What is TBI?!TBI stands for traumatic brain injurySpecifically…1. Injury to brain by External force2. Not caused by degenerative or
congenital condition3. Diminished or altered state of
consciousness4. Neurological or neurobehavioral
dysfunction result from injury (followed by impairments in school
learning and everyday functioning)
More stuff…Occurs after a period of normal
neurological development One of the most common injuries
in soldiers of the Iraq/Afghanistan wars
Typically influences several academic areas simultaneously
If you want to get technical… IDEA says… “ an acquired injury to the brain caused by an
external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas, such as cognition; language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract thinking; judgment; problem solving; sensory, perceptual, and motor abilities; psychosocial behavior; physical functions; information processing; and speech. The term does not apply to injuries that are congenital or degenerative, or brain injuries induced by birth trauma.”
TBI Student ScheduleDate: 3/27/01 Morning ScheduleTime: Event: To do:7:30-8:00: Prepare for school (shower,get dressed, eat breakfast)8:15: Catch bus to school Don’t forget to take lunchand backpack!8:45: First period: English class— Need to turn in
homeworkRoom 201 Mrs. Wilson assignment. Exercises onpages 317-320.10:00: Second period: Phys Ed.— Need to bring
tennis shoesgymnasium Mr. Hall and extra socks11:15: Third period: Math—Room 315 Need to turn
in homeworkMrs. Taylor assignment on page 150.Ask for help with problem 21.12:30 Lunch
What causes TBI?!2 types of head injury1. Open- penetrating head wounds
from something like a gunshot or car accident
2. Closed- internal compression, etc.
What is TBI not?Degenerative or congenital
conditions ◦Degenerative: long term, slow
deterioration of cells, organs, muscles, etc…
◦Congenital: condition occurring before birth
Injuries induced during birth
What does this look like?!Diminished or altered state of
consciousnessNeurological or Neurobehavioral
problems◦Can be total or partial disability or
psychosocial impairment
More specifically, TBI effects areas of…Cognition, language, memory,
attention, reasoningAbstract thinking, judgment,
problem solvingSensory, perceptual, and motor
abilitiesInformation processing, speech,
and physical functions
Complications…Problems with:
◦Remembering things◦Learning new information◦Sequencing and processing
information◦Manners and social behaviors
(humor)◦Mood swings◦Depression◦Progressing at a consistent rate
How often do we see TBI?!Well… we aren’t so sure“Hidden disability” or “Silent epidemic”Every year about .5% school age
children acquire a TBI, by graduation 4% of students may have one.
15,000-20,000 of those who receive these injuries will have lasting effects
Males more prone than females.. Stop showing off!
Frequently preventable
What can we do to help these people?!Family, peers, and educators need to be
prepared to deal with the sometimes dramatic behavioral changes. Kids sometimes don’t realize their behavior has changed.
Team approach between parents, special educators, guidance counselor, regular teacher, etc.
Help students solve problems in focusing and sustaining attention, remembering previous info, dealing with fatigue, engaging in appropriate social behavior.
Hmmm….http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=O2wlcVm5mZM
IEP…?To decide whether a student needs
Special Education, the school talks to the parents, examines medical records, conducts a psychological assessment, and much more
It is important that records be kept both pre- and post injury performance
Changes must last more than 60 days
More IEP thingsAn IEP for a student with TBI usually
needs to involve cognitive, social/behavior, and sensorimotor domains.
Example…
http://www.tbied.org/tbi-support/iep-main/sample-iep-goals/
Students with TBI on IEP need to be continually reassessed
If they do not qualify for an IEP, a 504 plan may be instituted
Learning Strategies……Collaboration key!
◦Work with teachers, aides, parents, student, doctors
◦Diverse challenges and ranges of disabilities
◦More people, more problem solving ideas
◦Pinpoint problems before they appear for the student
Learning Strategies again!Tape recorder, planner,
organization devices, memory aids
Longer response timeDistractions to a minimumInstruction focusing on social
aspects of languagePraise and encouragementConsistency and predictability
Get on your Teacher Caps!Scenario: Julia in your class just
got back after a month long absence. While skiing with her family, she careened off a slope hitting her head causing severe brain damage. She is experience severe short term memory loss because of the accident. What can you do to help Julia?
Remember the Q’sIs there a problem?*What is the problem?*How can the problem be solved?Which solution sounds best*Which solution should be
selected?*How to implement the solution?*Did it work?
How do we assess the kiddies?!Keep in mind individual studentsHard to separate physiological
causes for difficulty with task and from another cause
Pinpoint student’s academic and social levels◦Team approach vital
In the ClassroomBreak down large assignments
into manageable, specific partsRepetition key, especially key
pointsOpen ended, multiple choice
questions good- independent thinking
Use of illustrations and diagrams for harder material
Begin class with review, end with class with overview
Sources Daniel P.Hallahan - James M.Kauffman - Paige C.Pullen
- Pearson - Boston – 2009 "Guide to Special Education Services." TBI Educator -
Brain Injury Education Resources. Teaching Research Institute, 2008. Web. 08 Apr. 2010. <http://www.tbied.org/>.\
Marcus-Keyser, Lori; Briel, Lori; Targett-Sharon,Pam. Enhancing the Schooling of Students with Traumatic Brain Injury. Teaching Exceptional Children. March/April 2002. 4 April 2010. http://www.sbac.edu/~werned/DATA/RESEARCH/journals/Teaching%20Exceptional%20Children%20JOURNAL/TBI.pdf
The Patient Education Institutes. Causes and Effects of TBI. Medline Plus. 5 May 2006. 4 April 2010.◦ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/traum
aticbraininjury/htm/_yes_50_no_0.htm
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