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Cluster Based Integrated Solid Waste Management
iSWM- Integrated Solid Waste Management
iSWM
Employment
Resource
Recycle
Energy
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Index
Project Objectives
Introduction
Present Scenario
iSWM- Integrated Solid Waste Management
Core Idea
Brief Summary
Benefits of iSWM
Costs Involved
Sites Identified
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PROJECT OBJECTIVES:
1. To form a consortium between Civic Agencies/Waste ManagementCompanies, NGOs and Recyclers to efficiently and effectively manage
municipal solid waste.
2. To create employment opportunities for locals in the field of waste
management and recycling sector.
3. To achieve zero waste to landfill from household through de-centralized
integrated solid waste management program.
4. To make consortium self sustainable for future waste management
challenges.
5. To involve NGOs working for social uplifting and self empowerment of
the poor.
INTRODUCTION:
Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to
severe waste management problems in the cities of developing countries like
India. The large quantity of waste generated necessitates a system of
collection, transportation, segregation, recycling and disposal.
In India, the collection, transportation and disposal of MSW are unscientific
and chaotic. Uncontrolled dumping of wastes on outskirts of towns and cities
has created overflowing landfills, which are not only impossible to reclaimbecause of the haphazard manner of dumping, but also have serious
environmental implications in terms of ground water pollution and
contribution to global warming.
In the absence of waste segregation practices, recycling has remained to be an
informal Sector working on outdated technology, but nevertheless thriving
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owing to waste material Availability and market demand of cheaper recycled
products. Paper and plastic recycling have been especially growing due to
continuously increasing consumption levels of both the commodities.
It requires knowledge of what the wastes are comprised of, and how theyneed to be collected and disposed. Recycling of waste, energy generation and
employment opportunities from waste management also have immense
potential. Successful waste management requires the participation of citizens,
local governments, and private entrepreneurs.
The increase in the population and rapid income growth in India has changed
the lifestyle of urban residents, thus changing the composition of the garbage
generated. The presence of paper, plastic and metal is on the rise, resulting in
more disposal difficulty. Municipalities have not been able to collect and
dispose off the enormous quantity of waste being generated, un-plannedsecondary collection, transportation and lack of adequate landfill sites add to
the difficulties faced by municipalities. Scavengers and rag pickers have
helped the corporations with the collection of the garbage generated, since
they collect it from households to garbage dumps and carry out the important
function of waste segregation, however such practices are only limited to a
few cities.
Waste management and disposal is a pressing issue India is facing today, since
about 90% of waste is currently disposed of by open dumping. Somecommonly used methods by which the waste generated is being managed are:
incineration, land filling and composting. However, these methods areinefficient and harm the environment.
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Present Scenario:
Studies conducted suggest India generate about 100,000 Tons Per Day(Year
2005) of Municipal solid waste.Per capita generation of waste varies from
200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per
capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns.
Following is the breakup of waste generation data, classifying MSW
generation in 3 main groups:
Note: Mega cities are above 4 million population and metro cities(also known as million plus cities) are the same as the identifiedcities under the proposed JNNURM (Table A1.1). Class 1 citieswith population in the 100,000 to 1 million range are 388 in number.Source: MOUD (2005)
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In India, the community bin collection system is the main practice used for
waste collection. In this system, residents deposit their waste into the nearest
community bins located at street corners at specific intervals (NEERI Report,
2005). Waste segregation at the source is minimal. Segregation of MSW into
dry and wet wastes is carried out only in limited areas of a few cities, and in
these areas, separate containers are used for collection of dry and wet wastes.
Waste generated in households is generally accumulated in small containers
(often plastic buckets) and then disposed of into community bins. Containers
for household storage of solid wastes are of many shapes and sizes, and are
fabricated from a variety of materials. Residents usually store waste in 1620 lplastic buckets.
The type of container generally reflects the economic status of the waste
generator. The containers generally are constructed of metal, concrete, or a
combination of the two.
Various types of community bins, such as RCC bins, masonry bins, metallic
containers, and plastic containers, are used in India, although RCC andmasonry bins are being gradually phased out.
Metallic containers of 4.56 m3 capacity are now being promoted in various
cities. These containers are carried to the disposal site by dumper placers, and
after discharging the material at the disposal site, the containers are placed
back in their original positions.
This system avoids double handling of waste.
House-to-house collection is becoming common in India, except for in a few
cities. In those cities that use house-to-house collection, handcarts and
tricycles are used for waste collection from individual houses at a specific time
in the morning, when residents deposit the stored waste into the handcarts.
Sometimes a bell is attached to the handcarts to alert the citizens. The waste
in the handcarts is either transferred to community bins or directly
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transferred to vehicles going to the disposal site. Recent legislation
emphasizes the house-to-house collection system, and it is expected that this
collection method will be promoted as an improvement to the existing system
in various cities and towns.
Street sweepings are also collected in the community bins along with
domestic waste. Corporate staff sweeps the road and collect the waste in
handcarts and baskets, which are emptied into the community bins.
Community storage may reduce the cost of waste collection and can minimize
problems associated with lack of on-site storage space. However, unless these
community storage arrangements are conveniently located, householders
tend to throw their waste into the roadside gutters for clearance by street
sweeping crews.
Even where storage arrangements are conveniently located, waste tends to bestrewn around the storage area, partly due to lack of discipline and partly as a
result of scavenging by rag pickers and stray animals.
Due to the absence of adequate storage capacity for generated refuse and poor
discipline among the generators, waste is also continually dumped on the road
(Bhoyar et al., 1996). In a country like India, collection methods are based
mostly on manual labour, which is less costly than the mechanized collection
systems adopted in developed countries.
Commercial sectors, such as shops, offices, and hotels, also use the community
waste bin system, and their waste is also collected along with household
waste except in a rare number of commercial complexes, which pay a
negotiated fee to the municipal authorities for collecting waste from their
premises. Most of the shops do not open before 9 AM and so do not put their
waste out on the street, as it would then be left until the next days collection.
The following deficiencies have been observed in the storage and collection of
MSW:_ Sweeping and collection implements are poorly designed.
_ Dustbins are not emptied regularly.
_ RCC bins and metallic containers are in broken or bad condition
in many places.
_ Scattered waste causes choking of drains.
_ The number of bins is inadequate.
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_ There are no separate bins for collection of litter.
Different types of vehicles, varying from bullock carts to compactors, ordinary
trucks, tractor and trailers, dumper placers, and tippers, are used for waste
transportation. However, general-purpose open body trucks of 59 toncapacity are in common use. In smaller towns, tractortrailers are used
despite being noisy and inefficient.
In a few cities, compactor vehicles are also being used. It has been observed
that many of the vehicles have outlived their normal lives, resulting in high
fuel consumption and low efficiency. Municipal corporations employ staff and
vehicles for clearing the community bins. The waste is loaded into the vehicles
from the community bins by the corporation staff. Finally, the waste is
transferred to the disposal site. The metallic containers are directly carried by
the dumper placer for unloading at the disposal site. The waste is transportedmostly by municipal vehicles, although, in some large towns, private vehicles
are also hired to augment the fleet.
Vehicle maintenance is carried out in a general municipal workshop along
with other municipal vehicles where the refuse vehicles receive the least
priority. Most of these workshops have facilities for only minor repairs.
Although preventive maintenance is necessary to maintain the collection fleet
in proper operating condition, preventive maintenance is commonlyneglected. Transfer stations are in place in only a few metropolitan cities
(Joseph, 2002).
To improve conservancy operations, authorities feel that a lack of civic
awareness among city residents is proving to be a major hurdle in maintaining
the cleanliness of the city. The problem is most acute in slums and in low and
middle income areas. It will be nearly impossible for the civic body to provide
better surroundings if residents do not make an effort to deposit waste into
the bins and stop the practice of throwing garbage onto the road (Joseph,2002).
A conservancy worker needs to cover a certain area by a specific time. If
garbage is distributed all along the road by the public, the conservancy
worker cannot cover the complete area assigned and hence some areas may
not be covered on somedays. Because of the poor conditions for temporary
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storage of wastes, non-government organizations (NGOs) have been involved
in some areas to make arrangements for household waste collection, which
has led to improvement in local street cleanliness (Shekdar, 1999).
Processing of waste:
Generally no processing of municipal solid waste is done in the country. Only a
few cities have been practicing decentralized or centralized composting on a
limited scale using aerobic or anaerobic systems of composting. In some
towns un-segregated waste is put into the pits and allowed to decay for morethan six months and the semi-decomposed material is sold out as compost. In
some large cities aerobic compost plants of 100 MT to 700 MT capacities are
set up but they are functioning much below installed capacity. A few towns
are practicing vermi-composting on a limited scale.
Segregation:
In the waste stream, biodegradables are present along with recyclable items
such as plastic, metal, glass, and paper. Several thousands of urban dwellers in
India are employed in many small industries for the recovery of plastics, tin
cans, bottles, bones, hair, leather, glass, and metal from MSW. All metals,
unsoiled paper, plastics, glass, cardboard, etc. are readily marketable and are
therefore recycled by householders themselves or by rag pickers. However,
biodegradables are not fully utilized.
Segregation of recyclables (i.e., paper, cardboard, and plastics) by rag pickerswas observed to be practiced in 22 cities. Rag pickers were not observed in
cities like Kolkata, Chennai, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore, Kochi,
Vasakhapattanam, and Panjim. In a few cities, NGOs were observed to be
involved in the collection of waste through the services of rag pickers. Proper
segregation of waste would lead to better options and opportunities for its
scientific disposal. (Singhal and Pande, 2000).
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Presently waste management practices followed in India concentrate on
secondary collection, Transportation of waste and disposal.
Not much is being done in the field of MSW segregation and recycling.Planned integrated MSW management can not only divert majority of
waste entering the landfill but also create employment opportunities
and revenue streams.
iSWM- Integrated Solid Waste Management:
Developing country like India, face uphill challenges to properly manage their
waste with most efforts being made to reduce the final volumes and togenerate sufficient funds for waste management. If most of the waste could be
diverted for material and resource recovery, then a substantial reduction in
final volumes of waste could be achieved and the recovered material and
resources could be utilized to generate revenue to fund waste management.
This forms the premise for Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
system based on 3R (reduce, reuse and recycle) principle.
Developing and implementing ISWM requires comprehensive data on
present and anticipated waste situations, supportive policy frameworks,
knowledge and capacity to develop plans/systems, proper use ofenvironmentally sound technologies, and appropriate financial
instruments to support its implementation.
Generation-based Integrated Solid Waste Management
The second concept of ISWM is based on its generation from different sources
including domestic, commercial, industrial and agriculture. This waste could
be further classified as hazardous and non-hazardous waste. The former has
to be segregated at source and treated for disposal in accordance with thestrict regulations. 3R approach (reduce, reuse and recycle) is applicable both
at source as well as at the different levels of solid waste management chain
including collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.
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Core Idea
In this paper we propose to setup a self sustainable consortium between Civic
Agencies/Appointed Waste Management Companies, NGOs and Recyclers to
manage municipal solid waste (MSW) generated from households on daily
basis. The proposal is to create a multi branch tree which will provide for a
better management and use of MSW as a resource instead of mere waste.
All the material extracted will be channeled out to appropriate agencies for
proper recycling and end of life use.
Purpose of this consortium will be to promote an area decentralized and
agency (civic agencies, NGOs and recyclers) integrated Solid waste
management.
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This model is designed to recover Re-usable material from the waste
stream and recycle it for resource recovery before final disposal, thus
reducing significant amount of waste entering landfill and increasing its
life span by almost 2 times on an average.
The objective is to work closely and in association with existing body
appointed for Collection, Transportation and Disposal of MSW, proposed plan
is to recover recyclables and use organic waste to generate cooking Gas/PNG
and reducing the inflow of waste entering landfill by an average of 60-80 %.
Composition of Municipal solid waste may vary from city to city, however
Indian MSW consist of 60-80% reusable material by weight, including organic
waste.
MSW in India has following mix waste material:
Organic fraction (food waste, yard waste etc.), paper, plastic, metals, glass,
rubber, leather, debris & fines.
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Project aim is to design an area de-centralized and process integrated solid
waste management facility for an efficient and scientific handling of MSW,
with step-by-step manual cum mechanical segregation and recycling system,
first recyclables and non-recyclables will be separated from municipal solid
waste and further the non recyclables into organic fraction and in-organic
fraction (inert and debris etc.)
Recovered recyclables will be further sorted to recover mix paper, mix
plastics & mix metals from MSW.
Recovered Mix paper will be sent out to associated NGOs for manually sorting
paper into different recyclable grades, sorted paper can be sold to a paper
recycler or can be recycled in-house by the NGO using a small scale manually
operated paper recycling plant hence generating substantial employmentopportunities for the locals in recycling sector.
Paper recycling plant use boilers to convert paper into pulp fiber, boilers are
either electrical or powered by gas.
Organic waste recovered from municipal solid waste can be treated using
either existing compost plant or it can be converted to cooking gas using
waste to cooking gas generators, these generators use bio-reactors and
microbes to convert organic waste to BIO-CNG/PNG/Cooking Gas GCG ondaily basis.
We wish to use in-house gas made from organic fraction of MSW using waste-
to-gas generator to power boilers used in recycling paper, hence eliminating
two major cost in paper recycling, cost of energy and cost of recovered paper.
Recycled paper can be used by NGOs to further manufacture stationery or it
can be sold in domestic market.
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Some Social and Economic Benefits of recycling paper
1) Recycling will help local industries grow and will also bring in more
employment.
2) There is 28 - 70 percent less energy consumption in producing recycled
paper compared to virgin paper. Every ton of recycled paper saves
approximately four barrels of oil, 4200 kilowatt hours of energy and enough
energy to heat and air-condition the average North American home for almost
six months. (South Carolina Electric & Gas Company. 1991. Recycle Save
Energy.)
3) There is also less water usage. This is because most of the energy used in
papermaking is required for the pulping needed to turn wood into paper
4) Using recycled paper reduces the need for primary raw materials
Recovered plastic and metals can be sold to CPCB registered recyclers for
their proper recycling and disposal.
By recycling and reusing organic waste, paper, plastic and metal fractions
from MSW we can reduce volume and weight of waste to be land filled by 60-80%, reduced waste inflow by 60-80% can increase the life span of a city
landfill by almost 2-3 times, for example if life of a particular landfill is
estimated to be 25 years it can be increased to about 50-75 years by
implementing integrated solid waste management system.
Resource recovery from MSW and recycling will create employment
opportunities and revenue source for local population.
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Brief process description is given below:
A defined collection system is must for a successful solid waste management,
in India three type of collection system exist collection done by Municipalities,
waste management companies and NGOs.
Collection of waste can be done through existing infrastructure or with the
help of an NGO/Waste management company.
Primary House hold collection is done on daily bases; collection is done by
either Safai Karamchari or workers appointed by waste management
companies/NGOs.
After daily collection the waste is dumped at a common bin from where it is
transported to city landfill for final dumping.
iSWM (integrated Solid Waste Management) system is designed for resource
recovery from MSW, We plan to treat MSW before it reaches city landfill by
recovering organic fraction and recyclables from it.
Organic fraction and recyclables from municipal solid waste can be recovered
using near infrared spectroscopy and other processing technology, recyclablesrecovered can be further sorted into mix paper, mix plastic and mix metals.
Mix paper can be further sorted into 3 main types;
1. brown paper/cardboard
2. white paper/newspaper
3. printed paper/magazines etc.
Paper sorting can be done manually with the help of an NGO, sorting of paper
and recycling can open up employment opportunities and can also be
considered as one of the major revenue source for NGO and the workers
involved.
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NGO can also use sorted recovered paper to manufacture recycled paper
stationary which will further improve revenue source and increase direct
employment generation.
Recovered organic fraction from MSW can be used in waste to cooking gasgenerator which can convert organic waste into high calorific value cooking
gas GCG.
In-house Cooking gas can be used to power boilers used for recycling paper or
can be bottled and sold as regular cooking gas.
Paper recycling from waste paper recovered from MSW can;
1)Open up employment opportunities in recycling sector for locals.
2)Gives an advantage to NGO as it can stay price competitive in the market
as raw material and energy cost is almost zero.
3)Promote social up liftment of the poor.
4)Every ton of newspaper stack recycled can save 17 trees.
5)Disposal problems are reduced by using waste paper to produce new
paper. For every ton of paper used for recycling, the savings are:
At least 30000 liters of water.
3000-4000 KWh electricity
Presently India imports 40% of recovered paper used in manufacturing of
paper sold in domestic market, domestic paper manufacturers prefer using
imported recovered paper over the domestic waste paper because of the poor
quality and irregular supply.
Mix waste plastic and mix waste metals recovered from MSW, can be sold to
respective recyclers.
Revenue from sale of cooking gas GCG produced using organic waste fractionof MSW, sale of sorted paper waste/recycled paper products, sale of mix
plastics and metals can make it a self sustainable solid waste management
model.
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Cluster based integrated solid waste management: proposed plant.
An average 50 ton/day MSW recycling facility can produce following
environmental, economic and social benefits;
1. It can recover 315 tons of paper/month, which saves 1700 trees and
save 135000 kWh of energy used to produce virgin paper.
2. It can recover approximately 150 tons of plastics/month and save866100 kWh of energy.
3. It can reuse 480 tons of organic waste to produce 21000 cubic meters of
cooking gas in a month.
4. Collection, segregation and recycling of a 50 ton/day waste
management facility can create 250-300 job opportunities.
5. Revenue from recovered material will make it a self sustainable solid
waste management model.
6. By diverting 60-80 % reusable waste from entering landfill can increaseits estimated life span by 2-3 times.
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Benefits for NGO
1. iSWM promote efficient and effective management of resources present
in our waste, from organic waste to recyclables. iSWM program is
designed to benefit people responsible for collecting and managing
waste, Rag pickers, poor working in coordination with the NGOs, NGOs
themselves.
2. Apart from increase in the revenue from waste, NGOs will also have
opportunities to create more employment in solid waste management
sector.3. Present practices and the number of agents involved in trading of waste
leads to its unfair increase in price. More over poor practices followed
to process and store the waste at various different levels before it is
recycled are unsatisfactory, which leads to quality degradation of
recyclables and restrict its application to low value products hence
failing to put the resources to their optimum use. This program is
designed to efficiently manage resources recovered from waste and
create better opportunities for people responsible for collecting them in
the first place.
Benefits for the government:
1. iSWM project can help civic agenesis dump less of city waste in the
landfill. Facility is planned to treat household waste and promote Zero
waste to landfill model.
2. On successful recovery of resources from waste through iSWM, about60-80% of waste entering landfill can be treated.
3. On diverting 60-80 % of waste from entering the landfill its life span can
be increased by 2-3 times.
4. Resource recovery through iSWM can open up substantial employment
opportunities for local people in the area.
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5. Through iSWM organic fraction from MSW can be treated to produce
cooking gas on daily basis.
6. iSWM will create social, economical and environmental benefits in the
area.
Following sites identified as most ideal for this program;
According to a report published by CPCB and NEERI, segregation of
recyclables (i.e., paper, cardboard, and plastics) by rag pickers was observed
to be practiced in 22 cities.
Rag pickers were not observed in cities like Chandigarh, Chennai, Surat,Kanpur, Coimbatore, Kochi, Vasakhapattanam and Panjim. In a few cities such
as Pondicherry, Gangtok etc, NGOs were observed to be involved in the
collection of waste through the services of rag pickers.
Proper segregation of waste would lead to better options and opportunities
for its scientific disposal.
Based on above facts we have decided to concentrate on cities where eitherNGOs are involved in collection of MSW or in areas where recyclables are
being dumped in landfills in absence of an existing resource recovery
mechanism.
We have identified following cities
1. Pondicherry2. Gangtok
3. Panjim4. Pune5. Port Blair6. Chennai7. Kolkata8. Coimbatore9. Kochi
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10. Chandigarh.
Conclusion
Integrated solid waste management (iSWM) program for the cities found most
ideal for implementing it, can not only divert majority of its waste from
entering landfill but also recover resources, generate employment and
revenue source for masses and has a potential to sustain on its own for years
to come without any financial assistance from the government in future.
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