The Unhealthy Chesapeake
Disease driven Virginia and Maryland cut off about 10 years from the average English life span.› Families were unable to grow because of the quick
life. Many children didn’t live to see adulthood. Children grew up with one or no children and many marriages failed because of disease.
2nd generation babies acquired immunity to the diseases.
Population in Virginia grew based on birthrate to the most populous colony.
The Tobacco Economy
Chesapeake region was based on growing tobacco. Many settlers came for tobacco alone; they’d even plant tobacco before corn.
The mass market of tobacco caused the import of indentured servants.
Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion
Virginia Governor Berkley upset many of the people with his comments on the economy of the majority of his colony. The majority were freemen that were roaming around looking for land to grow tobacco.
There were a series of attacks on the frontier from the Indians, but Berkley refused to do anything about it because they were exchanging furs. › Nathaniel Bacon, frustrated about the attacks, led a mass of
freemen to drive Berkley out of town. Civil war erupted in Virginia; Bacon died during their civil
war because of disease. Berkley easily crushed the rebellion after Bacon’s death.
Bacon’s Rebellion caused many landlords to fear their servants because of rebellion. Thus started the African slave trade.
Colonial Slavery
1619-1970: black slaves were the minority of the population
due to the high costs for them.
•Mid-1680, that population became larger than the white population due to the landlords’ fear of troublesome, former servants (freemen).
Rhode Island started shipping slaves when they saw the huge profits. • I
ncreased amount of slaves in America.
• 1750, Blacks outnumbered Whites 2-1 in Virginia.
The middle passage over to America killed 20% of the slaves before they even reached the auction block.
Early century, few Africans gained freedom. When they became free, they were even slave owners themselves.• E
nd of 17t
h
century, Whites saw this as a racial threat.
Status of servant and slave changed dramatically based on race.• S
laves and their children were slaves for life to their White masters. (slave codes)
• Racial discrimination molded into American slave trade by the end of the 17t
h
century.
Africans in America
Slave life was harsh, especially
in the South
because of the heat and hard-
labor.
Chesapeake region was
not as harsh
because growing tobacco
was not as strenuous.
They were able to contact
with friends and family
in the fields.
Female African
population began to
rise and so did slave families.
Black population was rising
on own fertility.
The demand of
slaves to be shipped over was
not as high.
African in American cont.
New population of Blacks brought a new culture.
Adopted words such as goober (peanut), gumbo
(okra), voodoo (witchcraft).
Ring shout contributed to the development of jazz.
Few Blacks became artisans.
Many minor rebellions started, no slave rebellion in American history
matched the scale of Bacon's Rebellion
Jazz Voodoo
SO
UTH
ER
N S
OC
IETY
Disease and
poverty society
gave way to a
social hierarchy of wealth
and status at the end of the 18th
century
Great planters. They own massive amounts of land and gangs of slaves. They held a monopoly of economic and political
power
The small farmers were the majority in the society.
The landless whites had the bottom of the lands.
The New England FamilyThe conditions in New England (N.E.) were much better than the rest
of the colonies.The waters were clean and the cool temperature made it hard for the disease to spread. It actually added 10
years to the average life span in England.
Puritans tended to migrate in families and family became the center of N.E. life.
Population grew based on natural reproduction.Women married in early 20s and gave birth every 2 years till menopause. They would be expected to give
birth to 10 children but only rear 8.
Governor of Mass. was one out of 27 children, all by the same mother.
Child raising was a N.E. woman’s full time job.
Children grew up with the nurturing care of both parents and grandparents. There were very low rates of premarital pregnancies.
New England Family cont.
The social class of women was extremely different than the South. Women in the South had the right to gain property because of the sudden deaths of the husband. N.E. feared that women’s rights might upset the unity of the marriage. Women were denied rights of inheritance since women widowhood was so uncommon.
FRO
M A
FRIC
AN
TO
AFR
ICA
N
AM
ER
ICA
N
The African born
American slaves
mended all the cultures
of Africa together to
get their own distinct
culture.
Many languages,
skills, music, and foods came from West
Africa.
They brought rice to
the soils of South Carolina. They
introduced rice into the English
diet.
The first American
slaves were mostly males. Some
slaves were even
allowed freedom.
Anthony Johnson
of Northampton
County, Virginia became a slave owner.
Beginning of the 18th
century, law began to
tighten up and slave traders
brought more human cargo.
1740s, the
American born
outnumbered African born
and the importation of slaves slowed down.
Women used the endless
amounts of time spinning and weaving to discuss the
method of child-rearing and
began to develop close
bonds.
They carried on the traditio
n of separat
e female social
networks.
Adapted Christianity
with their own influences by
adding African-influenced music and
rituals during services.
They rejected ideas of
predestination and emphasiz
ed the lowly early
place of Jesus. They
retained African idea of heaven, where they
would reunite
with their ancestors
.
LIF
E IN
TH
E N
EW
EN
GLA
ND
TO
WN
S
1) New town were legally charter by the colonial authorities and the distribution of land was entrusted to the town fathers, or " proprietors" a) in every town was a meeting house, which served as both
the place of worship and town hall. and also a village greenb) towns of more than fifty families were required to provide elementary education. After 8 years, the Massachusetts puritans established Harvard college. which train local boys
for ministry. [In 1963, Virginians establish their first college, William and Mary. ]2) Puritans ran their own churches, and democracy in Congregational church government led logically to democracy in political government.
a) the town meeting, in which freemen met together and each man voted, exhibited democracy in its purest form
The Meeting house was in the center of the town, it was the “life of the town. ”
The Half- Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trial
Worries plagued the God-fearing pioneers of these tidy new England Settlements. › about the middle of the seventeenth century
a new form of sermon began to be heard from puritans pulpits - the "jeremiad." earnest preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety.
› in 1662 minister announced a new formula for church membership, the "half way covenant." it offered partial membership rights to people not yet converted.
TH
E H
ALF- W
AY C
OV
EN
AN
T A
ND
TH
E S
ALE
M W
ITCH
TR
IAL C
ON
T.
Definition of witch craft: As a metaphor for the often dangerously irrational urge to find a scapegoat
for social resentment.
Witchcraft persecution were common in Europe, and was breaking out in the colonies.
Reasons: › superstitions of the age› unsettled social and religious conditions of
rapidly evolving Massachusetts village. the accused witches was mostly from merchant
elites; their accusers came from ranks of the poorer family. Salem witch trial ended in 1693, when the governor was alarmed that his own wife was being accused of witchcraft.
TH
E N
EW
EN
GLA
ND
WAY O
F LIFE
1) Geography of New England Stony soil and sulfurous religion. Which made New England less ethnically mixed than its neighbors. Since the land was unattractive. Rivers were short and rapid. 2) the climate in New England was extreme: the summer was uncomfortably hot and winter cruelly cold. which encourage diversified agriculture and industry. a. Crops in the south did not
work in N.E. Black slavery was attempted but didn’t work. 3. The Europeans in New England chastised the Indians for “wasting” the land, and felt a need to clear as much land for use as possible.
a) introduction of livestock's => need for more
land. 4. They became expert in ship building and commerce. And also exploited codfish "the gold mines of New England." Fishing became a very popular industry.
“The Gold
Mines of New
England”
New Englanders prided themselves as God's Chosen people.
I come from the city of BostonThe home of the bean and the
codWhere the Cabot's speaks only
to LowellsAnd the Lowells speak only to
God.
The Early Settlers' days and ways Early farmers usually rose at dawn and
went to bed at dusk.› a) Few events were done during the night
unless they were “worth the candle.” Life was humble but comfortable, at
least in accordance to the surroundings.› Women, slave or free tended to domestic duties.
While Men did outside jobs concerning the land and farm. Children helped with both jobs and picked up schooling as needed.
› Land was relatively cheap.› People enjoyed wealth and security. › Most of the Europeans that migrate to the New
World was mostly middle class, and some indentured servants.
Because of the general sameness of class in America, laws against extravagances were sometimes passed, but as time passed, America grew.
They planted in the spring
Tend their
crops in the
summer
Harvest in the fall
Prepared in the
winter to being the
cycle anew.
The majority of colonist were farmers.
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