CU B NG (passive voice)
BI 1
Cu b ng l g ?
Cu b ng l cu m trong ch t khng thc hin hnh ng m
ngc li b tc ng ln bi mt yu t khc
V d:
Ti n ci bnh ( cu ch ng : v ch t "ti" thc hin hnh ng
"n" )
Ci bnh c n bi ti ( cu b ng : v ch t "ci bnh" khng
thc hin hnh ng"n" m n b "ti' n )
Trong ting vit chng ta dch cu b ng l "b" (nu c hi) hoc
"c" ( nu c li)
Khi chng ta hc v passive voice, theo bi bn chng ta s c cc
thy c cho hc mt cng thc khc nhau cho mi th.
V d nh th hin ti n th chng ta c cng thc :
S + is /am /are + P.P
Qa kh n th c :
S + was / were + P.P
C th chng phi cng c ra m nh hng lot cc cng thc ( t ra cng
13 cng thc). Nh vy chng ta rt d qun v hu qu l mi khi lm bi
gp passive voice l li lng tng.
Vy c cng thc no chung cho tt c cc th khng nh ? Cu tr li
l C!
Qua qu trnh nghin cu ti thy tt c cc cng thc trn u c mt
im chung, t ti tm gn li cho ra mt cng thc duy nht ! Nu nm
vng cng thc cc em c th lm c tt c cc loi passive thng thng,
cng thc li n gin. Vy cng thc nh th no m gh gm th?
Mi cc em cng tham kho nh. ( xem hnh v )
Cng thc ny gm 3 bc nh sau: cho d lm cc em nn lm
ngc nh sau:
Trc ht cc em phi tin hnh chn ng t passive, lu khng c
chn HAVE v GO nh. Sau cc em ch vic tin hnh 3 bc chnh sau
y:
1) i ng t chnh ( chn trn) thnh P.P.
2) Thm (BE) vo trc P.P, chia (BE) ging nh ng t cu ch ng.
3) Gia ch t v ng t c g th em xung ht.
Nh vy l xong 3 bc quan trng nht ca cu b ng (trong bc
2 l quan trng nht v hu ht cc em u thng hay b sai bc ny ).
Nm vng 3 bc ny cc em c th lm c ht cc dng b ng thng
thng, cc bc cn li th d hn:
4) Ly tc t ln lm ch t :
Thng thng tc t s nm ngay sau ng t, nu pha sau ng t
c nhiu ch th phi dch ngha xem nhng ch c lin quan nhau
khng, nu c th phi em theo ht, nu khng c lin quan th ch em
1 ch ra u m thi.
5) em ch t ra pha sau thm by :
6) Cc yu t cn li khc th em xung khng thay i
v d minh ha :
Hy i cu sau sang b ng:
Marry will have been doing it by tomorrow.
Chn ng t: xem t ngoi vo ta thy c will (b qua) tip n
l have(b qua , v nh trn ni khng c chn have ), been (ng
nhin l b qua ri), going (cng b qua lun, l do nh have) n doing :
! n y ri chn doing lm ng t chnh)
1) i V => P.P : doing => done
......done..............
2) Thm (be) v chia ging V cu trn : (BE) =>BEING (v ng t
thmING nn be cng thm ING)
......being done..............
3) Gia Marry v doing c 3 ch ta em xung ht (will have been).
.....will have been being done....
4) Tm ch t: sau ng t c ch it , ta em ln u :
It will have been being done....
5) em ch t (Mary) ra pha sau thm by :
It will have been being done by Mary
6) Cc yu t cn li khc th em xung khng thay i
It will have been being done by Mary by tomorrow.
Vy l xong, cc em c theo cc bc m lm khng cn bit n l th g
( y l th tng lai hon thnh tip din). D cha !
Ghi ch:
- Nu c thi gian th phi thi gian cui cu nh
- Nu ch t l : people, something, someone, they th c th b i
(ring cc i t : I ,you, he... th ty theo cu , nu thy khng cn thit
th c th b )
- Nu c no u cu th lm nh bnh thng, xong i sang ph nh
- Nu c tr ng t do, does, did th be s nm ti v tr ca nhng tr
ng t ny
v d:
Did your mother cook the meal?
=> Was the meal cooked by your mother ?
They don't take the book.
=> The book isn't taken.
.
CU B NG (passive voice) BI 2
Nh vy l n y cc em nm cch thc lm cu b ng dng thng
thng ri , by gi chng ta tip tc hc cch lm cu hi nh. i vi cu
hi cc em cn phn ra lm 2 loi : loi cu hi yes/no v loi cu hi c ch
hi (cn gi l WH question)
1) I VI CU HI YES / NO:
Cu hi yes / no l cu hi c ng t t bit hoc tr ng
t do,does,did u cu
Bc 1 :
i sang cu thng
Bc 2:
i sang b ng ( lc ny n tr thnh cu thng, cch i nh hc.)
Bc 3:
i tr li thnh cu hi yes / no
Em no qun cch i sang cu hi yes / no (cu nghi vn) th VO
Y xem nh y cc em phi lm quen vi cm t "i sang cu
thng" ( v thy s dng n trong nhiu cu trc vn phm khc na) .
Cch i sang cu thng nh sau :
Nu cc em bit cch i sang cu nghi vn th cng s bit cch i sang
cu thng: lm ngc li cc bc ca cu nghi vn, c th nh sau:
- Nu c do, does , did u cu th b - chia ng t li cho ng th (da
vo do,does, did )
- Nu c ng t c bit u cu th chuyn ra sau ch t.
V d minh ha 1: ( tr ng t u cu)
Did Mary take it ?
Bc 1 :
i sang cu thng : b did, chia ng t take thnh qu kh v did l du
hiu ca qu kh
=> Mary took it.
Bc 2 :
i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1
=> It was taken by Mary
Bc 3:
i tr li cu hi nghi vn
=> Was it taken by Mary?
Cc em cng c th lm theo cch th to be vo do,does, did nh "mo"
bi 1
V d minh ha 2: ( ng t c bit u cu)
Is Mary going to take it ?
Bc 1 :
i sang cu thng : chuyn ng t c bit (is) ra sau ch t :
=> Mary is going to take it.
Bc 2 :
i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1
=> It is going to be taken by Mary
Bc 3:
i tr li cu hi nghi vn ( em is ra u )
=> Is it going to be taken by Mary ?
2) I VI CU HI C CH HI:
Cch lm cng chia ra cc bc nh dng trn, nhng khc bit nm bc
2 v 3
Bc 1 : i sang cu thng
Bc ny phc tp hn dng 1, lm c bc ny cc em phi bit
chia n lm 3 loi
- Loi ch hi WH lm ch t : ( sau n khng c tr ng
t do,does,did m c ng t + tc t)
What made you sad? (iu g lm bn bun ?)
Who has met you ? (ai gp bn ? )
Loi ny khi i sang cu thng vn gi nguyn hnh thc m khng c
bt c s thay i no
- Loi ch hi WH lm tc t: ( sau n c tr ng t do, does,
did hoc ng t c bit + ch t )
What do you want ?
Who will you meet ?
Khi i sang cu thng s chuyn WH ra sau ng t
- Loi ch hi WH l trng t : l cc ch : when, where, how , why
When did you make it ?
Gi nguyn ch hi , i ging nh dng cu hi yes/no
Bc 2 :
i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1
Bc 3:
i tr li cu hi c ch hi ( em WH ra u cu)
V d minh ha:1 ( WH l tc t, c tr ng t)
What did Mary take ?
Bc 1 :
i sang cu thng : C tr ng t did => What l tc t :b did, chia
ng t take thnh qu kh v did l du hiu ca qu kh, em what ra sau
ng t :
=> Mary took what.
Bc 2 :
i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1
=> What was taken by Mary
Bc 3:
i tr li cu hi nghi vn : (v lc ny what l ch t ri nn khng c g
thay i na )
=> What was taken by Mary ?
V d minh ha:2 ( WH l tc t, c ng t c bit)
Who can you meet ?
Bc 1 :
i sang cu thng : C ng t c bit can , Who l tc t : chuyn ra
sau ng t meet , you l ch t :chuyn can ra sau ch t you
=> you can meet who.
Bc 2 :
i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1
=> Who can be met by you ?
Bc 3:
i tr li cu hi nghi vn : (v lc ny who l ch t ri nn khng c g
thay i na )
=. Who can be met by you ?
V d minh ha:3 ( WH l ch t )
Who took Mary to school ?
Bc 1 :
i sang cu thng : Sau who l ng t + tc t => who l ch t => i
sang cu thng vn gi nguyn hnh thc
=> Who took Mary to school
Bc 2 :
i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1
=> Mary was taken to school by who
Bc 3:
i tr li cu hi nghi vn : (v lc ny l cu hi nn who phi u cu )
=> Who was Mary taken to school by ?
Nu By em ra u th who phi i thnh whom:
=> By whom was Mary taken to school ?
CU B NG (passive voice)
BI 3
I VI CU KP :
D vng v cch lm cu n nhng i khi cc em li lng tng khi gp
phi nhng cu c nhiu mnh . Cch lm cng khng kh nu cc em
bit phn tch ra thnh tng cu ring ri lm bnh thng, gi li cc t ni.
V d:
When I came, they were repairing my car.
Nhn vo l thy r rng c 2 mnh , cc em c vic tch chng ra ri lm
b ng tng mnh :
When I came : mnh ny khng i sang b ng c v khng c tc
t
they were repairing my car. lm b ng nh bnh thng => my car was
being repaired
Cui cng ta ni li nh c :
When I came, my car was being repaired
Dng ny suy cho cng cng l cch lm tng cu nh ta hc trn, cn
mt dng na phc tp hn m trong cc bi kim tra cng thng hay cho,
cc em cn lu .
l dng mt ch t lm 2 hnh ng khc nhau, v d : They opened the
door and stole some pictures dng ny cc em cng tch lm 2 phn nhng
nh thm ch t cho phn sau:
They opened the door and they stole some pictures
Lc ny cc em ch vic i sang b ng tng cu ring bit v gi li lin
t and l xong.
=> The door was opened and some pictures were stolen.
NHNG DNG C BIT
BI 4
Cho cc em, trong cc bi 1,2,3 bn trn cc em hc c cng thc
chung ca cc loi b ng c bn, tuy nhin nu gp cc dng c bit th
cc em phi bit s dng cng thc ring cho tng loi. Di y l cc
dng c bit thng gp.
DNG 1: People say that ....
Dng ny cu ch ng ca n c dng sau:
People/ they + say/think/believe... + (that) + S + V + O
Dng ny c 2 cch i sang b ng nh sau: (xem s TI Y )
Cch 1:
- Bc 1: Ly ch t mnh sau em ra u cu
- Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think....
-Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be)
- Bc 4:Ly ng t mnh sau i thnh to INF. ri vit li ht phn
sau ng t ny.
LU :
Nu ng t trong mnh sau trc th so vi say/think.. th bc 4 khng
dng to INF m dng : TO HAVE + P.P
V d1:
People said that he was nice to his friends
- Bc 1: Ly ch t mnh sau em ra u cu (he )
=> He....
- Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think....
Said l qu kh nn (be) chia thnh was
=> He was...
-Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be)
P.P (ct 3) ca said cng l said :
=> He was said..
- Bc 4:Ly ng t mnh sau i thnh to INF. ri vit li ht phn
sau ng t ny.
So snh th 2 mnh , ta thy said v was cng l th qu kh nn i
ng t mnh sau l was thnh to be , vit li phn sau ( nice to his
friends)
=> He was said to be nice to his friends.
V d 2:
People said that he had been nice to his friends
3 bc u lm ging nh v d 1 nhng n bc 4 th ta thy said l qu
kh nhng had been l qu kh hon thnh ( trc th ) nn ta p dng cng
thc to have + P.P ( P.P ca was l been )
=> He was said to have been nice to his friends.
Cch 2:
- Bc 1: Dng IT u cu
- Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think....
-Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be)
- Bc 4: Vit li t ch that n ht cu.
V d:
People said that he was nice to his friends
- Bc 1: - Bc 1: Dng IT u cu
=> It....
- Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think....
Said l qu kh nn (be) chia thnh was
=> It was...
-Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be)
P.P (ct 3) ca said cng l said :
=> It was said...
- Bc 4: Vit li t ch that n ht cu.
=> It was said that he was nice to his friends
Nhn xt:
- Bc 2 v 3 ging nhau c 2 cch
- Cch 2 d hn do khng phi bin i ng t pha sau do khi ngi ta
ku i sang b ng m khng cho sn t u tin th cc em dng cch 2
cho d
CU B NG (passive voice) BI 5 Cho cc em, mt iu quan trng khi lm cu b ng l phi nm 3 yu t
cn bn bin i, l : ch t, ng t v tc t . Cc dng trn, cc
em u d dng tm ra 3 yu t ny. Tuy nhin c nhng cu trogn c
hn 2 ng t th vn chn ng t no i sang p.p v cc ng t
cn li c g thay i khng ? N s lm cc em bi ri. Di y cc em s
c hc v nhng mu nh vy.
DNG 2: Mu V O V
L dng 2 ng t cch nhau bi 1 tc t, ta gi V th nht l V1 v V th
2 l V2, i vi mu ny ta phn lm cc hnh thc sau:
a) Bnh thng khi gp mu VOV ta c vic chn V1 lm b ng nhng
quan trng l :Nu V2 bare.inf. th khi i sang b ng phi i sang to
inf. (tr 1 trng hp duy nht khng i l khi V1 l ng t LET )
V d:
They made me go
=> I was made to go. ( i go nguyn mu thnh to go )
We heard him go out last night
=> He was heard to go out last night.
They let me go.
=> I was let go. ( vn gi nguyn go v V1 l let )
b) Khi V1 l cc ng t ch s thch nh : want, like, dislike, hate... th
cch lm nh sau:
- Chn V2 lm b ng ri lm theo cc bc c bn nh bi 1.
- Ch t v V1 vn gi nguyn, khng c g thay i.
- Nu phn O trong (by O ) trng vi ch t ngoi u cu th b i.
V d:
I hate people laughing at me.
Chn 3 yu t cn bn : S- V- O lm b ng l : people laughing me.
I hate gi nguyn, me cui em ln trc ng t, nhng v n vn ng
sau hate nn phi vit l me
=> I hate me ....
i ng t laughing thnh p.p, thm (be) trc p.p v chia ging ng t
cu trn (thming)
=> I hate me being laughed at. ( by people b )
Me v I trng nhau nn b me :
=> I hate being laughed at.
BI 6 B ng ca cu mnh lnh
Trc ht cc em cng nn bit cch nhn dng ra cu mnh lnh. l cu
khng c ch t, m l ng t nguyn mu ng u cu.
Cng thc: xem s TI Y
- Thm Let u cu
- em tc t cu trn xung
- Thm be vo sau tc t (be nguyn mu khng chia)
- i ng t thnh P.P
- Cc phn cn li (nu c ) vit li ht
V d:
Write your name on the blackboard.
- Thm Let u cu:
Let.....
- em tc t cu trn xung: (your name)
Let your name .....
- Thm be vo sau tc t (be nguyn mu khng chia):
Let your name be.....
- i ng t thnh P.P ( write => written)
Let your name be written.....
- Cc phn cn li vit li ht (on the blackboard )
Let your name be written on the blackboard
CU B NG (passive voice) BI 7
NHNG DNG B NG RING L
Mu 1 :
Mu ny c dng :
It is sb's duty to inf.
=> Sb (be) supposed to inf.
V d:
It's your duty to do this work.
=> You are supposed to do this work.
Mu 3:
Mu ny c dng :
It is impossible to do sth
=> Sth can't be done.
V d:
It is impossible to repair that machine.
=> That machine can't be repaired
Mu 4:
Mu ny c dng :
S + enjoy + Ving + O
=> S + enjoy + O being + P.P
V d:
We enjoy writing letters.
=> We enjoy letters being written.
Mu 5:
Mu ny c dng :
S + recommend / suggest + Ving + O
=> S + recommend / suggest that S + should be p.p
V d:
He recommends building a house.
He recommends that a house should be built
Ghi nh:
Cc ng t dng with thay cho by :
Crowd , fill , cover
V d:
Clouds cover the sky.
=> The sky is covered with clouds
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