy high security zone as well as LTTE controlled areas on the other side of the bay.
This limits their capacity to follow their fishing activities.
17
Based on the above-listed perceived or real discriminations and market dominations, we
learnt that the Tamil fishermen are now forming their own Fisheries Cooperative
Societies and attempting to organize their own avenues and channels of marketing, by-
passing the predominantly Sinhala traders. This development seems to be supported or
even initiated by the LTTE. Whatever the political implications – theoretically – this may
open up new points of purchase for raw material for the proposed dry fish project at the
landing points it self as it would break the oligopoly dominating the purchase and sale of
fish.
In conclusion it has to be noted that Trincomalee is extremely ethicised and politicised.
The power play between the multitudes of different actors is tremendously complex and
impossible for an outsider to fully understand. Getting involved with- or posing a threat
to the “wrong” people can have a serious negative influence on business. In many cases it
has had lethal consequences for the individuals concerned.
1.10) Post Tsunami Changes in the Supply
Trincomalee district has been very badly affected by the tsunami on 26.12.04. The effect
on the fishing industry has been devastating. The industry now requires assistance in all
its aspects to be rehabilitated.
Almost 75% out of the 10,431 registered fishing families have been displaced due to the
tsunami in the Trincomalee district. The reported number of deaths among fisherman in
Trincomalee is at 800.
Damage to the off-shore fishery sector is comparatively less. Only one MDB has been
reported as totally wrecked with 20% of the registered 50 boats needing only minor
repairs. Of the 180 3 ½ t. boats, only 3 have been reported as totally damaged.
18
Reported Damage to the Fishing Boats caused by the Tsunami Extent of Damage MDB 3 ½ ton 1
day
Boats
6 m(18-22
ft) Boats
Traditional
Boats
Large net
Boats
Registered number before Tsunami 50 180 925 1200 120
Reported totally Damaged 1 3 50 - -
Partially damaged 1 10 500 - -
Needing minor repairs 10 22 NA - -
Fishing Gear Damaged 2 pairs NA 900 - -
Total Destruction 700 80 Courtesy: Business Development Centre – Trincomalee
The initial numbers of boats are taken from the Dept. of Fisheries as registered boats.
However, it is seen that the destruction is more than the number of boats initially in the
area. This is due to the fact that a large number of boats unregistered with the ministry of
fisheries is operative in the coastal areas, specially so in the NEP.A total destruction of
fishing camps or “Wadiya”s is reported along with the fishing gear.
The destruction caused by tsunami in the Trincomalee district has affected negatively on
the coastal fish production
Under normal conditions the best quality fish would be sold as fresh fish to be sent to
Colombo and the balance was made available to the dry fish producers as badly handled
and spoilt fish. Most of the smaller varieties caught in the beach seine netting also was
available to the dry fish producer when in excess. Due to the drop in the fish production,
both these grades are also bought from traders as fresh fish to be sent to Colombo. As a
result, the effect of tsunami on the dry fish market takes two forms:
• The local fish production is currently not enough to supply the dry fish
producer through the natural supply-demand excess to continue at pre
tsunami levels.
19
• The destruction of dry fish production locations and systems has also
resulted in the absence of a buyer (in this case the dry fish producer) for
fish unsuitable as fresh fish even when it is available. Therefore, currently
this category of fish too is being transported from Trincomalee to the
Colombo Central Fresh Fish Market to be routed to dry fish producers in
Negambo, which is a fishing village close to Colombo on the West Coast.
Our discussions with the officials of the Ministry of Fisheries and members of some of
the Fisheries Cooperative Societies have helped us to come to the following conclusions:
1. Our visit to Trincomalee was done right on the onset of the production season.
The speculation at that time in Trincomalee as to the post tsunami supply
potential was uncertain. This included the government’s delay in permitting the
fishing boats and gear to be handed over to the fishermen and also speculation
about a possible oceanographic and/or biotope destruction or alteration in the
shallow and productive areas of the sea as an effect of the tsunami. However, the
following factors too have to be considered:
• The fishing season was yet to start in Trincomalee during our visit. The
South West Fishery was still active at that time. This has to gradually
diminish for the North East productive season to start.
• The vessels and fishing gear lost or partially damaged in the tsunami have
yet to be replaced. This is a very slow process. The fishing effort has to be
reinstated to pre-tsunami levels for excess fish to be available. It is then,
that traders reject spoilt and badly handled fish. This is the category of fish
bought by the dry fish producers. Currently these fish are accepted as
acceptable to be sold as fresh fish due to the scarcity of fish.
• The natural cycle of cash-in-hand has been disrupted due to the tsunami.
Now it is difficult to the boat owners to find the operational costs of
20
sending a boat out to the sea for fishing operations. The traders who
normally would have offered this help to the fisherman have lost too much
cash as physical loss during tsunami as uncollectible advances of money
given to fishermen before the tsunami. This is a few millions of rupees per
trader as explained to us and the borrowers are no longer living or they
have been badly affected by the tsunami.
2. Certain locations such as Muttur, Kalarawa, Kokkilai and Pulmoddai have been
reported as areas with excess fish production. The situation is also improving in
the areas where the destroyed fishing effort is being restored. Boats from these
areas now come to sell their fish in the Trincomalee Town and Gravets area. If
there is an organised and consistent buying of smaller, beach seine varieties of
fish by the producers of dry fish, the arrival of these boats to the purchasing area
will become stabilised.
21
2) Domestic Demand for Dry Fish
2.1) Local Production
It is reported that in the year 2002, 7,753 tons of dried fish has been produced in the
North and Eastern Provinces. Trincomalee has produced only 8% of this total for the
NEP, which is 619 tons.
Judging by the discussions we had with the traders at the Colombo Wholesale Dry Fish
Market, the current domestic production of dry fish is estimated at around 40,000 tons per
year. Due to the high variability of the fresh fish catch and volatile market and prices for
fresh fish, it is the closest estimate that can be given as correct official figures were not
available.
2.2) Imports of Dry Fish
Annually close upon 35,000 tons of dried fish including sprats (Salted and dried Anchovy
– a small variety of marine fish) are being imported to the country. In 2004, Pakistan has
supplied us with 43% of the imported dried fish and Thailand has supplied 78% of the
dried sprats to Sri Lanka. The import situation of dry fish and sprats taken together is
shown in figures 7 & 8.
22
Figure 7: Import of Dry Fish and Sprats 2004 – Major
Suppliers
Imports of Dry Fish (2004)
50%
16%
18%
9%7%
Pakistan
India
Indonesia
United Arab EmiratesMaldives
Sri Lanka Customs Statistics
Figure 8: Sprats and Dried Fish Imports 2002 -2004
Imports of Dried Fish and SpratsMetric Tons 2004
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2002 2003 2004
Year
Met
ric T
ons
Dried FishSprats
Sri Lanka Customs Statistics
23
2.3) The Export Market for Dry Fish
Exports of dry fish from Sri Lanka are negligible when compared to its imports and
consumption in the country.
However, Sri Lanka’s exports to Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong show a high
unit value indicating that these exports should be shark fins and other high valued
products, which are not included in the present survey. Therefore, these values have
been taken away from the statistics for analysis. The export situation during the past 3
years is illustrated in figures 10 & 11.
The main markets to which Sri Lanka has exported are Australia, Canada and Kuwait.
It is interesting to note that these are countries with a large Sri Lankan expatriate
community. Therefore it is possible that the dry fish from Sri Lanka is targeted at this
segment of the market in these countries. 75% of the exports have been done to just 5
countries and they could be regarded as the main markets for Sri Lankan dry fish.
80% of the sprats exported are to 5 countries which are to be considered as our main
markets for sprats.
24
Figure 9: Exports of Dry Fish from Sri Lanka
Export of Dried Fish Products
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
2002 2003 2004
Year
Volu
me
in K
g
Dry FishSprats
Sri Lanka Customs
Figure 10: Sri Lanka's Major markets for Sprats and Dried Fish
Dry Fish - Major Markets 2004
19%
19%
8%9%
12%
6%
27%
Australia
Canada
KuwaitUnited Arab EMirates
Japan
United States
Other
Sprats- Major Markets 2004
40%
26%
8%
10%
4% 2% 4% 6%Canada
KuwaitAustralia
Other
At discussions with major exporters, it was revealed that sprats comprise a major part of
the dry fish exports from Sri Lanka. Queen Fish, Seer and Sword Fish are the major dry
fish varieties other than sprats that constitute exports of dry fish from Sri Lanka.
25
With the exports of dry fish at negligible levels, it can be said that Sri Lanka is a high
consumer of dried fish and the volume consumed can be safely estimated at around
70,000 – 75,000 metric tons per annum.
The Formula:
Domestic Production + Imports = Domestic Consumption + Exports
40,000 + 37,000 = Domestic Consumption + 107 (In Tons)
Therefore,
Domestic Consumption = 76,893
Say… 77,000 tons per annum
210 tons per Day!
The Dry Fish Industry in Sri Lanka
Inflow of Dry Fish to the Market
40,000 , 52%
37,000 , 48%
Domestic Production
Imports
Metric Tons per AnnumOutflow of Dry Fish from the Market
Metric Tons per Annum
76,893 tons per annum99.86%
107 tons per annum
0.13%
Dom ConExports
Domestic Consumption
Exports
2.4) Consumer Preferences
The characteristics of consumer preferences have been studied in 5 different locations.
These were selected to illustrate different eating habits of the population. The findings are
summarised n Table 10. The mean price level as at July (2005) is given in the table for
the most common types of dried fish sold in the visited locations.
26
Table 10: Characteristics of the Domestic Market
Location Characteristics Preferred
Types Of
Dry Fish
Mean price
in Rs/100gr
Ragala
(Typical Town with
surrounding Tea
Estates)
A very small town in the hill country 4000 ft
above MSL. Predominantly populated by tea
estate labour of Indian Tamil origin. Low
purchasing power due to low levels of
income. Being habitual beetle (a herb) and
tobacco chewers, a habit which affect the
taste buds, they require a high level of salt
and chilies in their diet. Lower quality grades
of the cheaper varieties of dry fish were the
fastest moving types of dry fish in this area. It
was estimated that this small town moves
about 750 Kg. of dry fish per month.
Shark
Sardines
Sprat
Skipjack
26.00
15.00
19.00
22.00
Nuwaraeliya A city in the hill country above 5000 ft above
MSL. Consumers include mainly estate
labour but also effluent businessmen,
government officials and executive staff of
tea estates. Varied tastes. Includes wholesale
shops that supply the estate kiosks. It is
estimated that the town sells around 3,500 Kg
of dried fish per month.
Seeer
Queen Fish
Sailfin/Marlin
Keeramin
Bombay-
-Duck
Shark
Sardines
Skipjack
Catfish
Ray Fish
43.00
39.00
34.00
32.00
26.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
23.00
19.00
Kandy City in the hill country at 2000 ft above MSL.
The consumer profile shows equal
proportions of estate labour that are
predominantly of Indian Tamil origin. An
almost equal proportion of urban Sinhalese
population visits this town for their shopping.
Also populated by a considerable number of
Muslims. According to Sources in the
Colombo Wholesale Market for dry fish, this
Queen Fish
Seer
Sword Fish
Sardines
Keeramin
Shark
Catfish
Bombay
50.00
50.00
45.00
40.00
37.50
35.00
35.00
30.00
Quality Sensitive Market
Price Sensitive Market
27
city has the best sales in dry fish and is
estimated around 10 Tons per month.
This is regarded as the Capital City of the hill
country where consumers come from various
economic levels.
Duck
Trevally
Anchovy
Ray Fish
Skipjack
30.00
28.00
26.00
25.00
Kiribathgoda Situated in the outskirts of Colombo and is
populated predominantly by middle class
Sinhalese families. Dry fish did not seem to
be an important regular item in their diet
presumably due to availability of fresh fish
and other meats in shops. It was estimated
that the monthly movement of dry fish would
not be more than a 1000 Kg. per month. This
figure was arrived at with the impressions
received during discussions of the more
helpful traders in the city.
Queen Fish
Perch
Sword Fish
Keeramin
Shark
Skipjack
Sardines
Anchovy
46.00
45.00
44.00
38.00
32.00
30.00
25.00
25.00
Wellawatta This city in the outskirts of Colombo is
densely populated with families originating
from the City of Jaffna from the North. Many
permanent residents as well as a large number
of temporary residents who come to Colombo
to attend to matters relating to official or
migratory work live here. Traditionally this
population is known to value the varieties
considered as of high quality. It was
estimated that this city would be selling about
3,000 Kg per month according to discussions
has with the traders.
Seer
Queen Fish
Sail Fin
Keeramin
Shark
Skipjack
Anchovy
52.00
43.00
44.00
36.00
30.00
30.00
24.00
Super Markets
Type I
(Colombo, Kandy,
Nuearaeliya)
Central Purchase System controlled from
Colombo Head office. Purchases are done
through registered suppliers who are notified
by the management of current requirements.
Strict packaging requirements some even
requesting for bar coded packs. Packed by
the supplier in presentable chunks weighing
between 100 to 250 grams per pack. The fins,
tails and other unpalatable parts are removed
Queen Fish
Keeramin
Shark
Skipjack
Anchovy
Sardines
60.00
42.00
32.00
40.00
25.00
30.00
Quality Sensitive Market
Quality Sensitive Market
Both Segments Prevail
Both Segments Prevail
28
from the chunks leading to a price higher than
in normal retail grocery shops.
Supermarkets
Type II
(Colombo, Kandy,
Nuearaeliya)
Purchase decisions are taken by the manager
of the outlet. Many wholesale goods are
regularly purchased in Colombo which
includes rice, sugar, and dhal. During these
visits to Colombo dry fish is purchased at the
Colombo Wholesale Market. The bulk is
bought, sorted and cleaned at the local outlet
and packeted by them (100-250 gr packs)
Seer
Queen Fish
62.00
60.00
Quality Sensitive Market
Please note that the quantities mentioned in the table are only for the locations where the
dry fish shops were concentrated. Quantities sold by the day fairs and other mobile sellers
have not been included in this. As such, the real quantities consumed by these markets
are considerably more than the figures shown in the table.
The supermarkets were also selling some bottled and canned products made out of dry
fish. At all locations it was understood that these “value added products” did not have a
demand worthy of attention.
2.5) Market Links in the Retailing of Dry Fish.
The supply segment of the marketing chain includes the Colombo Wholesale Market, a
day-a-week fairs organised in an open area of central towns and vans or smaller lorries
purchasing dry fish from these outlets and supplying the smaller retailers. Regional
wholesalers as a rule and the retailers in the outskirts of the Colombo city purchased their
dry fish from the Colombo Wholesale Market often preferring to buy from the same
wholesale shop in Colombo. Figure 9 illustrates these relationships.
29
Figure 11: Links in the Dry Fish Retail Chains
Regional Wholesaler/Retailer
Day-a-week fairsColombo Wholesale Market
Regional Retailers
Small Estate Shops and kioks
Good Quality Product
2nd Grade Product
2nd Grade Product
2nd Grade Product
2nd Grade Product
Icons not representative of actuality © SCSL 2005
The dry fish produced in Trincomalee mainly arrive at the Colombo Central Market for
dry fish. A smaller part of a lower quality may be transported directly to regional markets
closer to Trincomalee by passing Colombo. These dry fish mainly end up at the day fairs
held in many popular locations in the open air, called day fairs. From this location they
are transported to the smaller kiosks in the hill country where this quality can be sold to
estate labourers.
30
The higher quality of dry fish is normally handled via the Colombo central market and
bought directly from them by the regional wholesalers as well as larger grocers.
2.6) Product Quality
The characteristics identified as factors contributing to the quality of the product are
listed below:
• Humidity below 30%
• No signs of salt crystallisation on the fish flesh
• Absence of a red/pink colour
• Absence of sand
• Less un-edible parts in a piece (Fins, gills etc)
• Flesh sturdy to the touch
• Absence of putrefying smell
• Absence of dry fish dust or small broken pieces when in pack.
• When soaked in water, the flesh should look and feel as close as possible to the
original condition of the fresh flesh.
31
3) Current Situation
The devastation caused by the tsunami has caused severe damage to the dry fish industry
prevailing in Trincomalee before the disaster. However, The Network (STMRWN) is
reorganising the women who were engaged in making dry fish as a commercial practice
before the disaster. These women, when spoken to, expressed their utmost confidence in
being able to obtain raw material and reorganize their previous activities if assistance in
certain areas could be given to them.
The main area requiring such assistance was the replacement of their cash which was
available for the purchase of raw fish and salt. Also the plastic utensils like basins and
barrels have been lost during the disaster.
Assistance in the purchase of raw material could take two forms. Assistance could be
given to women (through the net work) to purchase dry fish. More efficient would it be if
a mechanism could be devised for assistance to be given to dry fish makers who also own
day boats. These day boats do not go to sea on a regular basis due to the absence of a
regular cash flow and/or post tsunami damages to fishing gear. If these boats are assisted
to start fishing on the condition that a certain percentage (reflecting the magnitude of the
assistance given to them) of their catch can be given to the network for processing as dry
fish.
It should be strongly kept in mind during any possible assistance, that the tsunami
affected families have a multitude of basic needs. Their houses, if survived the attack by
tsunami, are in a dire condition. Most houses we visited had only a few cheap plastic
chairs. They had even to borrow chairs from neighbours to accommodate us. Jewellery,
especially to the Tamil woman, is a most treasured item not only reflecting the monetary
value of it but also reflecting many aspects of personal, cultural and social values. In
most cases these have been pawned to obtain money for basic survival. They should be
made to understand the objective of the project to prevent them from channeling the
provided assistance to solve their “more basic” problems.
32
A few of the women we visited were making dry fish on a small scale. The quality of the
dry fish made by these women was very high in comparison with what we see in the
retail shops in Colombo and other cities. It is very important that the project takes
measures to make it possible to retail this quality at the point of sales. Sea salts contain
hygroscopic compounds that absorb water from the atmosphere. When the dry fish is
brought to the wet zone to sell, these salts will absorb water and make a perfectly dried
specimen of dry fish become wet and sloppy, deteriorating an excellent edible quality.
This is a regular occurrence in most places. A solution to prevent this from occurring
such as a proper packing method should be proposed.
The dry fish production process has its own relationships within the key players.
1) The trader would advance money to the dry fish producer to buy the raw fish and
guarantee the buy back of the finished product.
2) The fisherman would hand over the excess fish to the dry fish producer free of
charge, pay for the drying process and obtain the finished product for selling to
the trader.
3) The dry fish producer would assist the fisherman to launch the boat with
operational expenditure so that the raw material is guaranteed on the fisherman’s
return from the sea.
4) The fisherman’s wife would dry the excess fish brought in by the husband.
5) The beach seine operators would team up to produce their own dry fish from the
excess and damaged fish and sell them to the traders.
6) Multi day boats will make dry fish on the boat it self from the fish in the catch of
the early days as they tend to spoil by the end of the fishing journey. If they are
not properly dried they are given to dry fish producers for further drying.
33
7) The traders of dry fish also handle fresh fish. If prices or the quality does not
warrant selling the total stock to Colombo as fresh fish, they dry it around the
central market premises by themselves.
It is seen that every possible avenue between the fisherman, dry fish producer and the
trader is being used to produce dry fish.
34
4) Recommendations
Three major factors have been kept in mind in proposing the following
recommendations:
1. The damage and destruction that have taken place in the fishing vessels and
fishing gear have to be replaced to a considerable extent to expect a reasonable
increase in the fish catch from coastal resources. Most agencies are still awaiting
government approval to distribute such assistance.
2. The dry fish producers have to be rehabilitated with assistance to purchase raw
material in the form of a revolving credit.
3. The onset of the fishing season should bring in pre-tsunami levels of production
from coastal fisheries. This is to be watched for at least till mid October.
A considerable potential exists for the setting up of a dry fish processing unit in
Trincomalee. Of the locations visited, it is possible to recommend the following adjoining
villages for setting this up.
1. Pattanaththeru
2. Weeranagar
3. Kenniyani
4. Thirukkadoloor
5. Pallaththodom
35
4.1) Product Types
A study of the market demand has shown us that there exist three categories of dry fish.
a. Low volume, high priced dry fish products for the upper niches of the market.
b. High volume moderately priced dry fish types for the general consumer.
c. Moderate volume of low quality low priced dry fish and off cuts.
4.1. a) This category requires seer, queen fish and sail fin fish to prepare the dry fish.
With the current prices and low availability of raw material for this product, it is
not advisable to concentrate on this segment of the market.
4.1. b) The moderately priced dry fish require frigate tuna, small sizes of skipjack, and
many other varieties as shown in table 11.
4.1.c) Invariably some of the fresh fish obtained from the catch of beach seines will be
damaged and may not retain the full shape of the fish after drying. This product
could be sold as a lower quality component of the dry fish produced. The hill
country shops that buy from visiting vans mostly buy this quality for their
consumers. This should be the target market for the third category of dried fish
36
5) Guidelines for the Proposed Project
• The project should start on an experimental basis as a home based dry fish
production program.
• Members of the STMRWN who would be beneficiaries of the project
should be organised to form a group under the net work. Villages of
Patttanaththneru and Weeranagar are suitable for this.
• Financial assistance to purchase raw material from multi day boats and
day boats (frigate tuna) and shore seine varieties from beach landings
(Wadiyas) should be given to the members of this group.
• In case of raw material deficiency in the coastal catch, purchase of Tilapia
from large reservoirs in the district and transporting them to drying areas
should be considered.
• Financial assistance to increase the salting capacity and for the purchase of
crushed salt should be offered to the members.
• Suitable storage facility should be made available for collecting
commercial quantities of dried fish from the members.
• Suitable packing and packaging of the final product can be done to
preserve the high quality of drying that exists in the product in
Trincomalee. Equipment and training to this end should be given to
selected project beneficiaries.
• It is strongly felt that the group should possess their own transport to take
weekly stocks to the Colombo Wholesale Market. This can also transport
provisions such as dhal, rice, sugar and what ever is required by the group
for their consumption, from the Colombo wholesale establishments for
these products.
• The group should be assisted to develop a brand name for the dry fish
produced by them. They should be trained to achieve consistent high
quality in the finished and packaged product.
• A wholesale trader in Colombo should be identified to sell their product
on a commission basis at the lowest possible rate. It is also possible to sell
these directly to the targeted markets as shown in table 12.
37
• On successful completion of the initial stage of the project, establishing a
more hygienic, drying unit and technology that would upgrade the quality
and acceptance of the product should be planned and implemented.
• Explore the possibilities of selling the product in countries where there are
large groups of Sri Lankan expatriates in proximity.
Table 11: Summary of Target Markets
Variety Preferred Target Market Price – Rs./100gr
(Retail)
Seer
Queen Fish
Sword Fish
Marlene
Supermarkets in all locations Rs.38.00-42.00
Shark
Tuna
Keeramin (Young Herrings)
Bombay Duck
Trevally
Kandy
Colombo suburbs
Rs.35.00
Rs.30.00
Rs.32.00
Rs.30.00
Rs.30.00
Sardines
Mackerels
Herrings
Mural
Scads
Flying Fish
Nuwaraeliya
Ragala
Kandy
Rs.24.00
-
Rs.38.00
-
-
Rs.35.00
© SCSL 2005
38
Annex 1: Terms of Reference
Terms of References for Consultant:
DRY FISH MARKET RESEARCH
Women’s Economic Development Project - Swisscontact Sri Lanka June 2005
Who
When June, July and August 2005
Duty Station Colombo with extensive field visits to Trincomalee and other places in Sri Lanka
as required
Report to Ruth Zueblin, Project Advisor (WED)
Support by Ruth Zueblin, Project Advisor
Maria Vitores, Project Manager
Trevor Papalie, Agriculture Technical Advisor (Market Access)
Chandrani Adikaram, Program Officer (Women’s Programme)
i
Objective of the Consultancy:
1. To supply Swisscontact Sri Lanka (SCSL) with a market research on the dry fish1 sector in Sri Lanka and abroad (Export market).
2. To assist SCSL in the development of a business plan for the establishment and running of a dry fish production unit.
The above activity supports SCSL and its Partner Organisation in the setting up of a dry fish
production unit in Trincomalee to provide employment opportunities for women affected by the
tsunami, domestic violence and conflict.
Background
Swisscontact, the Swiss Foundation for Technical Co-operation is active in Sri Lanka since 1981 in
the field of Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) promotion, Vocational Training and Education
(VET) and Financial Services (FS). The main office is at Nugegoda and a Project Field Office (PFO)
is maintained in Ampara. Currently three expatriates and 14 local professionals and support staff are
employed. Two projects are currently being implemented by Swisscontact Sri Lanka (SCSL):
The Local Economic Development (LED) project with the goal to contribute to the local economic
development benefiting the local population in and around the North Central Province and the
Eastern Districts in an equitable and sustainable way.
The Development and Peace – Sri Lanka (DPSL) project with the goal to contribute to the process
of promoting peace and mutual understanding between the different ethnicities in Sri Lanka while
contributing to the economic development of the Ampara and Batticaloa districts.
Additional new projects such as the Women Economic Development (WED) project and others will
be implemented according to the current needs in Sri Lanka and based on additional funding made
available from the Swiss Government and the Swiss public and other donors.
Components of the Consultant’s assignment:
1) MARKET RESEARCH
Assessments:
1 This includes value added products based on dry fish.
ii
1. Assessment of raw fish supply & purchasing systems and distribution chains (including
power-relations) in the Trincomalee coastal area.
a. Varieties of fish, seasonality, quantity, price, quality, etc.
b. Market chains (fishermen-boat-owner-mudalali-end market relations and
profiles).
c. Important market forces and players (incl. politico-ethnic dynamics)
Q: Can the production unit purchase fish in the Trincomalee coastal area on a regular basis? At what
price and quantity? Where and from whom?
2. Assessment of the domestic market for dry fish and value added products based on dry
fish. This includes an assessment of:
a. Domestic demand: Existing products and their characteristics.
b. Market chains (producer-buyer-client relations and profiles). Including imports.
c. Important market forces and players
d. Post-tsunami changes in the market and its future development (also taking into
account aid flows to the sector).
e. Domestic policies regarding the sector including tax regime, support measures,
possible post-tsunami changes.
Q: What are the characteristics of the domestic market and what is the demand?
3. Assessment of the export market for dry fish and value added products. This includes an
assessment of:
a. Relevant markets overseas: International trade flows (producer-trader-client
relations and profiles). Sri Lanka’s competitiveness on the international market.
b. Conditions to penetrate those markets: tax conditions, quality standards, import
restrictions etc.
c. Important market forces and players
d. Domestic policies regarding the fish export sector, support measures, possible
post-tsunami changes.
e. International policies and future trends.
Q: What are the characteristics of the export market and what is the demand?
4. Assessment of the potential for home-based dry fish production in the Trincomalee
coastal area.
iii
a. The current production
b. Future potential (products, producers, markets)
c. Potential for collective selling and marketing system
d. Potential markets for the product
Q: Is there a potential for supporting home-based dry fish production in Trincomalee area? If yes, what
product and for what potential market?
Recommendations:
1. Recommendations on the assessed locations, taking into account all the factors assessed
previously: 2
a. For Trincomalee: Positive and negative aspects of supply, distribution chains,
varieties available vs. market demand, availability of premises, local context and
security, logistics, etc.
2. Recommendations on potential products and markets.3
a. Detailed description of the fish varieties available in the different locations,
including, quality and quantity, seasonality, prices and price fluctuations,
distribution chains, etc.
b. Detailed description of the products (including quality, unit quantity, unit price,
price of production, production facilities and technology required, hygiene
standards, packaging, appearance, etc.). Positive and negative factors for each
product.
c. Detailed description of markets (domestic and export) for the products and their
characteristics and distribution channels (buyers, market chains, competition,
niche opportunities, etc.) Positive and negative factors for each market.
Q: Which product has potential in which market and what are the requirements?
2 This chapter could be done in matrix form, completed by text. 3 Dito.
iv
3. Recommendations on infrastructure
a. Potential premises and renovations needed
b. Installations and equipment (what, where to buy, prices)
4. Risks and uncertainties
a. Business risks
b. Context risks (political, security, power-relations in markets, post-tsunami
developments)
5. General recommendations, impressions and observations
6. Networking
a. List of all buyers considered for the study including contact person and date
visited.
b. List of relevant government institutions and contact persons (national and local
level)
c. List of relevant fishing societies and associations (national and local level)
d. List of NGO/Donors active in the sector or having an influence on it
e. List of training providers and contacts4
f. List of equipment suppliers and contacts5
g. Information on fares, trade promotion events, sector-specific programmes by
chamber of commerce etc.
The above assignment requires visits to:
- STMRWN (Kanthale, Trincomalee),
- Selected fishing societies (Kinniya, Nilaveli, Trincomalee town, as indicated by
STMRWN)
- Kachcheri and provincial council, possibly NGOs and INGOs
4 If known to the consultant. 5 Dito.
v
- Fish markets and places of trading (sea-shore)
- Potential premises for production (as indicated by STMRWN)
- Supermarkets, Exporters, Factories, Hotels and Restaurants
- NARA
2) BUSINESS PLAN
The Consultant shall discuss the findings of the market research with SCSL. Based on those
discussions, the best strategic option will be chosen jointly by SCSL and the Consultant. The
consultant shall then prepare a draft business plan including:
- Description of the business environment
- Legal nature of the business (private company, NGO)
- Financial projections, at least until end 2006 (Turnover, costs, profits, cash flow,
depreciation etc.)
- Marketing plan (including pricing and distribution, branding and labelling)
- Investment plan
- Competitor information
- Infrastructure needs & costs
- Raw material needs & costs
- HR and training needs & costs (production staff, administrative staff, management)
- Technology, equipment and training needs & costs
- Transport needs & costs
- Assessment of business risks
- Long term vision and sustainability of the business
- Two alternative contingency plans for a similar venture in the same geographical area.
SCSL will work closely with the Consultant in the preparation of a draft business plan.
The preparation of the final business plan shall be the responsibility of SCSL.
vi
Annex 2: Questionnaires
Market Survey on Dry Fish
Swisscontact Sri Lanka
Questionnaire – A1 Total Supply of Raw Fish (Primary Producer ----> Buyer)
Location:
District:
Date:
Name:
Owner / Operator
Variety Availability Qty / Month
(Kg)
Price – Max
(SLR/Kg)
Price - Min
(SLR/Kg)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Fish Quality Suitable for
DF?
Buyers Strengths Weaknesses
Multi-Day
Boats
(1)
(2)
(3)
vii
Day Boats (1)
(2)
(3)
Seine Nets (1)
(2)
(3)
Relationships:
From Buyers
• Loans
• Advance Payments
• Provision of Equipment
• Traditional Tie-ups
• Political / Ethnic Obligations
Off-season assistance:
To Buyers:
• Guarantee of Supplies
• Credit (Months 1 3 More)
• Loyalty
Market Survey on Dry Fish
Swisscontact Sri Lanka
Questionnaire – B1 Demand Characteristics in Supermarkets / Retail Sellers
Super Market
City:
Date:
Name:
Position:
Products: (Primary Dried Fish)
Name Package Price /
Kg
Sales
Volume
Kg/M
viii
Products: (Value Added)
Name Package Price /
Unit
Sales
Volume
Units/M
Quality Assessment (Primary Product):
Humidity Content: Pack: Organoleptic:
Other:
Seasonal Variations:
Price: Availability: Demand:
Purchasing Behaviour:
Supplies are purchased from:
Producer Processor & Packer: WH Market:
ix
Door-step delivery by:
Effect of the Tsunami:
Pricing: Supply Levels: Product Quality:
Supply Consistency:
Contacts of suppliers to the Super Market to whom the Network could sell their products:
x
Do the Suppliers offer credit to the super market?
If Yes, the credit period:
Regulations applicable to the marketing of dry fish in Supermarkets
Labeling requirements:
Preferred packaging attributes:
Market Survey on Dry Fish
Swisscontact Sri Lanka
Questionnaire – A2 Locations for a production unit
Location:
District:
Date:
Discussed with:
Closest supply location:
Distance:
Number of Network members
in the locality:
Electricity: Drinking water:
xi
Access:
Extent of land available:
xii
Market Survey on Dry Fish
Swisscontact Sri Lanka
Questionnaire – B2 Export competitiveness of the product
Institution:
Name:
Position:
Date:
Dry Fish Types and Varieties that have an Export market:
Product Type Major Markets
Acceptance of the Sri Lankan product:
1. Available varieties:
2. Processed quality:
3. Exportable Quantities:
4. Supply consistency:
5. Packing and Packaging:
6. Price
Possible Non-tariff barriers
xiii
International rules and regulations governing the import of Food Stuffs (applicable
for dry fish):
Assistance available from the EDB:
1: General to the food industry 2: Tsunami effected areas
List of Exporters to whom the Network could sell their products:
xiv
xv
Name of Trading Establishment:
Address
Contact Person:
Types of Dry Fish Sold and Price/100Gr Mainly Local Dry Fish
Mainly Imported Dry Fish
Both local & imported
Where do they buy the dry fish?
Type of Product
Colombo Wholesale Market
Local Wholesaler
By visiting Dry Fish Pola
From visiting Sellers (Vans Lorries)
What are the best moving varieties of Dry Fish?
Other - Please Specify
Any possible Conflicts on new entry?
Yes
No
Quality
What is important to him?
Price
Questionnaire for Retailers of Dry Fish
xvi
Annex 3: District map of Trincomalee
xvii
Annex 4: Fish Movement to the Wholesale Market
xviii
xix
Annex 5: Basic Technical Process of Preparing Dry Fish
The fish are collected and washed well in sea water to remove sand and other particles.
The brine solution in which the fish are soaked is made by adding crushed salt to sea
water in plastic barrels to obtain a super saturated brine solution.
The washed and cleaned fish are soaked in the super saturated brine using large basins.
The time of soaking is about 3 hours and if the correct concentration of salt has been
used, the eyes of the fish should be completely dehydrated and destroyed by the end of 3
hours.
The fish are then taken out from the basins and arranged in single layers on the beach for
drying. The drying takes about three days when the moisture content of the fish drops to
below 30%. This is approximately a loss of about 2/3 of the original weight of the fish.
The drying fish are taken inside to protect from moisture during the nights and spread out
in the sun the next day.
The process of drying is completed by the 3rd day when the required weight loss of 2/3
has been achieved.
Annex 6: LIST OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Government officials Name Short summary Visited Phoned
Dr. Elmo Weerakoon, NAQDA
2675318
Potential candidate for consultant mkt research, but too busy. But helpful and interested. 28.6.05
TP, RZ
DR. REDKHA MALDENIYA, NARA Sent e-mail and phoned to ask for secondary data, but never got reply. 10.06.05
RZ
Mr. Fahreed, DoF, Trinco
026 2222133
Mr. Prem Lal DoF, Trinco
026 2222133, 0777510238
Phoned, referred us to Mr. Athugorala 06.7.05
RZ
Mr. Kanagasabapati, Assistant Commissioner of
Cooperative development, Trinco Distr.
026 2221029
NEPC & PS = responsible for registration, monitoring and auditing of fish soc, Central Gvt =
responsible for training and extension officers
Sent one of his MDO’s with TP to Kuchchaveli stretch up to Pulmoddai
19/20.7.05
RZ/TP
Mr. Illankovan
Commissioner of Cooperative development,
NEPC
Responsible for the entire NEPC.
Mr. Athukorala – Fisheries Inspector
Mr. Fareed – Fisheries Inspector
Dept of Fisheries
Fishing methods in Trincomalee, types of boats, ethnic complexities, fisheries cooperatives; their
organization and fisherman Behaviour, trade links and chains, interrelationships among
fishermen, traders and middlemen.
18-Jul-05
KT
xx
Trincomalee
Mr. Bandu Ekanayake
Priincipal – Fisheries Training Centre
Cod Bay
Training requirements and current status, catch situation in coastal and off shore fishery, types of
boats and fishing methods, visiting the Cod Bay Harbour, inspecting a multi-day boat. Post
tsunami activities of the government.
20-Jul-05
RZ, TP,
KT
Capt. Sarath Jayasinghe
Director Training
Ministry of Fisheries
Colombo
Types of fish used for dry fish and their national, English and Latin nomenclature, Outlook on
post tsunami development of the fishing sector, damage caused by the tsunami, a deeper
understanding on fishing vessels and gear, International poaching of Sri Lankan commercial
waters, Security situation in Trincomalee. Monsoon and fishing seasons, Behaviour of wind and
water currents during seasons.
22-Jul-05
KT
Mr. Sahabandu
General Manager
Ceylon Fisheries Corporation
Colombo 15
Demand Characteristics, daily buying and wholesale prices, current fishing situation. Seasonal
variations.
25-Jul-05
KT
Mr. Sufian (Deputy Director)
Mr. Prasanna Jayasinghe (AD)
Ms Srimatee (AD)
Ms. Chandra Kiriella (AD)
Sri Lanka Export Development Board
Colombo
Import and Export Statistics, Export Market Requirements, Rules and regulations, Dry fish
exporters from Sri Lanka.
14-Jul-05
KT
xxi
Fisheries societies Name Short summary Visited Phoned
Jeewa
Colombo Fish Wolesale Traders Union
Imports and current prices, current raw material availability, new trends in the buying and
selling chains, trader fisherman relationships, Situation of ice availability..
25-Jul-05
KT, TP
C.. Ananda Peireis
Chairman
Fisheries Society
Sumedhagama Trincomalee
Fishing habits and methods, Powerplay, Ethnic complexities, Current Conflict and its effect on
ethnic issues in the fishery industry (an outlook) Fishing seasons, raw material availability.
19-Jul-05
Private sector (shops, market places, supermarkets) Name Short summary Visited Phoned
Mr; K.Joachim, Mr. Rodigo (BKB Company) Mr.
Rajaratnamthnam (Vaeni)–Colombo wholesale
Market
Import, export, local production situations, power-play, Relationships, Monthly quantities,
quality of imported and locally produced dry fish, importers and exporters, Supply situation,
wholesale pricing.
09-Jul-05
KT/TP
Nihal Senerath
Manager Purchases
Keells Supermarket Chain
Product quality, Best Movers, Volumes of trade in Keells supermarkets. Packaging
requirements, Suppliers to Keells
10-Jul-05
KT
xxii
Nuwaraeliya
Central Market
A.M.M. Saleem Faris Stores
M. Mohammed – Lucky Dry Fish Centre
Karuppaiya – Paveesana Dry Fish Traders
Other Groceries:
M. Annakutti – New Kalpana Stores
S.M.A. Azees – Azees Enterprise
Cargills Supermarket
Types in demand, retail prices, Buying chains, Customer requirements, power play and trader
relationships, Customer characteristics, Sales volumes, trade practices.
12-Jul-05
KT
Ragala
A.I.M. Mohammed Hussein – Kairoon Stores
T.R.B. Rathnayake – Rathnayake Stores
A.T. Chandana – Piyasena Stores
K. Periyasami – Priya Stores
S. Ganesh – Ganesh Stores
N.M. Ebrahim – Ragala Traders
Types in demand, retail prices, Buying chains, Customer requirements, power play and trader
relationships, Customer characteristics, Sales volumes, trade practices.
12-Jul-05
KT
Kandy
Central Market
Nahinda Rohuwage – Nalini Stores
Rajakulendran – Kurukulasooriya Bros.
Other Groceries
- Mangalika Stores
T.K.Seneviratne – Madanwela & Sons
Types in demand, retail prices, Buying chains, Customer requirements, power play and trader
relationships, Customer characteristics, Sales volumes, trade practices.
13-Jul-05
KT
xxiii
- Janasiri Stores
H.A. Seneviratne – Ravi Stores
Wellawatte
Manager-Cargills Food City
Manager – Cooperative Shop283,GalleRd
S. Methsiri - Shop 1, New Market
V. Ganeshan – Gamini Stores 09, Manning place
M. R. Raja – Bismi Stores Kirullupone Market
T. Suresh – Kirullapone Central Market
S. Anganamuttu – Shop 2 New Market
Kavico Traders – 255, Galle Road
Types in demand, retail prices, Buying chains, Customer requirements, power play and trader
relationships, Customer characteristics, Sales volumes, trade practices.
15-Jul-05
KT
Kiribathgoda
Cargills Food City
Day Fair – H.D.Dharmasena
Day Fair – N. K. Dayananda
Day Fair – H. L. Sajith
Saman Wijesinghe – Bopath Traders, 38, Makkola
Road
- Ravi Grocery 73, Kanda Road
N. Wijesundara - Food Centre 171 Eeriyawetiya
Rd,
A. K. Kumara Ramyasiri Stores, 05, Kandy Road
Types in demand, retail prices, Buying chains, Customer requirements, power play and trader
relationships, Customer characteristics, Sales volumes, trade practices.
16-Jul-05
KT
xxiv
B.A. Kumara – Geeshani Stores, 83, Kandy
Road,
Trinco
Nimal Shantha – Fresh Fish Trader Fish Market
Mr. Athukorala – Fisheries Inspector
Mr. Fareed – Fisheries Inspector
Introduction to dry Fish traders. Fixing appointments. Discussion on the coastal and off shore
fisheries.
Fishing methods in Trincomalee, types of boats, ethnic complexities, fisheries cooperatives;
their organization and fisherman Behaviour, trade links and chains, interrelationships among
fishermen, traders and middlemen.
18-Jul-05
KT
Trinco …Continued
H.Sarath – Dry Fish Trader – Fish Market
P. Nimal – Dry Fish Trader – Fish Market
Current fresh fish and dry fish prices, Affect of imports, fisherman-trader relationships,
Volumes, buying and Colombo prices, Market chains, Types of dry fish and raw material used,
Ethnic and trading relationships.
19-Jul-05
KT
TP
Dry fish producing members of the Network
1) Town and Gravets
2) Kinniya
Current status, experience on production, examining samples, possibilities of reviving and
developing the production and trade activities and practices, social complexities, ethnic balance
and mutual assistance, availability of raw material, problems currently faced. Effect of tsunami
on their families and new problems.
19-Jul-05
KT
TP
xxv
NGOs/INGOs Name Short summary Visited Phoned
Serge Tissot, FAO
0773187359
2689363/4
FAO and Norway = lead agencies in tsunami-related fisheries sector reconstruction. Does not
yet have statistics on fisheries sector reconstruction, i.e. on replacement of gear as yet, will have
more info mid-August.
5.7.05
RZ
27.7.05
RZ
Ms. Lalitha, FAO
2689363/4
Gave general info on FAO tsunami emergency activities. Equipment and training (food
processing, agro gardening)
5.7.05
RZ
Mr. Bindu, FAO
2689363/4
To date (27. July) FAO has still not given out any gear (nets etc.) in Trinco and neither has
ICRC, says Bindu. Waiting for Gvt. Clearance. No info on other organisations and what they
already distributed.
27.7.05
RZ
Harim Sivasubramaniam, FAO
0773081245, 2559331
Potential consultant but already 100% job. July05
RZ
Ms. Malika, Librarian
FAO
2580798 ext. 13
Gave 2003 FAO report on fisheries sector, very helpful 5.7.05
RZ
Imanari Ayako ([email protected])
PARC (Pacific Asia Resource Center)
28 Temple Road, Jaffna, Sri Lanka
phone: +94 21 222 7897
mobile: +94 776 571995
ARE DOING POST-TSUNAMI ANALYSIS OF SL FISHERIES. BUT REPORT
NOT COMPLETED YET.
10.06.05
RZ
xxvi
MR. CHANDRASOMA, ADB Sent e-mail to ask for secondary data, but never got reply. 10.06.05
RZ
VIDYA PERERA, NORAD
2469611/up to 4
No contact person in Trinco, persons in charge on holiday. July 05
RZ
MICKEY, ICRC, TRINCO Gave overview of Trinco district and politico-ethnic situation. See notes. People in LTTE ctrl
areas are far worse off than in cleared areas. People in Kuchchaveli are better off.
18.7.05
RZ
WALTER KELLER, GTZ Gave macro overview political and administrative situation, what GTZ and other agencies are
doing, advise on who to meet, passed pro doc on to Chief Secretary of NEPC. Very supportive.
19.7.05
RZ
MR. CROOS, GTZ Gave many helpful contacts and infos. See notes. Very supportive. 19.7.05
RZ
MR. JASON, GTZ Gave many helpful contacts and infos and put RZ onto Trinco coordination e-mail list. Very
supportive.
19.7.05
RZ
DIRK STEINWALD, GTZ MF IN CLB
0777881727
FS person within GTZ - synergies for training need of financial officers?
DR. VOLKER STEIGERWALT Rural Banking Initiative project – synergies for training need of financial officers?
MR. RAJANATHAN, SEWA LANKA
026 2227058
0777266804
Informed about SL activities and fisheries sector. SLF has MF and SBC training. Otherwise not
much info for our purpose.
19.7.05
RZ
xxvii
MR. NALLARAJAH, NECCDEP
026 2225336/7
0776700982
Explained what they are doing and referred me to Mr. Rizvi. Info on Fish sector. Very helpful. 19.7.05
RZ
MR. CROOS, NECCDEP
Was in CLB at the time of our visit in Trinco. But supportive. 19.7.05
RZ
MR. RIZVI, BDC, (SEEDS, ADB)
026 2225391, [email protected]
Have demand from Cargills/Food City for Maldive fish, Cargills will send truck. Will do the
marketing. Link to ITI for tech. Women’s umbrella organisation through fisheries soc. Has a lot
of ideas, contacts and knowledge of the fish sector. Partner to look into. Very helpful.
19.7.05
RZ
Levan Tchatchua, OXFAM
026 2222700, 2227727, 0773187260
Explained 50/50% loan scheme that is now standard for fish soc aid. Fish prices very high.
Dutch NGO flooded mkt with canoes, price dropped from R. 40’000 to 15’000. Lots of illegal
nets used. Kinniya less need for assistance. Muthur and Echilampathai need more.
Susanne and Tom, SDC, Trinco
Susanne mob 077 318 53 86
Tom Mob 077 317 08 24
026 222 5956 – 8
Explained what SDC is doing – implementing GK housing/cash grant project on behalf of SRC.
Cleared and uncleared areas. No coordination between SDC and SRC. Says 77% of affected are
M, 19% T, 4% S.
Consortium of NGOs, 57, Post office rd.
Mr. Thawasilingham, Chairman and dept chief
sec infrastr. NEPC
Mr. R.M.J. Jhongarajah
Ms. S. Thambipillai
026 222 74 88
Stressed the importance for local NGOs to register with Consortium. 20.7.05
RZ
xxviii
Mr. Kalaichelvan
District officer
026 222 32 71
0777 204957
Explained role of Consortium of NGOs (local NGOs) and CHA (INGO’s) 20.7.05
RZ
Mr. Chopadithya
ITDG Sri Lanka
Technology and methods of preparation of lasted and dried fish. Requirements and successful
projects
28-Jul-05
KT
Mr. T. Rizvi – Business Development Centre –
Trincomalee
Projects currently under taken, possibilities of assisting the project, Socio-statistical data on
fishermen. Effects of the tsunami. Working in Trincomalee – Specific Indications.
20-Jul-05
KT
Other individual sources of information
Name Short summary Visited Phoned
Steeve Creech, Sewa Lanka Foundation
2861013
Says there is good potential to sell dry fish. Advises to start project buy action
research and assess feasibility of production plant whilst working with the self-
employed people. Gave contacts of resource people. (see e-mail).
08.6.05
RZ
Nireka Weeratunge, Consultant
0773154479
11.7.05
RZ
Mr. Leslie Joseph, Consultant Potential consultant, but busy. June RZ
xxix
Partner organisation and beneficiaries
Name Short summary Visited Phoned
STMRWN Visited to clarify questions regarding the organisational set-up the credit scheme
and the project implementation.
18.7.05
TP
KT = Kapila Tissera (Consultant), TP = Trevor Papalie (SCSL)
RZ = Ruth Zueblin (SCSL)
xxx
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