1.1. All living things are made All living things are made of of cellscells
2.2. Cells come from other cellsCells come from other cells3.3. Cells maintain homeostasis at Cells maintain homeostasis at
the cellular levelthe cellular level4.4. Homeostasis at higher Homeostasis at higher
levels reflect the levels reflect the coordinated activities coordinated activities of of many cellsmany cells
A. Cells – The Functional UnitA. Cells – The Functional UnitA. Cells – The Functional UnitA. Cells – The Functional Unit
1.1. Somatic CellsSomatic Cells• Body cellsBody cells• Contain 46 (23 pr) of Contain 46 (23 pr) of
chromosomes - diploidchromosomes - diploid2.2. GametesGametes
• Sex cellsSex cells• Contain 23 unpaired Contain 23 unpaired
chromosomes - haploidchromosomes - haploid• Include eggs and spermInclude eggs and sperm
B. Two Classes of CellsB. Two Classes of Cells
C. FluidsC. Fluids 1.1.Extracellular Fluids (ECF)Extracellular Fluids (ECF)
– Bathe the outside of cellsBathe the outside of cells– Called Called interstitial fluids interstitial fluids
when found between cells in when found between cells in a tissuea tissue
2.2. Intracellular Fluids (ICFIntracellular Fluids (ICF))– Found inside cellsFound inside cells
3.3.ECF and ICF are ECF and ICF are separated by a separated by a
cell membranecell membrane
II.II. Cell MembraneCell Membrane Also called the Also called the Plasma Plasma MembraneMembrane or or Plasmalemma Plasmalemma
II.II. Cell MembraneCell Membrane
1.1. Physical IsolationPhysical Isolation
2.2.Regulation of exchange Regulation of exchange
3.3.Cellular communicationCellular communication
A. A. FunctionFunction
1. Made of 1. Made of phospholipid bilayerphospholipid bilayer
a. hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails point inward
b.b. hydrophilic headshydrophilic heads point outward
B. Fluid Mosaic ModelB. Fluid Mosaic Model
2.2. Made of proteins, Made of proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterolcarbohydrates and cholesterol
B. Fluid Mosaic ModelB. Fluid Mosaic Model
a. Cholesterol mca. Cholesterol mc
B. Fluid Mosaic ModelB. Fluid Mosaic Model
• are scattered throughout membrane
• help stabilize membrane
2.2. Proteins, carbohydrates and Proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterolcholesterol
2.2. Proteins, carbohydrates Proteins, carbohydrates and cholesteroland cholesterol
b. Carbohydratesb. Carbohydrates• Lubricate
and protect the cell
• Anchor the cell in place
• Act as receptors or identity markers
c.c. ProteinsProteins
1) Kinds:1) Kinds:
2. Proteins, carbohydrates 2. Proteins, carbohydrates and and cholesterolcholesterol
• IntegralIntegral
• PeripheralPeripheral
3) Some Transport 3) Some Transport ProteinsProteins
•UniportUniport•SymportSymport•AntiportAntiport
c.c. ProteinsProteins
A. Membrane PermeabilityA. Membrane Permeability
1. Selectively permeable
III. Membrane TransportIII. Membrane Transport
A. Membrane PermeabilityA. Membrane Permeability
2.2.Factors Factors affecting affecting permeabilitpermeabilityy
III. Membrane TransportIII. Membrane Transport
• Mc size• Solubility in lipids
O2 CO2 & steroids pass easily
• Ionic charge• Carrier molecules
B. Passive TransportB. Passive Transport1. requires no energy2. occurs with the concentration
gradient3 examples
III. Membrane TransportIII. Membrane Transport
a. Diffusion
2. examplesb. Osmosis - diffusion of
water
Water moves from high water (low solute) concentration to low water
Important TermsImportant Terms• Hypotonic
Solution has lower % solute than the cell; water moves out of cell
• HypertonicHypertonic
Solution has higher % solute than the cell; water moves into the cell
Important TermsImportant Terms• Hypotonic
• HypertonicHypertonic • HypertonicHypertonic
Solution has same % solute as the cell; water movement in = out
Important TermsImportant Terms• Hypotonic
B. Passive TransportB. Passive Transport2. examples
c. Facilitated diffusionc. Facilitated diffusion• uses membrane proteins • example: glucose is
carried by permeaseNo energy No energy
required!required!
B. Passive TransportB. Passive Transport2 examples
d. Filtration• Occurs when pressure is
exerted on the fluids and solutes
• Kidneys
• Dialysis
C. Active TransportC. Active Transport
1.1. requires requires energy –energy –
ATPATP
2.2. movement movement
of mc of mc against against thethe
concentration gradientconcentration gradient
Uses 40% of ATP in cell!Uses 40% of ATP in cell!
3. Kinds of Active Transport3. Kinds of Active Transporta. Protein transport a. Protein transport pumpspumps
move ions into and out move ions into and out of of the cell against the cell against
their their gradients gradients
3. Kinds of Active Transport3. Kinds of Active Transportb. Vesicular transportb. Vesicular transport
1) Endocytosis1) Endocytosis
a. phagocytosis phagocytosis –– “cell eating”,
b. pinocytosis -pinocytosis - “cell drinking”
3. Endocytosis3. Endocytosis
Exocytosis
cytoplasm
3. Kinds of Active Transport3. Kinds of Active Transportb. Vesicular transportb. Vesicular transport
2) 2) exocytosisexocytosis
A. StructureA. StructureIV. The NucleusIV. The Nucleus
1. has double membrane
• With poresWith pores
• Connects Connects to ERto ER
A. StructureA. StructureIV. The NucleusIV. The Nucleus
2. Contains• NucleoplasmNucleoplasm• NucleolusNucleolus
•1 or 2•Stores RNA for ribosome production
• ChromatinChromatin•Genetic material•DNA; Chromosomes
Chromosome StructureChromosome Structure2. Contains
• NucleoplasmNucleoplasm• NucleolusNucleolus
•1 or 2•Stores RNA for ribosome production
• ChromatinChromatin•Genetic material•DNA; Chromosomes
Chromosome StructureChromosome Structure2. Contains
• NucleoplasmNucleoplasm• NucleolusNucleolus
•1 or 2•Stores RNA for ribosome production
• ChromatinChromatin•Genetic material•DNA; Chromosomes
1.Store and processes genetic information
• Control Cell Functions
B. FunctionB. FunctionIV. The NucleusIV. The Nucleus
V.V. The CytoplasmThe Cytoplasm
A. GeneralA. General 1. Protoplasm
w/in cell but external to
nucleus 2.2. Contains organellesContains organelles3. Site of most chemical
rx4. 75-90% water
V. The CytoplasmV. The Cytoplasm
B. B. Cytosol –Cytosol –
viscous, semi-transparent fluid background environment made of a complex mixture of colloids and solutions.
V. The CytoplasmV. The CytoplasmV. The CytoplasmV. The CytoplasmC. C. Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles
a.a. Function:Function: ATP production
V. The CytoplasmV. The CytoplasmC. C. Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles
1. Mitochondria1. Mitochondria
POWER POWER HOUSEHOUSE OF THE CELL
11. Mitochondria. Mitochondriab.b.StructureStructure –
contain their own DNA and ribosomes
c. able to self-replicate
a.network of membranous channels
b.Function: synthesis of secretions, storage, transport & detoxification
C. C. Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
c.c. Two varieties of ERTwo varieties of ER1)1) Rough ERRough ER
• has ribosomes• modifies proteins
2)2) Smooth ERSmooth ER• No ribosomes • Involved in synthesis of
lipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, stores Ca ions
• In liver involved in toxin breakdown
33. THE GOLGI BODY. THE GOLGI BODY1. Consists of stacks of
flattened sacs arranged like a stack of bowls
2. 2. Involved in modifying Involved in modifying and packaging proteins into and packaging proteins into vessiclesvessicles
3.3. Vessicles migrate to and Vessicles migrate to and merge with plasma merge with plasma membrane releasing membrane releasing contents externallycontents externally
C. C. Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles
- the cells' garbage disposal - the cells' garbage disposal system system
1. contain digestive enzymes2.2. function in the digestion of function in the digestion of
fats fats and lipidsand lipids3.3. degrade the products of degrade the products of
ingestion and worn out ingestion and worn out organellesorganelles
44. Lysosomes. LysosomesC. C. Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles
11. . CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON
a. Functions• Maintain cell Maintain cell
shapeshape• Movement of Movement of
cell cell organellesorganelles• Locomotion Locomotion of cellof cell
D. Nonmembranous OrganellesD. Nonmembranous Organelles
1. 1. CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETONb. A network of rod-like proteins:• Microtubules Microtubules – support in
movement (cilia, flagella)• MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments – support (muscles)
D. Nonmembranous OrganellesD. Nonmembranous Organelles
22. microvilli. microvilli
increase surface area of the membrane.
B. Nonmembranous OrganellesB. Nonmembranous Organelles
3.3. CiliaCiliabeat rhythmically beat rhythmically move fluids across the move fluids across the surfacesurface
4.4. FlagellaFlagella move a cell through move a cell through surrounding fluid surrounding fluid (sperm)(sperm)
5. Centrioles 5. Centrioles direct chromosome direct chromosome movement during movement during mitosismitosis
B. Nonmembranous OrganellesB. Nonmembranous Organelles
6. RibosomesRibosomesa.a. Involved in protein
synthesisb. Made of rRNA and proteinc. May be free in the cytoplasm or attached
to the ER
D. Nonmembranous OrganellesD. Nonmembranous Organelles
5. InclusionsInclusionsstored nutrients in the cytoplasm
D. Nonmembranous OrganellesD. Nonmembranous Organelles
A. Why do cells A. Why do cells divide?divide?
• the surface area to volume ratio is in not large enough to meet the needs of the cell
C. The Cell CycleC. The Cell Cycle1.Describes the
continuous sequence of events in the life of a cell
2.Consists of 4 main phases
G1 S G2 M
3. Regulation of the Cell 3. Regulation of the Cell CycleCycle
•Specialized proteinsSpecialized proteinsfunction to block the cell cycle if the DNA is damaged
•CancerCancera disease where regulation of the cell cycle goes awry and normal cell growth and behavior is lost
D. MitosisD. Mitosis1.Division of the nucleus2. the chromosome number
is conserved in each of the daughter cells
3.Stages of Mitosis• Interphase• Prophase• metaphase
Stages of MitosisStages of Mitosis• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase. • The division of the cytoplasm The division of the cytoplasm that follows is called that follows is called cytokinesis. cytokinesis.
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