Circulatory System
• Blood:–Brings food to cells–Transports oxygen and
carbon dioxide–Other substances taken
to and from cells
Circulatory System
• Oxygenated blood has abundant oxygen
• Deoxygenated blood has given most of its oxygen to body cells and has taken on carbon dioxide
Circulatory System
• Vertebrate hearts contain chambers
• Blood is pumped in one direction only–Arteries–Veins
Circulatory System
• Fish have two-chambered hearts
• Most reptiles and adult amphibians have three-chambered hearts
Circulatory System
• Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts–Two chambers pump
oxygenated blood–Two chambers pump
deoxygenated blood
Evidence of Design
• Irreducible complexity–Heart–Gills (or lungs) for gas
exchange–Blood–Muscles, nerves, and
hormones
Evidence of Design
• Irreducible complexity–Blood vessels–Respiratory system–How could the cells
survive before everything else developed?
Respiratory System
• Supplies body with oxygen• Carries away carbon
dioxide waste• Gills are used by
vertebrates living in water–Some invertebrates, too
Respiratory System
• Gills–Capillaries–Exchange of carbon dioxide
in blood for oxygen in water–Deoxygenated blood
becomes oxygenated blood
Respiratory System
• Lungs–Air chambers–Capillaries–Deoxygenated blood
becomes oxygenated blood–Breathing–Diaphragm
Nervous System
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)–Nerves• Cranial nerves• Spinal nerves
–Sensory receptors–Sensory organs
Nervous System
• PNS receives stimuli• PNS carries impulses
from CNS to various muscles and organs
• Reactions are controlled in the CNS
Digestive System
• Mouth –Some mechanical and
chemical digestion in certain animals
• Esophagus• Stomach–Some chemical digestion, but
mostly mechanical digestion
Digestive System
• Small intestine–Digestive enzymes for
chemical digestion–Site of diffusion for digested
nutrients–Helped by accessory organs
Fish Anatomy
• Propulsion–Swim bladder
• Closed circulatory system–Two-chambered heart–Blood vessels
Fish Groups
• Cartilaginous fish–Endoskeleton is made of
cartilage–Have jaws, scales, and paired
fins–Sharks, skates, rays
Amphibians
Ectothermic vertebrates that
usually live in water when young but can
live on land when adults
Development
• Amphibians are the only vertebrates that undergo metamorphosis
• Young have gills; adults have lungs
Reptiles
• Breathe air with lungs• Do not experience
metamorphosis• Dry, scaly skin• Three-chambered heart• Most lay eggs
Snakes and Lizards
• Molting• Snakes do not hear or see
well• Snakes are carnivores• Snakes can swallow prey
Snakes and Lizards
• Snakes can be found in almost any environment
• Lizards are usually found in warm/hot, dry places
Crocodiles and Alligators
• Usually in tropical or subtropical climates
• Usually found in fresh water
• Only two species in the United States
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