THE COLD WAR… WITH HOTSPOTS
1945-1991
WHO WAS INVOLVED???• THE UNITED STATES
(and Western Europe)
Vs.
•U.S.S.R –SOVIET UNION
(and Satellite Nations)
UNITED STATES –TEAM DEMOCRACY
• POLTICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
• People controlled
• Voting used to elect leaders
• Freedoms and liberties protected
• ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS:
• Free enterprise/capitalism
SOVIET UNION–TEAM COMMUNISM
• POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
• Dictator
• Limited freedoms and liberties
• ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS:
• Government controlled
• Equal distribution of wealth
U.S. RESPONSES• TRUMAN DOCTRINE- aid to Greece and Turkey
• CONTAINMENT POLICY- stop the spread of communism
• MARSHALL PLAN- extended financial aid to war torn Europe
• NATO/COLLECTIVE SECURITY- US initiated defense alliance for containment
• DOMINO THEORY- one country in Southeastern Asia becomes communist the rest will follow
• EISENHOWER DOCTRINE- extended financial aid to middle east for containment
SOVIET RESPONSES• WARSAW PACT- Soviet Union response to NATO
(defense alliance)
• SATELLITE NATIONS- Soviet Union created a wall of countries to protect against invasions and act as buffer to West (Poland, East Germany, Hungary)
• Trade and contact between Eastern and Western Europe cut off IRON CURTAIN-
EUROPE AND SOVIET UNION
• MARSHALL PLAN- United States financial aid extended to Europe
• BERLIN AIRLIFT- Soviet Union blockaded entrance to West Berlin because Br, Fr, and US merged occupation zones. US sent in massive air lift to feed and supply city
• BERLIN WALL- built in late 60s, cut off access to the West for East Berliners
SOVIET UNION
• SPUTNIK- 1957 First satellite in space /USSR
• SPACE RACE -- led the way in space race with first satellite and 1st man in space
• ARMS RACE – after war, competition to defend countries using nuclear weapons. Developed their own weapons to compete with US
• BREAK UP OF USSR– 1991 Communism collapses around Europe
CHINA
• MAO ZEDONG—1949– overthrew Chinese nationalists
• IMPACT?
• Large population of Asia under communist control
• Lost markets in China until Nixon and normalizes relations
KOREA (1950-1953)• REASONS-
• North Korea– communist
• South Korea –democratic, West
• North Korea invaded South Korea over 38th parallel
• OUTCOME-
• US and United Nations aid South Korea
• China aids North Korea
• Armistice (stayed at 38th parallel)
• CONTAINMENT SUCCESSFUL
CUBA• FIDEL CASTRO- dictator of Cuba
• BAY OF PIGS INVASION-
• WHO? Led by JFK, trained Cuban refugees
• WHY? Tried to overthrow Castro
• Failed Invasion
LED TO…
• CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
• Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba to protect from US
• JFK on brink of all out nuclear war with Soviet Union
• Result—hotline between countries , removal of missiles, limited test ban treaty
UNITED STATES• SPACE RACE AND EDUCATION—increased math and science
programs
• MOON LANDING– Neil Armstrong and John Glenn (JFK 1969)
• ARMS RACE– development of nuclear weapons by US and USSR
• RED-SCARE– fear of communism in US • HUAC—investigated Hollywood
• MCCARTHISM – Joseph McCarthy accused gov’t officials and military of communism
• Making allegations with no evidence
• ROSENBERG TRIALS- atomic spies from Soviet Union, executed
• VENONA PAPERS– released in 1991 and proved there had been spies in US
• DÉTENTE (limited test ban treaty) RELAXING OF TENSIONS WITH SOVIET UNION
• STAR WARS– Reagan’s plan of Peace through Strength. Discourage war by building up nuclear defense systems
• ARMS REDUCTION – end of Cold War
US PRESIDENTS– COLD WAR
• TRUMAN-CONTAINMENT (Korean War)
• EISENHOWER-DOMINO
• KENNEDY-FLEXIBLE RESPONSE (Cuban Missile Crisis/Berlin Wall)
• JOHNSON- DOMINO (Vietnam)
• NIXON- DÉTENTE_ SALT 1 / NORMALIZATION (Vietnam)
• FORD-DÉTENTE (SALT II)
• CARTER- NEGOTIATION/HUMAN RIGHTS
• REAGAN-REAGAN DOCTRINE (Iran Contra/ Tear down of Berlin Wall )
• BUSH- END OF COLD WAR (Fall of communism in Europe)
VIETNAM• DOMINO THEORY – all Southeast Asia would fall to communism
• GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION-1st event of Vietnam, US ships attacked, LBJ given power to use any force necessary against Vietnam
• ESCALATION/COMBAT– Nixon increased combat to Cambodia
• ROY BENAVIDEZ– medal of honor during Tet Offensive (rescue mission and survived)
• TET OFFENSIVE- North Vietnam invasion into South Vietnam ( America realized war was far from over) – shifted public support
• ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT– led by college students (teach-ins, demonstrations, Kent-State)
• VIETNAMIZATION– training of South Vietnam troops to eventually withdraw all of American ground troops
• FALL OF SAIGON– capital of South Vietnam falls to communism
• WAR POWERS RESOLUTION – Congress declares President must have congressional approval to expand fighting
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