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Nursing Theories203 RC (Course Code) Room 202

1:30 – 4:30pm Saturday

Nursing Theories203 RC (Course Code) Room 202

1:30 – 4:30pm Saturday

BGen Marlene R Padua AFP (Ret) RN, USRN, MAN

Chair, Nursing Research Committee, AU College of Nursing; Faculty, College of Nursing and Graduate School

Nursing Theories203 RC (Course Code)


COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

1. Regular Attendance

2. Active Participation in Class discussion/ activities

3. Term paper – Thesis Problem, supported by a

theoretical framework/works of nursing theorist

4. Critiques of nursing theories

5. Pass mid-term and final exams



Grading System

Percent Decimal Grade Description

96-100 1.00-1.25 High Pass

87-95 1.50-2.00 Pass

86 & below 2.25 & below Fail

Attendance/RecitationQuizzes/take home exams

Major ExaminationReport

Term Paper

Nursing TheoriesTeaching Strategies

Nursing TheoriesTeaching Strategies

1. Lecture-discussion

2. Guided Research Reports Discussion

3. Group Dynamics

Nursing TheoriesCourse Description

Nursing TheoriesCourse Description

Understanding the following: 1.concepts, principles, assumptions, theories,

2. paradigms and models which are used as framework for nursing practice, education and research

3. the lives of the nurses who pioneered these theories.

Nursing TheoriesCourse Objectives


GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

1. To provide the student with knowledge of theories which have become frameworks for nursing practice, research and education,

2. To develop the student’s analytical skills, challenge his/ her creative thinking, clarify values and assumptions and determine directions for nursing research, education and practice.



SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the course, the student must be able to:

1. Be conversant with nursing theories and the various theories underlining nursing practice, research and education;

2. Be conversant with the scientific rigor and discipline necessary for professional nursing practice



SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:3. Advance his/ her knowledge of the

client, the environment and the nursing

process and thus make rational decision in nursing practice, research and education;

4. Enhance his/her faculties for analytical and creative thinking and thus clarify his/ her own practice, research and education;

5. Enhance his/her professional competency and autonomy through increased theoretical knowledge of scientifically developed methods and approaches to nursing care, nursing research, and nursing education.

Nursing TheoriesThe Great Thinkers in Nursing


A. Philosophers:

• Florence Nightingale – Modern Nursing

• Ernestine Weidenbach – Helping Art

of Clinical Nursing

3. Virginia Henderson – Definition of Nursing

4. Faye Glenn Abdellah – Twenty one Nursing Problems

5. Lydia Hall – Care, Core and Cure Model

6. Jean Watson – Philosophy and Science of Caring

7.Patricia Benner - From Novice to Expert- Excellence and

Power in Clinical Nursing Practice



B. Conceptual Models – Grand Theories

1. Dorothea Orem – Self Care Deficit

Theory of Nursing

2. Myra Estein Levine – Four Conservative Principles

3. Martha Rogers – Unitary Human Beings

4. Dorothy Johnsons – Behavioral System Model

5. Sr. Calixta Roy – Adaptation Model

6. Beety Neuman – System Model (Stressors)

7. Imogene King – Goal Attainment theory



C. Middle Range Nursing Theories

• Hildegard Peplau- Psychodynamic Nursing

• Ida Joan Orlando-Pelletire- Nursing Process Theory

• Joyce Travelbee- Human-to-Human Relationship Model

• Joan Riehl-Sisca- Symbolic Interactionism

• Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin, Mary Ann Swain- Modeling and Role Modeling



C. Middle Range Nursing Theories6. Ramona Mercer-Maternal Role Attainment Theory7. Kathryn Barnard- Parent-Child Interaction Model8. Madeleine Leininger- Cultural Care Theory

9. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse- Man-Living Health

10.Joyce Fitzpatrick- Life Perspective Rhythm Model

11.Margaret Newman- Model of Health

12.Evelyn Adam- Conceptual Model for Nursing

13.Nola Pender- The Health Promotion Model



Professional Stature of Nursing

Proven by Theoretical Foundation

of its science, art and practice

Practice of nursing is blind without

theories, theories are empty without

its practice

Nursing- Diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems (ANA)

Nursing- Diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems (ANA)

Nursing- a dynamic discipline. (Control) It is an art and a science of caring individual, families, groups and communities geared toward promotion and restoration of health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering and assisting clients to face death with dignity and peace. It is focused on assisting the client as he responds to health-illness situation, utilizing the nursing process and guided by ethico-legal moral principles. (ADPCN)

Nursing- a dynamic discipline. (Control) It is an art and a science of caring individual, families, groups and communities geared toward promotion and restoration of health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering and assisting clients to face death with dignity and peace. It is focused on assisting the client as he responds to health-illness situation, utilizing the nursing process and guided by ethico-legal moral principles. (ADPCN)

Nursing as a Profession(CHARACTERISTICS)

Nursing as a Profession(CHARACTERISTICS)

• A learned vocation or occupation

that has a status of superiority• A defined knowledge base • Power and authority over training

and education• Registration requirements for practice

• Altruistic service/unselfish devotion

• Code of Ethics

• Autonomy

Nursing as a ProfessionNursing as a Profession

https://www.faithclipart.com/fca/register.do

Valued by society because the services professionals provide are beneficial for members of the society

Valued by society because the services professionals provide are beneficial for members of the society

Nursing as a ProfessionNursing as a Profession


Nursing as an Academic Discipline

Nursing as an Academic Discipline

DISCIPLINE A branch of knowledge ordered

through the theories and methods

evolving from more than one

worldview of the phenomenon of

concern A branch of educational instruction or

a department of learning a knowledge


Nursing as a Practice Science

APPLIED SCIENCE One that uses the knowledge of basic sciences for some practical end. In practice sciences, research is largely clinical and action oriented (Moody 1990). Thus, as an applied or practical science, Nursing requires research that is applied and clinical (Faucett, 1999).


“ Nursing is grounded on accepted scientific truths and principles in order to give safe

and quality care.

Simply put, Nursing Theory strives to explain the Science and Art of Nursing. “

Why study Nursing Theories?

Terminology of TheoryTerminology of TheoryTerminology of TheoryTerminology of Theory

PHILOSOPHY

- statement of belief and values about human beings and their world.KNOWLEDGE

- awareness or perception of reality acquired through insight, learning, or investigation.

- In a discipline, it is what is collectively seen to be a reasonably accurate understanding of the world as seen by members of discipline


PHENOMENON

- An empirical data or experiences that can be observed

Example:Client’s behavior – guarding behavior at the pain siteInterventions – care of the client in painDisease Process – Stomach Ulcer


CONCEPTS- Building blocks of theories which

can be either be an empirical or abstract data. It enhances one’s capacity to

understand phenomena as it helps define the meaning of the word. A word picture or basic idea of a phenomenon that symbolizes reality.

A.Empirical or concrete concepts – directly observed or experienced or tangible like:

Ex. Nurse, mother, ManilaB. Abstract concepts – indirectly observed or

intangibleEx. Love. Care, Freedom, Charity, nursing, community


CONCEPTUAL MODELS

- Derived from a person’s point of view

MODEL - Graphic or symbolic representations of phenomena that objectify and present certain perspective of

points about nature or functions or both. Models may be theoretical (not directly observable – expressed in language or mathematical symbols or empirical) replicas or observable reality- model of an eye, for example.


PARADIGM

- An organizing framework that contains concepts, theories, assumptions, beliefs, values, and principles that form the way a discipline interprets

the subject matter with which it is concerned. It describes work to be done and frames an orientation with which the work will be accomplished.


ASSUMPTIONS- Beliefs about phenomena one must accept as true. Statements that the theorists hold as factual.Ex. All human being need love; Breast milk is the best food for…

PROPOSITION- Statements that imply the relationships of concepts, assertion of the relationship between concepts derived from theories or generalizations based on empirical or factual data. Example: In Selye’s Theory of Stress:

“Man seeks to attain a desired state by mobilizing his defense Mechanism”


FACT

- It is an established or verifiable truth

HYPOTHESIS - a testable relationship; a shrewd guess or inference; statements of the researcher’s expectations

regarding the relationship between and among the variables under investigation.


RESEARCH- systematic inquiry that uses orderly, disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems.

AXIOMS - state the most general relationship between

concepts. Consist of abstract concepts (ie. Anxiety, personality) that are not directly observable or measurable.

Overview of Theory

THEORY Systematic explanation of an event in

which constructs and concepts are

identified and relationships are

proposed and predictions made

(Streubert- Speziale & Carpenter,

2003). An organized system of accepted knowledge that is composed of concepts, propositions, definitions and assumptions intended to explain a set of fact, event or phenomena (Octaviano and Balita, 2008)


Overview of Theory

THEORY (cont.)

An abstract generalization that

presents a systematic explanation

about the relationships among

phenomena (Polit and Beck, 2004) A set of statements that describes or explains phenomena

in a systematic way. Theories are composed of concepts

and the relationships between these concepts. These

relationships are presented in a propositional statements

that are connected in a logical way (Nieswiadomy 2008)


The Importance of Theory in Nursing

1. Clarify the complex intellectual and interactional domains that distinguish expert nursing from the mere doing of task.

2. Create mechanisms by which nurses would communicate their professional conviction, provide a moral/ethical structure to guide actions and foster a means of systematic thinking about nursing and its practice (Chinn and Kramer, 2004)

3. Offers structure and organization to nursing knowledge and provides a systematic means of collecting data to describe, explain, and predict nursing practice.


The Importance of Theory in Nursing

4. Promotes rational and systematic practice by challenging and validating intuition.

5. Define and clarify nursing and the purpose of nursing practice to distinguish it from other caring professions by setting professional boundaries

6. Leads to coordinated and less fragmented care (Alligood and Tomey, 2002)

Ways in which theories and conceptual models developed by nurses have influenced nursing practice:

Ways in which theories and conceptual models developed by nurses have influenced nursing practice:

1. Identify certain standards for nursing practice.

2. Identify settings in which nursing practice should occur and the characteristics of what the model’s author considers recipients of nursing care.

3. Identify distinctive nursing processes to be used and

technologies to be used including parameters for client assessment, labels for client problems,

strategy for planning, a typology for intervention, criteria for evaluation of intervention outcomes

Ways in which theories and Ways in which theories and conceptual models conceptual models developed by nurses have developed by nurses have influenced nursing practice:influenced nursing practice:

Ways in which theories and Ways in which theories and conceptual models conceptual models developed by nurses have developed by nurses have influenced nursing practice:influenced nursing practice:

4. Direct the delivery of nursing practices

5. Serve as the basis for clinical information systems including admission database, nursing orders, care plan, progress notes, and discharge summary

6. Guide the development of client classification system

7. Direct quality assurance programs; improve the quality of care

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIESTHEORIES


It focuses on broad issues like:

a. Philosophical basis of the disciplineb. The processes of generating knowledge and

theory developmentc. Identifying purposes and kinds of theory needed

for nursing

• METATHEORY – A THEORY ABOUT THEORY



a. Explain broad areas within a discipline and incorporate numerous other theories.b. Non-specific and comprised of relatively abstract concepts that lack operational definition.c. Developed through thoughtful and insightful

appraisal of existing ideas as opposed to empirical research

2. GRAND THEORIES – THE MOST COMPLEX AND BROADEST IN SCOPE



a. Substantively specific and encompass a limited number of concepts and a limited aspect of the

real world.b. They are comprised of relatively concrete

concepts that are operationally defined and relatively concrete propositions that may be empirically tested. (operational definition – specifies exactly how the concept will be determined and assess. It identifies procedures and operations significant to determine concepts.)

3. MIDDLE RANGE THEORIES – LIES BETWEEN NURSING MODELS AND CONCRETE IDEAS