Tatyana Maleva
Child Poverty and Social Exclusion in Russia
III Intergovernmental Conference On Children in Europe and Central Asia
Palencia, 2006
Poverty Level and Depth (macroeconomics data)
Monetary forms of child poverty:
Families with children in Russia have the highest risk of falling into poverty as well as the highest poverty depth
Sociodemographic Structure of Poor Households
Demo-graphic
structure of house-
holds surveyed,
%
Demographic structure of poor households
Money incomes Available resources
Share among
total poor, %
Share of total
income shortfall,
%
Share among
total poor, %
Share of total
income shortfall,
%
Families with children: 36,6 52,8 74,6 61,3 78
Married couple with 1 child 10,1 11,7 12,8 11,8 10,5
Married couple with 1 child and other relatives 6,6 9 12,8 9,9 12,4
Married couple with 2 children 6,4 10,3 16,2 12,1 16,6
Married couple with 2 children and other relatives 1,5 2,5 5,1 3,3 5,8
Married couple with 3 or more children 1,1 2,1 5,7 3,2 7,7
Married couple with 3 or more children and other relatives 0,3 0,6 1,8 0,8 2,3
Mothers (fathers) with children 4,9 7,8 7,8 9,2 8,1
Mothers (fathers) with children and other relatives 5,7 8,7 12,5 11 14,5
Families without children: 63,4 47,2 25,4 38,7 22
Average for all families 100 100 100 100 100
Risk and Depth of Poverty
Poor households
Money incomes Available resources
Risk of falling into the poor group
(% of group size)
Income shortfall
(% of subsisence minimum)
Risk of falling into the poor group (% of group size)
Income shortfall
(% of subsistence minimum)
Families with children 77.7 37.0 52.3 18,7
Families without children 36.2 10,4 15,2 3,7
Average for all families 49.0 22,5 26.0 10.0
Risk and Depth of Poverty in Sociodemographic Group
Non-monetary forms of child poverty: exclusions and deprivations
The Level of the Housing and Property Assets
All families
Housing facilities Personal assets
Have comfortable
housing
Total living space
above the social norm
Level of available housing
above the average
Level of available housing
above the average
Level of available personal assets
above the average
Low level of
available personal assets
Families with children: 100.0 52.6 20.8 9.8 52.7 41.5 17.8
Married couple with 1 child 100.0 63.0 36.2 19.0 42.6 47.3 11.8
Married couple with 1 child and other relatives
100.0 63.5 13.1 6.0 41.6 56.3 8.0
Married couple with 2 children 100.0 54.1 15.8 6.0 51.8 49.0 12.8
Married couple with 2 children and other relatives
100.0 50.2 9.7 3.2 54.5 52.8 14.1
Married couple with 3 or more children
100.0 29.4 10.5 1.2 75.2 41.1 25.8
Married couple with 3 or more children and other relatives
100.0 33.0 10.8 1.5 70.1 37.9 23.6
Mothers (fathers) with children 100.0 62.8 48.3 28.5 44.6 18.9 27.6
Mothers (fathers) with children and other relatives
100.0 64.7 21.7 12.7 41.7 29.0 18.4
Families without children: 100.0 58.7 63.0 33.0 45.9 26.5 25.8
All households 100.0 59.6 48.9 25.8 45.5 33.0 21.6
Medical Aid Accessibility, % in Group
Age groups: 0-5 4-16 15-17 18-23 24-30 31-40 41-50 51-54 55-60 61-70
71 and abo-ve
Poor households
Visited the doctor within the last 12 months:
Yes 60 44 38 31 31 35 40 44 49 57 64
No 40 56 62 69 69 65 60 56 51 43 36
If not, why not:**
No health problems 89 86 84 83 79 74 64 58 43 34 19
Institutional barriers 3 3 2 2 3 5 5 9 13 12 15
Required services are to be paid for 1 3 3 3 5 5 11 10 13 16 15
Other reasons 7 9 11 12 13 16 20 23 32 38 51
Non-poor households
Visited the doctor within the last 12 months:
Yes 68 55 48 37 37 40 47 53 54 64 76
No 32 45 52 63 63 60 53 47 46 37 24
If not, why not:**
No health problems 85 86 87 83 79 72 66 62 51 37 25
Institutional barriers 2 2 3 3 3 5 6 6 10 11 18
Required services are to be paid for 3 2 2 3 4 4 6 5 6 12 11
Other reasons 10 10 8 12 15 19 23 27 34 41 47
Indicators of Completion of Treatment: share of respondents, who could not complete the treatment, %
18
19
23
27
25
30
34
37
39
41
42
12
17
19
22
18
24
25
26
31
36
36
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0-5
6-14
15-17
18-23
24-30
31-40
41-50
51-54
55-60
61-70
71 and above
Poor households Non-poor households
Incidence of Deprivation Poverty (% of households)
22,1
31,5
13,4
27,6
2,4
1. Not enough money to buy food (have meat,poultry, fish once a week or less)
2. For lack of money, some of the family wearworn clothes or footwear
3. Slum dwelling or cold and damp, or small, orlacking amenities to the Russian standard
4. Some of the family did not receivenecessary medical treatment or were not able
to buy prescribed medication
5. Family includes young adults of 23 years oryounger who are not in education because they
have to work
% o
f hou
seho
lds
affe
cted
by
the
depr
ivat
ion
Concentration of Deprivation (% of households)
42
29,6
19
8
1,5
28,5
0
1
2
3
4 and more
Deprivation poor: those affected by 2 or moredeprivations
Hou
seho
lds
affe
cted
by
depr
ivat
ion,
% o
f tot
alho
useh
olds
Demographic type of household: All
house-holds
Poor under integrated
welfare indicator
Deprivation poor
Subjectively poor
Families with children: 32.7 56.3 24.4 22.6
Families without children: 67.3 43.7 75.6 77.4
Total 100 100 100 100
Differences in Poverty Profile under Various Approaches to Poverty Measurement
Share of Orphans in Children Number (< 18 years)
Structure of Social Transfers in Available Resources, %
New Russian Demographic Program
…If we really want to do something good for our citizens, I would suggest to focus on the problems that are most important. I suggest a program aimed to stimulate fertility: support to young families, support to women who make decisions to give birth to and raise up a child…
President V. Putin,
Annual Address To Federal Board,
May 2006
Proposed Measures of Support to Families with Children
Child care allowance (up to the age of 1,5 years)
For the first child $ 55
For the second child $ 110
Monthly payments to women on maternity leave and child rearing leave (up to the age of 1,5 years)
40% of the former wage, not less that $ 55 ($ 110)
Compensation of expenses on pre-school upbringing
For the first child 20% of average payment collected
from the parents
For the second child 50% of average payment collected
from the parents
For the third child70% of average payment collected
from the parents
Benefits for children – orphans
Monthly payments for a child in the family of guardian or adoptive (foster) family
$ 150
Monthly salary of adoptive (foster) parent $ 90
Single-time benefit in case of all forms of placing children, who are devoid of parent care, into a family
$ 300
Birth certificate
In maternity welfare centre $ 110
In maternity hospital $ 260
Basic maternity capital, which women can invest: in purchase of housing through mortgage or other credit schemes, when the child reaches the age of 3 years, in education of the child, in accumulative part of her own pension
$ 9 260 indexed annually
taking into account inflation rate
Proposed Measures of Support to Families with Children (contin.)