Download - Steelwork Glossary

WHIL Steelwork Glossary

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GLOSSARY OF STRUCTURAL STEELWORK TERMS

AAISC Abbreviation for American Institute of Steel Construction.ASB

ASTM"A" FRAME

ABUT Joining the ends of construction members.

ABUTMENT

ACCEPTABLE PRODUCT

ACCEPTABLE WORKMANSHIP

ACCEPTANCE TESTING

ACCESS TO THE WORK

ACCESSIBILITY Ability of a space to be entered with ease.ACCESSORY

ACCIDENTAL LOAD

ACCURACY

ACOUSTICS

ACTUAL COST

ACTUAL SIZE Achieved size obtained by measurement.A-FRAME CONSTRUCTION

AGRICULTURAL BUILDING

AIR DUCT

ALTERATION

ALTERNATE

ALUMINIUM COATED STEEL Steel coated with aluminium for corrosion resistance.ANALYSIS

ANCHOR BOLTS

ANGLE/ANGLE SECTION

APEX

Abbreviation for Asymmetric Slimdeck Beam. Hot rolled I section beam in which the bottom flange is wider than the top flange. Beam is built into the depth of the slab with the bottom flange supporting the decking, therefore reducing the overall depth of the construction.

A structural system utilizing members which when fastened together resemble the letter A.

Construction intended to resist lateral thrust and vertical load, usually from an arch or bridge.

An item named and specified by manufacturers reference meets the specification in all respects and is acceptable to the Engineer. Products listed in various sections are to be used as guides and do not imply exclusion of unlisted manufacturers, models or materials.

Satisfactory to and approved by the reviewing authority associated with the contract.

Testing to establish whether a batch of products conforms to the specified requirements.

The right of the contractor to ingress and egress, and to occupy the work site as required to reasonably perform the work described in the contract documents.

A building product which supplements a basic solid panel building such window, light transmitting panel, roof vent, etc.

Load that is not specifically foreseen because its occurrence is unlikely but for which an allowance is made in design.

Quantitative measure of the degree of conformity with an accepted reference value.

The science of sound. In housing, acoustical materials used to keep down noise within a room or to prevent it from passing through walls.

The cost actually incurred by the Contractor in the performance of the 'Work….which includes labour, material, actual ownership cost of equipment or invoiced rental rates, and administrative overhead.

Framed construction of triangular cross-section, with legs joined at the top and braced horizontally further down, similar to the letter "A", used for simple one and two storey buildings.

A structure designed and constructed to house farm implements, hay grain, poultry, livestock or other agricultural products. Such structures should not include: spaces meant for habitation or to be occupied, spaces in which agricultural products are processed, treated, or the possibility of being as a place of occupancy by the general public.

A pipe, usually made of sheet metal, that conducts air to rooms from a central source.

Changing or modifying the character or condition of a building, plant or civil engineering works.

A Specified item of construction that is set apart by a separate sum. An alternated may or may not be incorporated into the contract sum at the discretion and approval of the owner at the time of contract award.

An investigation of a domain that results in models describing its static and dynamic characteristics. It emphasis question of "what", rather than "how".

Bolts used to anchor members to a foundation or other support. Also known as Foundation Bolts.

Rolled steel section with a cross - section resembling the letter L, whose legs may be equal or unequal in width. (Also see RSA)

1) The horizontal line formed by opposing sloping sides of a roof running parallel with the building length.2) The high point/peak of a roof (also known as Ridge).


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APPROVAL DRAWINGS

APPROVED CONTRACTOR

APPROVED SUBSTITUTION

ARCH

ARCH Abbreviation for Architect.ARCHITECT

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

AS-BUILT DRAWING Drawing used to record the details of a structure following its completion.

ASD

ASSEMBLY

ASSEMBLY DRAWING

ASSEMBLY MARK

ATRIUM An open court (usually with glass roof) within a building.AUTOCAD 2-D detailing software.AYRSHIRE A manufacturer of cold rolled Purlins and Side Rails.AXIAL FORCE A force tending to elongate or shorten a member.AXIS Line around which something rotates or is symmetrically arranged.

BBCSA Abbreviation for British Constructional Steelwork Association.

B.O.

BOB

BQBS Abbreviation for British Standard.BS5950

B/S Abbreviation for Both Sides.B.S.T.

BZPBACK DRAFTING

BACKMARK

BALCONY

BALCONY A deck projecting from the wall of a building above the ground.BALUSTRADE

BANISTER A handrailing.BARGEBOARD

BASE PLATE

BASEMENT The lowest story of a building, partially or entirely below ground.BATTEN

A Set of drawings that may include framing plans, elevations and sections through the building for approval of the Main Client/Checking Engineer.

A Contractor who has demonstrated that they have the expertise, resources, ability and desire to tender for a proposed project. Selection of such contractors in normally a by preselection procedures.

Refers to manufacturers, materials, products, systems, or equipment approved by the AIE for use in place of those specified.

Curved structural member designed to carry loads between points of support.

A design professional responsible for developing the aesthetic, functional, performance and overall form of a construction work to meet owner or client requirements by preparing detail drawings, specifications and schedules and ensuring actual construction conforms with those aspects of design.

Drawing which shows the appearance of general arrangements, assemblies, component ranges and details of a construction project.

(Allowable Strength Design). Method of proportioning structural components such that the allowable strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the component under the action of the ASD load combinations.

A group of mutually dependent and compatible components or subassemblies of components.

A drawing which shows the overall configuration and all details required for the fabrication of a complete assembly. Assembly drawings will show all the profile sizes, cutting lengths, drilling of each of the component parts, and how they are to be incorporated into the completed assembly.

A number given to each separate part of the building for erection identification.

Abbreviation for Bought Out. Bought Out lists are issued for special/non standard components required for fabrication/erection.

Abbreviation for Bottom of Baseplate

Abbreviation for Bill of Quantities.

British Standard (Code of Practice) relating to the design of structural steelwork in building construction.

Abbreviation for British Summer Time. UK time between April and October. Indian Time - 4.5 hrs.

Abbreviation for Bright Zinc Plated.The process of updating drawings to incorporate comments/corrections made by the checker.

Distance from the back (heel) of an angle or channel to a hole positioned in the angle leg or channel flange.

Accessible platform projecting or recessed from the external face of a building.

A series of balusters or post connected by a rail, generally used adjacent to stairs.

Finish board covering the projecting and sloping portion (end rafter) of a gable roof.

A plate attached to the bottom of a column, which rests on a foundation or other support, usually secured by anchor bolts.

Secondary members (plates, angles or channels) used to link twin members together.


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BAY The space between the main frames measured normal to the frame.

BAY WINDOW

BEAM

BEAM AND COLUMN

BEAM SPLICE A joint provided at mid span of a beam.BEARING PLATE

BEARING STRENGTH The strength of materials subjected to crushing.BENCH MARK

BENDING MOMENT

BEVEL CUT An angled cut to a steel section (also known as Bevel/Splay cut).

BILL OF MATERIALS (BOM)

BILL OF QUANTITIES (BQ)

BLACK BOLTSBLAST PRIMER

BIRDS MOUTH NOTCH

BOX GIRDER

BRACE Any stiffening member of a framework.BRACED CORE

BRACED FRAME

BRACED PANELS

BRACED FRAMING Frame construction with posts and braces used for stiffening.BRACING

BRACKET

BREACH OF CONTRACT

BRIDGE CRANE

BUILDABILITY

BUILDING

BUILDING CODE

BUILDING HEIGHT

A projection formed by three windows that are joined at obtuse angels.

1) A member, usually horizontal, that is subjected to bending loads. Three types are simple, continuous and cantilever.2) A horizontal structural member that carries a load.

A Structural system consisting of a series of rather beams supported by columns. Often used as the end fame of a building.

A steel plate that is set on the top of a masonry support on which a beam or purlin can rest.

1) A marked reference point on a permanent object, such as a metal disk set in concrete, whose elevation is referenced to a datum is known. 2) A mark made by a surveyor or general contractor to be used as a reference point when measuring the elevation or location of other points.

The force generated when a load is applied at an eccentricity (out of plane).

A complete listing with part marks and descriptions of each piece of material required for the project. Used for the purposes of ordering/fabricating materials.

A complete listing, with descriptions, of each piece of material required for the project. Used for the purposes of pricing/costing materials.

A ptimer which is applied to steel immediately after shotblasting in order to maintain the blast cleaned surface in a rust free condition until final painting can be undertaken.

A rectangular slot placed in a fitting to allow it to fit around another part, forming a cruciform section.

Girders, trucks or other members of rectangular cross section enclosed on four sides.

Essentially a tower braced in all directions so as to provide stiffeness to a multi-storey structure.

An essentially vertical truss system that provides resistance to lateral loads and provides stability for the structural system.

Bracing provided between two adjacent columns. Braced panels provided at various locations throughout a multi-storey structure in order to provide stiffenes to the structure as a whole.

Rods, angles or cables used in the plane of the roof and walls to transfer loads, such as wind, seismic and crane thrusts to the foundation.

A Structural support projecting from a structural member. Examples are canopy brackets, lean - to brackets, and crane runway brackets.

The failure, without, legal justification, to fulfil obligations that are the whole or part of an agreement, written or oral. The breach of contract can be intentional, inadvertent, or caused by the negligence of the party breaching the contract.

A load lifting system consisting of a hoist, which moves laterally on a beam, girder or bridge which in turn moves longitudinally on a runway made of beams and rails.

The extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of construction subject to the overall requirements for the completed building.

A structure forming an open, partially enclosed space constructed by a planned process of combining materials, components, and subsystems to meet specific conditions of use.

A collection of legal requirements for buildings designed to protect the safety, health, and general welfare of people who work and live them.

The distance from finished ground level to the highest point of the roof or parapet.


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BUILDING LINE

BUILT - UP ROOFING

BUILT - UP SECTION

BUILT-UP ROOF

BUMPER

BUTTRESS

CC/LC.F.W. Abbreviation for Continuous Fillet Weld.CHS

C/Crs Abbreviation for Cross Centres.CofGCSKCUB

"C" SECTION

CAD DRAWING

CAD MODEL

CADMIUM PLATED

CAMBER

CANOPY

CANTILEVER A projecting beam or structural member anchored at only one end.

CANTILEVER BEAM A beam supported only at one end with the other end free to move.

CAP PLATE

CASTELLATED BEAM

CAVITY WALL Double masonry wall having an air space between the skins.CELL BEAM

CELLULAR BEAM

CENTRE OF GRAVITY (CofG)CENTRE LINE The geometrical centre of a section.CHALK LINE

CHAMFER Bevelled edge formed by removing the sharp corner of a material.CHANGE ORDER

Setback restrictions on property, established by zoning ordinances, beyond which a building must be placed.

A roof covering made up of alternating layers of tar and materials made of asphalt.

A structural member, usually an "I" shaped section, made from individual flat plates welded together.

Roofing for low-slope roofs composed of several layers of felt and hot asphalt or coal tar, usually covered with small aggregate.

An energy - absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel, or when two moving cranes or trolleys come into contact.

Vertical masonry or concrete support, usually larger at the base, which projects from a wall.

Abbreviation for Centre Line.

Abbreviation for Circular Hollow Section (Round shaped steel member).

Abbreviation for Centre of Gravity.Abbreviation for Countersunk BoltAbbreviation for Castellated Universal Beam (See Castellated Beam).

A member in the shape of a block "C" formed from steel sheet, that may be used either singularly or back to back.

1) The presentation of selected parts of a CAD model as projected on a drawing sheet. Visibility on the drawing can be controlled by viewpoints and layers. The drawing sheet can also contain additional graphics, such as borderlines, title-blocks and legends. CAD drawings can also be produced independently without an underlying CAD model (a drawing-oriented approach as opposed to the model-oriented approach).2) Drawing which is produced by a printing or plotting device or on a screen, governed by a computer programme.

CAD data file(s) organised according to the physical parts of the objects represented (e.g. a building). Models can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional.

Similar to Zinc plating, but Cadmium used instead. Rarely used for strucutral projects.

Curvature of a flexural member in the plane of its web before loading.

A projecting roof system that is supported and restrained at one end only.

A plate located at the top of a column or end of a beam for capping the exposed end of the member.

A standard rolled UB or UC which is cut down the middle of the web with an hexagonal line. The two halves of the beam are then welded back together to produce a beam with a deeper section.

A welded plate girder with holes cut in the web plate in order to reduce the self weight of the section.

A standard rolled UB or UC which is cut down the middle of the web with a semi-circular cut line. The two halves of the beam are then welded back together to produce a beam with a deeper section.

A string that is heavily chalked, held tight, then plucked to make a straight guideline against boards or other surfaces.

1) A Change Order is a written amendment to the Contract prepared by the Consultant and signed by the Owner and the Contractor stating their agreement costs and implications of changes required to the building during construction.2) A written order to the Contractor for extra work, increases or decreases Contract quantities, and additions or alterations to the plans or specifications, within the scope of the Contract.


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CHANGES IN THE WORK - SIGNIFICANT

CHANGES TO THE WORK

CHANNEL SECTION Rolled steel section with a cross-section resembling the letter "C".CHANNEL, HOT ROLLED

CHECK DIMENSIONS

CHORD Top or bottom member of a truss.CIRCULAR SAW

CORUS British-Dutch producer of structural steel sections.CLADDING

CLASH CHECK

CLEAT

CLEADER RAIL

CLEAR SPAN Distance between opposite faces of supports.CLEARANCE HOLE

CLIENT

CLOSE TOLLERANCE BOLTS

COLD FORMED/COLD FORMING

COLD ROLLED "Z" and "C" section Purlins and Side Rails which are cold formed.

COLUMN

COLUMN SPLICE

COLUMN RESTRAINTS

COMMENTS INCORPORATION

COMPONENT

COMPOSITE

COMPRESSION A force that tends to make a member fail because of crushing.CONCRETE COVER

When the character of the work, as altered, (1) differs materially in kind or nature from that involved or included in the original proposed construction, or (2) when a major item of work as defined elsewhere in the Contract is increased in excess of 125 percent or decreased below 75 percent of the original Contract quantity.

Additions, deletions, or revisions to the work within the general scope of the contract.

A member formed while in a semi-molten state at the steel mill to shape having standard dimensions and properties.

A dimension between two given reference points used for the purposes of checking a multi-part assembly (e.g. crank beams, stair stringers etc).

A saw having a circular blade which is used to cut steel sections to length.

1) The exterior metal roof and wall panelling of a Metal Building System. See also Covering.2) The non-loadbearing external surfacing of a building designed to provide a weather-proof enclosure, fixed to framing. Cladding panels are generally fromed from cold-rolled trapizoidal sheets with insulation sandwiched between inner and outer sheets.

A check performed in 3-D CAD models in order to eliminate problems in the model such as overlapping members (duplicated material) unconnected members etc).

An angle fitting (usually with holes) used to pick-up connections for other members/elements of the structure.

A small section, cold formed, angle used to trim edges/projections of roof purlins/side rails.

A bolt hole of a slightly bigger diameter (2 to 3mm) than the bolt diameter to allow easy insertion of the bolt.

Person or organization that requires a construction to be provided, altered or extended, and is responsible for initiating and approving the brief.

Special bolt type which is manufactured to a higher level of precision. Used in conjunction with tight fitting holes. Rarely used for strucutral works due to cost.

The process of using press brakes or rolling mills to shape steel into desired cross sections at room temperature.

A main member used in a vertical position on a building to transfer loads from main roof beams, trusses, or rafters to the foundations.

A joint provided along the length of a column/to join two column section sizes together.

Small section angles which connect diagonally between the inside flange of a column and the side rails. Used to provide restraint to the inside flange of the column.

The process of updating calculations/detail drawings in line with comments made by the checker.

A part used in a Metal Building System. See also Components and Cladding.

Composite items are items made from more than one material where each material plays a significant role (e.g. windows with timber frames and aluminium sashes). "Composite" is not used for items made predominantly of one material but which include minor items of another material.

COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION/COMPOSITE SLAB

Form of construction in which the concrete slab is linked into the steel frame via welded shear studs. Resulting design is more economic as both slab and frame act together to resist loadings.

Distance between concrete surface and surface of reinforcement or duct of prestressing tendons.


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CONCRETE ENCASED

CONCRETE SLAB

CONDENSATION

CONDUIT

CONNECTION

CONNECTION DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION DRAWING Drawing which specifies construction information.CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

CONSULTANT

CONTINUITY

CONTINUOUS BEAM Beam that spans three or more supports.CONTINUOUS BEAM A beam that has no intermediate supports.CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION

CONTRACT DOCUMENT Document forming part of a contract.CONTRACT DRAWINGS

CONTRACT NUMBER

CONTRACTOR

CONTRACTOR

COUNTER FORMED HOLE

COUNTERSUNK BOLT

COUNTERSUNK HOLE

COVERING

CRANE A machine designed to move material by means of a hoist.CRANE GIRDER

CRANE RAIL

CRANE RUNWAY BEAM

CRANE SPAN The horizontal distance centre - to - centre of runway beams.

Term used to describe steel members which have concrete cast around them. Encasement may be done on site after erection (In-Situ), or Pre-Encased. If Pre-Encased then the requirement may need to be shown on the fabrication details. Members which are encased are usually left unpainted so as to form proper bond between steel and concrete.

Concrete construction, horizontal or nearly horizontal, of large area relative to its thickness.

The formation of frost or drops of water on inside walls when warm vapour inside a room meets a cold wall or window.

A channel built to convey water or other fluids; a drain or sewer. In electrical work, a channel that carries wires for protection and for safety.

Combination of structural elements and joints used to transmit forces between two or more members.

The design of bolts, welds, cleats, plates and fittings required to provide an adequate load path between the end of a member and the component it connects to.

A process to administrate and manage the actual construction of a project or parts of a project on behalf of an owner or a project manager; usually begins with overseeing the bid process (usually multiple bids), coordinating and monitoring construction activities, establishing a progressive commissioning process; the process may involve consultation or direction to the design consultants during the latter portion of the design development stage where it overlaps the construction phase.

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT

The process of planning, organizing and administering control and result assessment of a construction project.

A person (or organization) with an area of expertise or professional training who contracts to perform a service.

The terminology given to a structural system denoting the transfer of loads and stresses from member to member allowing the members to act as a single unit.

The process of directing, administering, and monitoring the progress of a construction contract.

The drawings forming part of the contract documents which describe the work to be executed.

A unique number which is assigned to each project done by WHL. Allows all documents, drawings and assemblies associated with that project to be easily identified as belonging to that contract.

The Contractor is the person or entity identified as such in the Agreement. The term Contractor means the Contractor or the Contractor's authorized representative as designated to the Owner in writing.

A person, firm, or corporation contracting with the owner (client), undertaking the execution of the work and to construct the facility; usually referred to as a general contractor.

A hole with a pressed recess in thin material (e.g. cold rolled sections) to allow the insertion of a countersunk bolt.

A bolt having a flat head so that it can be installed flush with once face of the connecting steel.

A hole having an angled recess so as to enable it to receive a Countersunk Bolt

The exterior metal roof and wall panelling of a Metal Building System.

The principal horizontal beams of the crane operates, defined by the crane span and the uninterrupted length of Crane Runway.

A track supporting and guiding the wheels of a top-running bridge crane or trolley system.

The member that supports a crane rail and is supported by columns or rafters depending on the type of crane system. On underhung bridge cranes, the runway beam also acts as the crane rail.


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CRANE STOP

CRANE SUPPORT COLUMN

CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)

CROSS BRACING

CROSS CENTRES

CROSS-SECTION

CROPPING

CURTAIN WALL Perimeter wall panels that carry only their own weight and wind load.

DD.F.T.D.O. Abbreviation for Drawing Office.D.T.I. WASHERSDATUM

DAYWORK

DAVER STEELS Proprietary system of tension rods.DAWSON SHACKLE

DEAD LOADS

DECK LAYOUT

DEFECT ACTION SHEET (DAS)

DESIGN

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

DESIGN DRAWINGS

DESIGN PROCESS

DESIGN SPECIFICATION

DETAIL DRAWING

DIAGONAL BRACING See Bracing.DIAGONAL TIES

DIAPHRAGM ACTION

A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy - absorbing ability.

A separate column that supports the runway beam of a top - running crane.

A planning and scheduling system which combines all relevant information into a single plan defining the sequence and duration's of operations and depicting the interrelationship of the work elements required to complete a project. The critical path is defined as the longest sequence of activities in a network that establishes the minimum length of time for accomplishment of the end event of a project.

A system of diagonal members used to provide stability to a structure.

The distance between two holes placed symmetrically about the centre line in the flange of a beam or column section.

Section which shows a cut that is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the object.

Process of cutting plates and angles to length using a cropping machine. Process is similar to Guilotineing in that members are sheared by a vertically dropping blade.

Abbreviation for Dry Film Thickness.

Abbreviation for Direct Tension Indicating WashersA reference point of starting elevations used in mapping and surveying.

Labour and materials which have to be devoted to work on items which are not a part of the original contract. They are paid at rates agreed beforehand in the contract documents, which have to cater for unepxected as well as expected situations.

A clamping device which is used for the purposes of lifting columns into position.

The dead load of a building is the weight of all permanent construction, such as floor, roof framing, and covering members.

A drawing showing the overall layout and construction details of metal decking, which is used to support the floor slab.

DECK SUPPORT PLATE/DECK SUPPORT CLEAT

A plate or cleat added to a beam or column for the purposes of providing local support to floor decking.

A part of WHL Quality Assurance procedure. All errors notified via Non Conformance Reports are investigated on Defect Action Sheets.

A process that uses the products of analysis to produce a specification for implementing a system. A logical description of how a system will work.

Calculations prepared by the Engineer showing the design and analysis of the structure.

Fully dimensioned drawings or electronic equivalent prepared by the Engineer showing all members with their size and material grades, the forces to be developed in their connections, any cambers and eccentricities and other information necessary for the design of the connections and completion of fabrication and Erection Drawings.

The Activities entailed by the further conceptual elaboration of the desired Facility (brief), prior to the Production Process.

Specifications for the evaluation of engineering or architectural design.

Drawing showing parts of a construction or a component, generally enlarged, and including any specific information about the form and construction or about the assembly and joints.

A system of wires (or angles) used in conjunction with Side Rail Supports/Struts to provide restraint to cold-rolled Side Rails/Purlins.

The resistance to racking generally offered by the covering system, fasteners, and secondary framing. Distortion of the overall roof, floor, or wall shape.


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DIMENSION LINE

DIRECT TENSION INDICATING WASHERS

DOOR GUIDE

DORMER

DOUBLE SHEAR

DRAFT DRAWING

DRAFTSPERSON

DRAWING

DRAWING EDITING

DRAWING 001/DRAWING No. 001

DRAWING GENERATION

DRIFT PIN

DRY FILM THICKNESS (D.F.T.)

DUCTS Sheet metal conductors for warm and cold air distribution.DURBAR PLATE

DUMMY PARTS

EEOT Abbreviation for Electric Overhead Travelling CraneEAVES

EAVES BEAM A beam positioned at the eaves of a building.EAVES CANOPY

EAVES GUTTEREAVES HEIGHT

EAVES STRUT

EDGE BEAM A beam positioned at the perimeter edge of a floor slab.EDGE DISTANCE

ELASTIC DESIGN

ELASTIC LIMIT

ELECTRONIC DATA

ELEVATION View on a vertical plane outside face of a structure.ELEVATION DRAWING

END BAY

END FRAME

END DISTANCE

END ELEVATION

A line with arrowheads at each end to show the distance between two points.

Used in conjunction with High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts.

An angel or channel used to stabilize or keep plumb a sliding or rolling door during its operation.

Top-floor projection of a room built out from a sloping roof to allow light and ventilation

A two sided bolted connection having two shear planes (e.g. two sided end plate connection to column web).

Drawing serving as a basis for the choice of a final solution and/or discussion between involved parties (synonym = preliminary drawing).A person that prepares drawings under the supervision of an architect or engineer.

Technical information, graphically represented with dimension in sufficient detail to fabricate/execute the work.

Working with detail drawings created using 3-D CAD software to refine them so as to ensure that all necessary information is presented in a clear fashion to the workshops.

A drawing produced by the WHL UK Project Engineer to summarise/confirm the basic requirements of a project as required by the detailing team.

The process of numbering a 3-D CAD model at the completion of modelling (connection application) and creating the detail drawings, prior to drawing editing.

A tapered pin used during erection to align holes in steel members to be connected by bolting.

A test which is performed as a means of checking the quality of a finished paint finish to fabricated steel.

Hot rolled plate with a patterned surface which is used as flooring in walkways/platforms/stairs/landings.

Parts which are shown in a 3-D CAD model for reference purposes only and which do not therefore form part of the main working model.

The line along the sidewall formed by the intersection of the planes of the roof and wall.

A projecting roof system on the sidewall whose overhanging edge is supported at the building.

See Gutter.The vertical dimension from finished floor to the top of the eaves strut.

A structural member located at the eave of a building that supports roof and wall panelling.

The distance from the centre point of a hole and the edge of the plate/flange/leg of the part that it is drilled in.

A design concept utilizing the property of materials allowing for non - permanent shape distortion under a specified range of loading.

The limit to which a material can be bent or pulled out of shape and still return to its former shape and dimensions.

Computer data and similar data transferred between parties providing essentially equivalent information to traditional drawings.

Drawing which shows a view on a vertical plane on the outside face of a structure.

The bays adjacent to the endwalls of a building. Usually the distance from the endwall to the first interior main frame measured normal to the endwall.

A frame located at the endwall of a building that supports the loads from a portion of the end bay.

The distance from the centre point of a hole and the edge of the plate in in the direction of the load.

The elevation on the gable end of a building (also known as the Gable Elevation).


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END STOP

ENGINEER

ENGINEER

ERECTION

ERECTION BRACING

ERECTION DRAWINGS

ERECTION DRAWINGS

ERECTION GAP

ERECTION SEQUENCE

ERECTOR

ESTIMATE

ESTIMATING

ESTIMATOR

EXPANSION JOINT

EQUAL ANGLE

FF.F.L. Abbreviation for Finished Floor Level.F.P.B.W. Abbreviation for Full Penetration Butt WeldF.R.W. F/S Abbreviation for Far Side.FABRICATION

FABRICATION DATA

FABRICATION DRAWINGS

FABRICATOR

FACADE Face or front elevation of a building.FASCIA

A device attached to a crane runway or rail to provide a safety stop at the end of a runway.

The engineer or architect who is responsible for the overall design of the building project. The manufacturer's engineer is not the Engineer of Record.

A design professional responsible for developing the structural or engineering components or systems of a construction work by preparing detail drawings, specifications and schedules and ensuring actual construction conforms with those aspects of design.

The process of assembling pre-fabricated components into a whole strucutre. It is taken to include the transport of the coponents, their storage on site before being lifted into position and the final lifiting and fixing by bolting or welding.

Materials used by erectors to stabilize the building systems during erection, also typically referred to as Temporary Bracing or Stability Bracing.

Roof and wall erection (framing) drawings that identify individual components and accessories furnished by the manufacturer in sufficient detail to permit proper Erection of the metal Building System.

Drawings, prepared when necessary by the Steelwork Contractor, showing details to amplify the information given in the Steelwork Contractor's erection method statement and showing details of any temporary steelwork.

The distance left in detailing between the end of a member and the face of the supporting member. Erection Gaps are provided to enable steel beams to be easily erected between two fixed faces. See Also Erection Tolerance

The steps/key activities necessary for the successful construction of a steel framed building.

A person or party who assembles/erects/puts together a steel framed building.

The anticipated sum for which some future builder – usually unknown – will agree to execute at some future date – often indeterminate – certain works which are frequently only partially defined at the time the estimate is made.

A technical function with the aim of predicting the cost of construction.

A person carrying out the estimating function in a building or building related organisation. Such a person may be a specialist or may carry out the estimating function in conjunction with other functions, such as quantity surveying, general management, etc.

A break or space in construction to allow for thermal expansion and contraction of the materials used in the structure.

An angle (RSA) in which the two leg lengths are identical (I.e. 100x100).

Abbreviation for Flat Round Washer

1) The manufacturing process performed in a plant to convert raw steel materials into finished components for a steel framed building. The main operations are cold forming, cutting, punching, welding, cleaning and painting.2) Work done on parts of a structure at the factory before delivery to the building site.

Electronic means of communication for automatic or semi-automatic methods of fabrication (also known as NC Data)

Drawings or electronic equivalent prepared by the Steelwork Contractors, showing all necessary information required to fabricate the structural steelwork.

A person, firm, or corporation who produces completed steel components for the construction of steel framed buildings.

1) A decorative trim or panel projecting from the face of a wall.2) Outside horizontal face of member on the edge of a roof or cornice


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FASTNERS

FAST TRACK

FATIGUE A weakening of structural membersFILLET WELD

FIRE DOOR A door that will resist fire.FIRE PARTITION A partition designed to restrict the spread of fire.FIRE-STOP

FITTINGS

FIXED BASE

FLAME CUTTINGFLANGE

FLANGE BACKING PLATE

FLANGE BRACE

FLASHING

FLAT ROOF A roof with minimum pitch for rainwater drainage.FLAT ROUND WASHER (FRW)

FLOOR GRATING

FLOOR PLAN

FLUSH SURFACE A continuous surface without any projections.FOLLOWING TRADES

FOOTING

FOOTPRINT

FOR CONSTRUCTION DRAWING

FORM E WASHER

FORM F WASHERFORM G WASHER

FOUNDATION The substructure, which supports a building or other structure.FOUNDATION BOLTS

FOUNDATION PLAN

FRAMING PLANS See Erection Drawings.FULL PENETRATION BUTT WELD

FULL PROFILE WELD A weld which is applied to all external faces of a member.FULLY THREADED BOLTS

GG.D.R. Abbreviation for Gratings Drawing ReviewG.M.T.

Nuts and bolts, rivets and other devices which are used to connect steelwork together.

The process of dividing the design of a project into phases in such a manner as to permit construction to start before design is complete. The overlapping of the construction phase with the design phase.

A weld, other than a butt or edge weld, which is approximately triangular in transverse cross section and which is made without preparation of the parent material.

Tight closure material or blocking to prevent the spread of flame or hot gases within

Plates, flats or rolled sections which are welded or bolted to structural steel components.

A column base that is designed to resist rotation as well as horizontal or vertical movement.

See Thermal CuttingThe projecting edge of a structural member (e.g the top and bottom horizontal projections of an steel beam/column/channel.

A plate welded to the inside face of a member flange, usually for the purpose of stiffening the flange for tension.

A member used to provide lateral support to the flange of a structural member.

Sheet-metal work used in roof or wall construction to prevent water from seeping into the building.

Standard washer used with ordinary bolts. Available in "Form E" (smallest), "Form F" and "Form G" (largest) sizes.

A system of bars and rods arranged in a rectangular grid and used as floor panels in walkways/platforms/stairs/landings - also known as Open Mesh Flooring/Grating.

The top view of a building at a specified floor level. A floor plan includes all vertical details at or above windowsill levels.

A term that describes other sub-contractors which follow with their work once the steel frame has been erected.

A pad or mat, usually of concrete, located under a column, wall or other structural member, that is used to distribute the loads from that member into the supporting soil.

The outline of a building at ground level/the outermost extents of a building.

Drawing issued for actual construction use as opposed to one issued for approval, guidance, coordination, costing or for information only.

Type of Flat Round Washer (FRW), smallest in size. Most common type of washer used - provided with all standard Ordinary bolt assemblies.

Type of Flat Round Washer (FRW).Type of Flat Round Washer (FRW), largest in size. Sometimes used in Ordinary Bolt assemblies in oversized/slotted holes.

Bolts used to anchor members to a foundation or other support. Also known as Anchor Bolts

Drawings, prepared by the Steelwork Contractor or the Engineer, indicating location of column bases and details of foundation connections to the steelwork.

A weld between elements which may be in-line, in the form of a tee, or a corner in which the weld metal achieves full penetration throughout the joint thickness.

A bolt which is fully threaded along the length of its shank (also known as Set Screws).

Abbreviation for Greenwich Mean Time - UK Time between November and March - Indian Time - 5.5hrs.


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GABLE

GABLE ELEVATION

GABLE OVERHANG The purlin extension at the gable end of a building.GABLE ROOF

GALVANISE A lead and zinc bath treatment to prevent rusting.GALVANISED Steel coated with zinc for corrosion resistance.GANTRY CRANE

GENERAL NOTES

GHOST PARTS

GUILLOTINE/GUILLOTINE SHEAR A machine which is used to cut (chop) standard width flats to length.

GIRDER

GLAZING Glass panes or panelling used in windows and doors.GO-DATA Software used for the purposes of material listing/production control.

GOUGING

GRADE 4.6 BOLTS

GRADE 8.8 BOLTS

GRADE 10.9 BOLTS

GRADIENT Inclination or angle of a surface.GRATING

GRILLAGE BEAM

GROUPING

GROUND FLOOR The floor which is nearest the level of the outside ground.GROUT

GUSSET/GUSSET PLATE

GUTTER

HH.D. BOLTSH&S Abbreviation for Health and Safety.Hp/A RATIO

H.S.F.G. BOLT"H" SECTION A steel member with a cross section in the shape of an "H".HALFEN CHANNELS

HANGER

The triangular portion of the endwall from the level of the eave to the ridge of the roof.

The elevation on the gable end of a building (also known as the End Elevation).

A roof consisting of two sloping roof planes that form a ridge and form a gable at each end.

A crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on one or more legs running on fixed rails or other run-way.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS (GA DRAWINGS)

Drawings, prepared by the Steelwork Contractor, showing plans, cross sections and elevations, main dimensions and the erection marks of Components.

Information placed on a drawing which relates to general material specification for grades, sizes, inspection, testing, etc. This information may be placed on one drawing and is common to all drawings within the project for that discipline.

Elements shown in faint dotted lines on GA's/Client Drawings for reference purposes. Can be non steel elements of the structure (e.g. vessels) or steel belonging to adjacent buildings/models.

A main horizontal or near horizontal structural member that supports vertical loads. It may consist of several pieces.

The use of a flame or plasma cutter to remove part or all of a completed weld. Used as a means of removing defective welds.

A bolt strength designation. Strength < 8.8 Bolts. Rarely used in structural works.

A bolt strength designation. Strength > 4.6 Bolts < 8.8 Bolts. Most commonly used bolt strength bolt used in structural works.

A bolt strength designation. Strength > 8.8 Bolts. High strength bolts - rarely used in structural works.

A system of bars and rods arranged in a rectangular grid and used as floor panels in walkways/platforms/stairs/landings - also known as Floor Grating/Grating.

A beam placed at ground level and used to spread/transfer loads from a column above to the concrete below.

The planning/coordination of work activities within a 3-D CAD model so as to ensure that all similar work tasks are completed together. Ensures consistency and efficiency of work is maximised.

A mixture of cement, sand and water used to fill cracks and cavities. Sometimes used under base plates or levelling plates to obtain uniform bearing surfaces.

Connecting plate used for members in a bracing system or Main booms/internals of a truss or girder.

A light gauge metal member at an eaves, valley or parapet (low points of a roof) designed to collect rainwater.

Abbreviation for Holding Down Bolts

Used as a measure of the fire resistance of steel members, where Hp = Exposed perimeter of the section (m) and A = the cross sectional area of the section (m2). The lower the Hp/A ratio, the slower the section will heat in fire situation. Also known as "Section Factor".

Abbreviation for High Strength Friction Grip Bolts

Proprietary system used for attachment of secondary construction elements.

A vertical member suspended from the underside of its supporting beam.


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HARD FLAT ROUND WASHER Washer used with HSFG Bolts.HAUNCH

HEAD The upper frame on a door or window.HEADER

HEADROOM

HIGH RISE

HIGH STRENGTH FRICTION GRIP BOLTS

HIGH STRENGTH STEEL

HINGED BASE See Pinned Base.HIP

HIP RAFTER

HIP ROOF A roof that is formed by sloping planes from all four sides.HOIST

HOT DIP GALVANISING

HOT- ROLLED SECTIONS

HOLDING DOWN BOLTS

II.F.C. Abbreviation for Issued For ConstructionI.S.T. Abbreviation for Indian Standard Time.I BEAM A steel beam with an I-shaped cross section.IMPACT LOAD

IMPACT WRENCH A power tool used to tighten nuts or bolts.

IMPORTED STEEL Member copied into a 3-D CAD model from another 3-D CAD model.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

INTERMITTENT WELD A weld which stops and starts at set intervals.

INTERMEDIATE COAT(S)

INTERFACE

INTUMESCENT PAINT

INSTALLATION

INSIDE PROFILE WELD A weld which is applied to the inside faces of a member only.

INPUT

INSULATION Any material used in building construction to reduce heat transfer.

JJACK RAFTER

JACK TRUSS

JAMB Vertical members of a door or window opening.JIG

The deepened portion of a column or rafter designed to accommodate the higher bending moments at such points. (Usually occurs at the intersection of the column and the rafter).

The horizontal framing member located at the top of a framed opening.

Vertical clearance in a passageway or above a stairway, measured from the edge of the nosing.

Definitions vary, but generally considered as a Multi-Storey structure comprising of more than 20 floor levels.

A type of bolt used in critical connections for which no slippage between the connecting parts should occur.

Structural steel having a yield stress in excess of 36000 pounds per square inch.

The line formed at the intersection of two adjacent sloping planes of a roof.

Diagonal rafter that extends from the plate to the ridge to form the hip.

A mechanical lifting device usually attached to a trolley that travels along a bridge, monorail, or jib crane. May be chain or electric operated.

The process of applying a zinc rich galvanised finish to structural steel.Steel sections (angles, channels, "I" shapes, "H" shapes, etc.) which are formed by rolling mills while the steel is in a semi-molten state.

Bolts used to anchor members to a foundation or other support. Also known as Anchor Bolts.

A dynamic load resulting from the motion of machinery, elevators, craneways, vehicles, and other similar moving forces.

A low-level steel structure comprising primarily of columns and roof members (either rafters or trusses). Used primarily as a manufacturing plant/warehouse. Variations include Portal Frames and Sheds

Additional coats of paint applied to structural steel in order to build the total film thickness of the paint system prior to the application of the top coat.

The junction between:1) Two adjacent structures2) Adjacent models3) Steel connections to concrete.

A special paint finish applied to steel members in order to insulate them from fire damage. Intumescent paints are typically 1-3mm thick (depending upon the amount of fire protection required, expressed in terms of minutes/hours). Paint contains a compound which releases a gas when a fire breaks out, causing the paint to expand into a thick carbonaceous foam which provides the necessary protection.

The on-site assembling of fabricated Metal Building System components to form a completed structure.

Drawings or documents on which the project/work assignment will be based upon.

Rafter shorter than a common rafter; especially used in hip-roof framing.A truss used to support another beam, rafter, or truss and eliminate a column support.

A device used to hold pieces of material in a certain position during fabrication. Used to assist in the fabrication of multi-part assemblies such as Trusses.


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JOINT

JOIST Small section I beam with tapered flanges.

KK BRACING A form of bracing which is shaped like the letter "K"

KNEE

KNEE BRACE

LLAP JOINT Joint produced by lapping and joining two similar members.LBG SHACKLE

LAMINATED PACK

LAYOUT DRAWING

LEAN - TO

LENGTH

LEVELLING PLATE

LIFT (CRANE LIFT)

LIFTING BEAM

LIFTING BRACKET

LINTEL Horizontal support over a window or door openingLIVE LOAD

LOAD

LOAD FACTOR

LOAD INDICATING WASHERS

LOAD-BEARING WALL Wall designed to support the weight imposed upon it from above.LOCK NUTS

LONGITUDINAL The direction parallel to the ridge or sidewall.

LOUVER An opening provided with fixed or movable slanted fins to allow flow of air.

LOW RISE BUILDING

LRFD Load and Resistance Factor Design.

MMAG

MIG

M.I.S.

Area Where two or more ends, surfaces, or edges are attached. Categorized by type of fastener or weld used and the method of force transfer.

The connecting area of a column and rafter of a structural frame such as a rigid frame.

A diagonal member at a column and rafter intersection designed to resist horizontal loads.

A clamping device which is used for the purposes of lifting beams and other members into position.

A pack comprising of multiple plates, usually of varying thicknesses. Pack thickness adjusted by changing number of plates/combination of thickness in order to achieve the adjustment required.

Drawing showing the location of sites, structure, buildings, spaces, elements, assemblies or components (synonym = location drawing).

A structure having only one slope and depending upon another structure for partial support.

The dimension of the building measured perpendicular to the main framing from outside to outside of endwall girts.

A steel plate used on top of a foundation or other support on which a structural column can rest.

Maximum safe vertical distance through which the hook, magnet, or bucket can move.1) A beam which is supplied specifically for the purposes of lifting members into position.2) A beam which is provided within a strucutre for lifting/hoisting operations.

A plate or bracket which is supplied specifically for the purposes of lifting members into position.

Loads that are produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials, and (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects and do not include wind, snow, seismic, or dead loads. Also see Roof or Floor Live Load.

Force or other action that results from the weight of building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, or restrained dimensional changes. See also LIVE LOAD, DEAD LOAD AND WIND LOAD.

Factor that accounts for deviations of the nominal load from the actual load, for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect, and for the probability that more than one extreme load will occur simultaneously.

A washer with dimples, which flatten when the high strength bolt is tightened. The bolt tension can then be determined by the use of feeler gauges to determine the gap between the washer and the bolt head.

Half sized Nut. Used in bolted connections subjected to dynamic loads to prevent nuts working loose. Used in bolts subjected to pure tension to prevent bolt threat stripping.

A description of a class of buildings usually less than 60' eave height. Commonly, they are single story, but do not exceed 4 stories.

Abbreviation for Metal Active Gas Welding. Form of welding in which the arc and weld pool are shielded by a gas which does not react with molten steel. More commonly known as MIG (Metal-Intert GAS) welding, even though inert Argon can not be used with steel.

Abbreviation for Metal Intert Gas Welding - see MAG welding for more details

Abbreviation for Management Information System.


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MEWP Abbreviation for Mobile Elevated Working Platform.MMA

M.P.I.

M.T.O.MACALLOY Proprietary system of tension rods.MAIN CLIENT

MAIN FRAME

MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM

MAGENTA ITEMS

MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECITION (MPI) A form of Non-desructive weld test.

MANSARD ROOF

MASS APPLICATION

MASONRY

MASTIC See Sealant., Any material that is used to seal cracks, joints or laps.

MAJOR AXIS

MATERIAL TAKE OFF

MEAN ROOF HEIGHT Average height of roof above ground.

MEDIUM RISE

MEMBER A single piece of material used in a structure.METHOD STATEMENT

METSEC A manufacturer of cold rolled Purlins and Side Rails.METAL BUILDING SYSTEM

METAL DECKINGMEZZANINE

MILL Factory in which rolled steel sections are produced.

MILL ORDER Steel materials which are to be pre-ordered direct from an steel producer.

MINOR AXIS

MOMENT The tendency of a force to cause rotation about a point or axis.

MOMENT CONNECTION

MOMENT FRAME

MOMENT OF INERTIA

MONOLITHIC

MONOLITHIC CONSTRUCTION

Abbreviation for Manual Metal-Arc Welding. Welding electrode consists of a steel core wire and flux coating. Welding rod is about 300mm long - best used for short weld runs since much time can be lost by welders having to change rods.

Abbreviation for Magnetic Particle Inspection, a form of Non-Destructive weld testing.

Abbreviation for Material Take Off.

The company which has employed WHL as a contractor for the supply of a steel frame.

An assemblage of rafters and columns that support the secondary framing members and transfer loads directly to the foundation.

A structural assembly that provides for the overall stability of the building and receives wind loads from more than one surface. Examples include shear walls, diaphragms, rigid frames, and space structures.

Colour coding used in 3-D CAD models to identify members for which doubts/queries exist.

A roof with two slopes on each side, with the lower slope being nearly vertical and the upper nearly horizontal.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS)

Software used for the purpose of managing/monitoring activities within a company/project.

The process of applying typical connections at multiple locations throughout a 3-D CAD model (See Typical Connection Generation).

General term for brickwork, stonework, concrete blockwork, or similar materials.

A term used to describe the direction of the section having the greatest strength (I.e for a UB beam section the major axis is aligned along the depth of the beam).

activities related to the “take-off” (listing) of materials for the purposes of estimating/measuring the weight of steel materials in a job, including pricing of materials, pre-ordering of materials and measurement of completed jobs.

Definitions vary, but generally considered as a Multi-Storey structure comprising of less than 20 floor levels.

A document which provides an outline description of how a steel framed building will be erected, giving consideration to buildability and Health and Safety issues.

A complete integrated set of mutually dependent components and assemblies that form a building including primary and secondary framing, covering and accessories, and are manufactured to permit inspection on site prior to assembly or erection.

See Decking.

An intermediate level between floor and ceiling occupying a partial area of the floor space.

A term used to describe the direction of the section having the weakest strength (i.e. for a UB beam section the major axis is aligned along the width of the beam).

A connection designed to transfer moment as well as axial and shear forces between connecting members.

Framing system that provides resistance to lateral loads and provides stability to the structural system primarily by shear and flexure of the framing members and their connections.

A physical property of a member, which helps define strength and deflection characteristics.

Term used for concrete work poured and cast in one piece without joints.A method of placing concrete grade beam and floor slab together to form the building foundation without forming and placing each separately.


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MONORAIL CRANE A crane that travels on a single runway beam, usually an "S" or "W" beam.

MULLION Structural support member between a series of windowsMULTI - GABLE BUILDING Buildings consisting of more than one gable across the width of the building.

MULTI-STOREY A structure consisting of multiple, repeating floors.

MULTI - SPAN BUILDING

NNDT

NSSS

N/S Abbreviation for Near Side.NC DATA

N.T.S. Abbreviation for Not To ScaleNEUTRAL AXIS

NOMINAL DIMENSION

NOMINAL LOAD Magnitude of the load specified by the applicable building code.NONBEARING WALL A dividing wall that does not support a vertical load.NON-CONFORMANCE

NON COMPOSITE DESIGN

NONFERROUS METAL Metal containing no iron, such as copper, brass, or aluminium.NOSING The rounded edge of a stair tread.

OONE PACK PAINT SYSTEM

OPEN MESH FLOORING

ORDINARY BOLT ASSEMBLIES

ORIENTATION

OTHER TRADES

OUTRIGGEROVERHANG

OVERHANGING BEAM A simply supported beam that extends beyond its support.

OVERHEAD DOORS

OVERSIZED HOLE

P

Buildings consisting of more than one span across the width of the building. Multiple gable buildings and single gable buildings with interior columns are examples.

Abbreviation for Non Destructive Testing. Tests which are prerformed on welds to verify that the welds are of the required standard/quality. Include radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle or dye-penetrant.

Abbreviation for National Structural Steelwork Specification - document which set-out fabrication and erection tolerances for British steelwork projects. (Also know as N-Triple-S)

Abbreviation for "Numeric Control". Data file produced from CAD software or from manual input. Used to define cutting and drilling of main sections and fittings.

The position within the depth of a member at which bending stresses will zero (i.e. neither tension or compression exists).

1) The desired optimal dimension, although some deviation from the actual value stated is permitted according to the prevailing conditions.2) A dimension which should be in the region of the exact figure shown.

An error or an omission, which, if it is not corrected, will lead to a decision taken on a wrong basis by the client or will lead to a situation where the physical object resulting from the engineering services will not fulfil the expected (by the client and/or the consultant) needs.

Form of construction in which the concrete slab is designed to act independently of the supporting beams.

A chemical resistant paint (acrylated rubbers, vinyl's) which is supplied as a single component. Note this does not refer to the number of coats required to any given paint system.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

An organized compilation of project technical documents, manufacturer's data, and project site records provided to the owner at the conclusion of the construction project, to assist the owner to properly operate and maintain the constructed facility.

A system of bars and rods arranged in a rectangular grid and used as floor panels in walkways/platforms/stairs/landings - also known as Floor Grating/Grating.

A bolt used in a non-preloaded bolt assembly which is designed to carry forces in shear and bearing or tension.

The positioning of a house on a lot in relation to the sun, wind, view, and noise.

A term which is used to describe the work of other contractors on a project (e.g. Civils, Cladders, Glaziers etc) . Often used in contract documents and drawings to define the scope of work of the steelwork sub-contract.

Projecting area of a roof or upper story beyond the wall of the lower part.

Doors constructed in horizontally hinged sections. They are equipped with springs, tracks, counter balancers, and other hardware, which roll the sections into an overhead position clear of the opening.

A bolt hole deliberately made a larger diameter to provide additional clearance for insertion of the bolt.


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P.E.

PFC Abbreviation for Parallel Flange Channel ("C" Section steel member)

P.M.S. Abbreviation for Piece Monitoring System.P.P.B.W. Abbreviation for Part Penetration Butt Weld.PACK

PAINT CODE

PAL NUT

PANELS

PARAPET

PART DRAWING

PARTIAL PENETRATION WELD

PARTITION An interior wall that separates two rooms.PEAK The uppermost point of a gable.PERMANENT LOADPERSONNEL DOOR Doors used by personnel for access and exit from a building.PIECE MARK

PIER

PILES

PIN CONNECTION

PINNED BASE

PITCH

PITCH Slope of a roof usually expressed as a ratio.PLAN View, section or cut, in a horizontal plane, seen from above.PLAN A horizontal, graphic representational section of a building.PLAN DETAIL Drawing which to a large scale shows a part of a plan.PLANS

PLASMA CUTTING

PLASMA PUNCH

PLASTIC DESIGN

PLATE GIRDER An I section beam which is fabricated from plates welded together.

PLENUM SYSTEM

PLOT The land on which a building standsPLOT FILE

PLUMB

PORTAL FRAME

POST A perpendicular supporting member.

Abbreviation for Project Engineer - person responsible for technical coordination of a project.

A combination of thin plates used to allow for adjustment to member level or length. Pack thickness adjusted by increasing or decreasing number of plates as necessary. Also known as Shim Packs or Laminated Packs.

A reference which appears on fabrication drawings and other documents allowing the paint finish of an assembly to be identified.

A proprietary half nut made from pressed metal - used as an alternative to a lock nut.

Cladding: The exterior metal roof and wall panelling of a Metal Building System. See also Covering.

That portion of the vertical wall of a building that extends above the roofline.

Drawing depicting a single part (which cannot be further disassembled) and which includes all necessary information required for the definition of that part.

A weld formed using a technique which ensures a specified penetration which is less than the depth of the joint.

Load in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads.

A number given to each separate part of the building for erection identification. More commonly known as Assembly Mark.

A concrete structure designed to transfer vertical load from the base of a column to the footing.

Long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations, or whenever it is difficult to secure a firm foundation, upon which the foundation footing is laid.

A connection designed to transfer axial and shear forces between connecting members, but not moments.

A column base that is designed to resist horizontal and vertical movement, but not rotation.

See Roof slope. The tangent of the angle that a roof surface makes with the horizontal, usually expressed in units of vertical rise to 12 units of horizontal run.

Approved Contract drawings showing the location, type, dimensions, and details of Contract work to be performed.

The use of a electrically charged gas flame to cut steel members to the correct length/shape.

Machine used for the fabrication of fittings - profiles cut and holes formed via plasma cutter.

A design concept based on multiplying the actual loads by a suitable load factor, and using the yield stress as the maximum stress in any member, and taking into consideration moment redistribution.

A system of heating or air-conditioning in which the air is forced through a chamber connected to distributing ducts.

An exported drawing file produced for the purpose of printing a hard copy of the drawing.

Term used to describe the vertical alignment of a column or structure as a whole. A column which is correctly aligned is said to be "In Plumb", one which is incorrectly aligned is "Out of Plumb".

A rigid frame so designed that it offers rigidity and stability in its plane. It is generally used to resist longitudinal loads where other bracing methods are not permitted.


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POST & BEAM CONSTRUCTION

POST AND BEAM

PRECAMBER

PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS

PRELIMINARY DRAWING

PRELIM MARK/PRELIM NUMBER

PRESET

PRIMARY FRAMING

PRIMER The first coat/base coat/undercoat of a paint system.PROGRAMME

PROJECT

PROJECT DOCUMENTATION Documentation applying to a particular project.PROJECT MANAGEMENT

PROJECT MANAGER

PROJECT SPECIFICATION

PROPRIETARY SYSTEM A specific product unique to a particular manufacturer.PUNCH/PUNCHING

PURLIN

PURLIN EXTENSION The projection of the roof beyond the plane of the endwall

QQ.A.Q.S.OUTSTAND LEG

QUALITY ASSURANCE

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

RRSA Abbreviation for Rolled Steel Angle (L section steel member).RSC Abbreviation for Rolled Steel Channel (C section steel member).RSJ

RHS

RQSCRAFTER Inclined structural members used to frame a roof.RAFTER RESTRAINTS

RAIL (CRANE)

RAILS (DOOR) The horizontal stiffening members of framed and panelled doors.RAKE The intersection of the plane of the roof and the plane of the endwall.

Wall construction consisting of large, widely spaced posts to support horizontal beams.

A structural system consisting of a series of rafter beams supported by columns. Often used as the end frame of a building.

A preset radius/arc applied to a member so to counteract deflection of the member under loading.

Buildings that are built in sections or component parts in a factory, and then assembled at the site.

Drawing of a designer's concept of a project and which is expected to be modified.

A reference number assigned to each member which is ordered via a Preliminary Material List. Is used to track materials through ordering, supply to the workshop and fabrication.

An increase to the height of roof members applied at the apex so as to counteract the effects of deflection when load is applied.

Main Frame: An assemblage of rafters and columns that support the secondary framing members and transfer loads directly to the foundation

The programme of dates given in the Project Specification, or agreed with the Steelwork Contractor, for the release of all necessary information for the progress of the works; the preparation, submission and acceptance of fabrication drawings, calculations and The Project means the total construction contemplated of which the Work may be the whole or a part.

The utilization of skills and knowledge in coordinating the organizing, planning, scheduling, directing, controlling, monitoring and evaluating of prescribed activities to ensure that the stated objectives of a project, manufactured product, or service, are achieved.

Person responsible for day to day management of a project within an organisation.

A specifications prepared for a specific building project The Works which includes the National Structural Steel Work Specification and qualifies it where necessary.

A machine which is used to form holes or slots in plate or angle fittings.

Horizontal structural member that supports roof deck and is primarily subjected to bending under vertical loads such as snow, wind or dead loads.

Abbreviation for Quality AssuranceAbbreviation for Quantity Surveyor.The projecting leg of an angle or cleat (e.g. in the case of a shelf angle the outstand leg is the horizontal leg which supports the slab).

Activities concerned with the provision of systems, equipment and personnel necessary to achieve the required level of quality.

Person responsible for measurement of materials, labour and other costs in a completed project. Is responsible for making applications for payment to the Main Client.

Abbreviation for Rolled Steel Joist (Small size I beam with tapered flanges).

Abbreviation for Rectangular Hollow Section (Box section steel member).

Small section angles which connect diagonally between the bottom flange of a rafter and the roof purlins. Used to provide restraint to the bottom flange of a rafter.

Crane Rail: A track supporting and guiding the wheels of a top-running bridge crane or trolley system.


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REACTIONS

REBAR Steel reinforcing bar.REFERENCE MODEL

REINFORCING HOLES

RESTORATION Rebuilding s structure so it will appear in its original form.RESTRICTIONS

RESTRAINT

RETAINING WALL A wall to hold back an earth embankment.RETROFIT

RIB

RIBBED PANEL

RIDGE

RIGID CONNECTIONS

RIGID FRAME

RISE The vertical height of a roof.RISER The vertical board in a stairway between two treads.RIVET

ROLL UP DOOR

ROLLING DOORS

ROLLING PROGRAMME

ROOF COVERING The exposed exterior roof surface consisting of metal panels.ROOF DECKING

ROOF OVERHANG A roof extension beyond the endwall or sidewall of a building.ROOF PLAN Drawing which specifies in detail the roof seen from above.ROOF SLOPE

RUNNING DIMENSION

RUNWAY BEAM

SS275 Steel Material Grade, having a yield strength of 275 N/mm2S355 Steel Material Grade, having a yield strength of 355 N/mm2SA

The resisting forces at the column bases provided by foundations that hold a structure in equilibrium under a given loading condition.

A 3-D CAD model which is used for the purposes of cross checking connections at the interfaces between two adjacent models or other such activities.

Holes drilled in steel members for the purposes of passing concrete reinforcing bars through, so as to interlink adjacent concrete.

Limitations on the use of real estate building materials, size, or design styles.

A secondary member used to hold in position a main structural member.

The installation of new components into a steel structure after erection of the intiial main frame has been completed (also known as Retrofit Works).

The longitudinal raised profile of a panel that provides much of the panel's bending strength.

A panel, which has ribs with sloping sides and forms a trapezoidal shaped void at the side lap.

1) The horizontal line formed by opposing sloping sides of a roof running parallel with the building length.2) The high point/peak of a roof (also see Apex).

A connection designed to transfer moment as well as axial and shear forces between connecting members.

A structural frame consisting of members joined together with moment connections so as to render the frame stable with respect to the design loads, without the need for bracing in its plane.

A fastner which can be used to join two elements of steel together. Fastner is placed inside hole, heated and then compressed to form head. Rarely used in modern constuction since bolts are much quicker to install.

A door that opens by travelling vertically and is gathered into a roll suspended some distance above the floor.

A structural frame consisting of members joined together with moment connections so as to render the frame stable with respect to the design loads, without the need for bracing in its plane.

Schedule issued by a steel producer confirming the schedule of production for available section sizes.

Term used to describe Cladding sheets when used in the roof construction.

The tangent of the angle that a roof surface makes with the horizontal, usually expressed in units of vertical rise to 12 units of horizontal run.

The total cumulative dimension to a part or hole on a detail drawing from a given reference/datum point/zero point. Is shown on detail drawings so as to avoid the need for platers to add several intermediate dimensions together so as to arrive at a hole or part position.

Crane Runway Beam: The member that supports a crane rail and is supported by columns or rafters depending on the type of crane system. On underhung bridge cranes, the runway beam also acts as the crane rail.

Standard grade reference for abrasive blast cleaned steels (shotblasted).SA1 = Light Blast CleaningSA2 = Through Blast CleaningSA2 1/2 = Very Through Blast CleaningSA3 = Blast Cleaning to Visually Clean Steel.


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SAW

SCI Abbreviation for Steel Construction Institute (UK Trade organisation).

SHS

S.O.P. Abbreviation for Set Out Point.S/S

S.S.L. Abbreviation for Structural Slab Level.STET

S.W.I. Abbreviation for Site Work InstructionS.W.L. Abbreviation for Safe Working LoadSAFETY FACTOR

SAG MEMBER

SCHEDULE Listing of members/items/components.SCOPE OF WORK

SCREED

SECONDARY FRAMING

SECTION

SECTION FACTOR

SELF-CHECKING

SELF - TRAPPING SCREW A fastener that taps its own threads in a predrilled hole.SELF- DRILLING SCREW A fastener that combines the function of drilling and tapping.SELF-WEIGHT The weight of members/materials used in construction.SERVICE HOLE

SET SCREW Bolt which is fully threaded along the full length of its shank.SETTING-OUT DRAWING

SET OUT POINTS (SOP)

SHANK The round portion of a bolt.

SHEAR

SHEAR STUD

SHEAR WALL

SHELF ANGLE

Abbreviation for Submerged-Arc Welding. SAW is a mechanical process used for welding plate girders. The flux is placed along the joint in the form o f granules while a welding head traverses along the length of the joint to perform the weld.

Abbreviation for Square Hollow Section (Square shaped steel member)

1) Abbreviation for Superseded2) Abbreviation of Stainless Steel.Context in which the abbreviation is used will help to determine the meaning. In the case of superceded, then this should be clearly written in bold red letters across the drawing or document front page. If applied to Stainless Steel then it will most likely appear as a note on a Main Client's Drawing.

Term used to identify a checking comment which has been made incorrectly.

1) The ultimate strength of the material divided by the allowable working load. the element of safety needed to make certain that there will be no structural failures.2) A multiplier applied to a working load in order to ensure that the member/structure will be designed with a sufficient margin of safety so as to prevent failure under unexpectedly high loading conditions, defects in materials or failures in workmanship.

A tension member such as rods, straps or angles used to limit the deflection of a girt or purlin in the direction of its weak axis.

A document or statement which clearly defines the activities to be undertaken as part of a project/work assignment, and the product/documents to be returned to the client at the completion of the project/work assignment.

Thin coating of cement or concrete applied to the top of a strucutral slab in order to ensure a smooth finish to the floor.

Members that carry loads from the building surface to the main framing. For example - purlins.

The drawing of an object that is cut to show the interior. Also, a panel construction used in walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs.

See Hp/A Ratio.

The review of completed work by an individual before that work is handed-over to a Team Leader/Checker for independent checking. The purpose of self checking is to try and ensure that all work is complete and error free before it is handed over to the checker.

A hole/opening formed in a steel beam to enable electrical, M&E services to pass through.

Drawing used to establish marks and lines to define position and level of elements for construction work so that work can proceed with reference to them.

The primary points between which a member is set-out (also see Working Points).

1) The force tending to make two contacting parts slide upon each other in opposite directions parallel to their plane of contact.2) A force tearing which tears a bolt or section along its depth.

A plane bar with a upset head. Welded to steel beams prior to the concrete being cast, thereby ensuring composite action between steel and concrete. Also known as Studs

Wall that provides resistance to lateral loads in the plane of the wall and provides stability for structural systems.

An angle welded to the web of a floor beam for the purpose of supporting the floor slab.


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SHERADISED

SHIM/SHIM PACK

SHOP BOLTED

SHOP DRAWINGS

SHOP PRIMER PAINT

SHOT BLASTER

SHOULDER BOLT

SIDE ELEVATION

SIDE CLADDING Cladding on the elevation of a building.SIDE RAIL

SIDE RAIL SUPPORT A vertical strut used to provide mid span restraint to a side rail.SIGN OFF

SILL

SIMPLE CONNECTION

SINGLE PART VIEW

SINGLE PART DRAWING

SIMPLE SPAN

SINGLE SLOPE

SINGLE SHEAR

SITE

SITE PLAN

SITE WORKS

SITE WELDING

SITE WORK INSTRUCTION

SKETCH Drawing commonly prepared freehand and not necessarily to scale.

SKEW CUT An angled cut to a steel section (also known as Bevel/Splay cut).SKYLIGHT An opening in the roof for admitting light.

A type of surface treatment to bolts.Items are tumbled in hot zinc dust. Gives higher qaulity finish than zinc plating or galvanising but process is more expensive.

A combination of thin plates used to allow for adjustment to member level or length. Pack thickness adjusted by increasing or decreasing number of plates as necessary. Also known as Shim Packs or Laminated Packs.

Items which must be bolted together in the fabrication shop prior to delivery to site.

Drawings prepared for a fabricator to use in a workshop. Based on Working Drawings, but with full dimensions, and extended to show each piece of work individually.

The initial coat of primer paint applied in the shop. A temporary coating designed to protect the steel during shipping and erection until the building exterior and interior finish coverings have been installed. This coating may or may not serve as a proper prime coat for other finishing paints.

Machine which is used to clean off mill scale and surface oxidisation (rust) off of structral steel members prior to fabrication.

Special bolt type used in slotted connections. Bolt shank has one portion at a large diameter and one portion at a smaller diameter. This configuration allows one ply in the connection to freely move in a lateral direction.1) The elevation on the long face of a shed/portal frame building.2) The elevation along the eaves of a shed/portal frame building.

A secondary horizontal member - usually a cold formed "Z" or "C" section -positioned of the elevations of a building and used to support the cladding.

A meeting held with the Main Client to review WHL GA's for a "Pre Engineered" model. Comments/changes made as necessary. Mark-up set of drawings kept as a record of any changes implemented.

Horizontal exterior member below a window or door opening. In frame construction, the lowest structural member that rests on the foundation.

Pin Connection: A connection designed to transfer axial and shear forces between connecting members, but not moments.

A detail shown on a fabrication drawing of any parts/fittings which are to be included as a part of the assembly.

A sketch which is separate from the fabrication details showing all details necessary for the fabrication of a single part/fitting.

A term used in structural design to describe a beam support condition at two points which offers no resistance to rotation at the supports.

A sloping roof in one plane. The slope is from one sidewall to the opposite sidewall.

A single sided bolted connection having one shear plane (e.g. bolted end plate to column flange).

Area of land or water where Construction Work or other development is undertaken.

Location drawing giving the position of construction works in relation to the setting out points, the means of access and the general layout of a site. It may also contain information on service networks, road work and the landscape.

Drilling, welding, cutting activities which are carried out on the construction site for the purposes of rectifying problems or implementing client changes to the structure.

Welding operations which must be carried out on site after the erection of components.

1) A written instruction from the Main Client instructing the steelwork contractor to proceed with the implementation of a change to the structure involving site works.2) A document issued by the DO instructing the site erection team to undertake site modifications to the structure to a given set of drawings.


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SLAB CONSTRUCTION A reinforced concrete floor and foundation systemSLAB LAYOUT DRAWING A drawing showing the overall layout/construction of a concrete slab.

SLAG

SLEEVE

SLIMDECK BEAMSLIMFLOOR BEAM

SLOPE

SLOTTED HOLE

SNOW LOAD

SNUG TIGHT

SOFFIT

SPAN The distance between two supports.SPECIFICATION

SPLAY CUT An angled cut to a steel section (also known as Bevel/Skew cut).

SPLICE Joining of two similar members in a straight line.SPLICE PLATES

STAINLESS STEEL

STAGGERED WELD

STALK PLATE The outstand (web) portion of a welded tee section.STEEL FRAMING Skeleton framing with structural steel members.STEELWORK CONTRACTOR

STEEL STOCKIST

STEM The outstand (web) portion of a rolled or cut tee section.STIFFENER

STOCK ORDER Steel materials which are to be purchased from a steel stockist.STOCKISTSTOREY HEIGHT

STOREY Space between two floors of a building.STRAIN

STRESS

STRESS Any force acting upon a part or member.STRINGER

STRUCAD 3-D CAD modelling and detailing software for structures.

Deposit left over a weld following MMA welding. Must be cleaned off before surface treatment is applied.

A short length of member used to strengthen the connection between two adjacent purlins or side rails.

See ASB.A normal rolled UB or UC section which has a wide plate welded to the bottom flange. Plate used to support floor decking. Beam is built into the depth of the floor slab, therefore reducing the overall height of the floor construction.

Roof Slope: The tangent of the angle that a roof surface makes with the horizontal, usually expressed in units of vertical rise to 12 units of horizontal run.

Holes which is elongated in one direction. Used in Expansion Joints in which movement is required and other connections in which tolerance is required (e.g. connections to concrete).

Roof Snow Load: The load induced by the weight of snow on the roof of the structure

The tightness of a bolt in a connection that exists when all plies in a joint are in firm contact.

Underside of an overhang such as the eaves, a second floor, or stairs.

A written document with technical directions and conditions describing the quality of materials and standard of workmanship of the project or parts of a project. It deals with items that cannot be shown on drawings or in the schedules and is normally presented in a sequence of Trades. The Specification forms part of the Tender Documents and, with agreed modifications (if any), of the Contract Documents.

Plates which are used for the purpose of connecting two main assemblies together along their length (e.g. Beam Splice, Column Splice).

An alloy of steel, which contains a high percentage of chromium to increase corrosion resistance. Also may contain nickel or copper.

A two sided weld which stops alternates at set intervals between welded and unwelded portions (I.e. welded portion on one side of the welded part coincides with the unwelded portion on the other side).

The Company appointed to fabricate and / or erect the structural steelwork. Where required by the Project Specification, the Steelwork Contractor may also be responsible for design.

Company which specialises in selling plain lengths of steel to fabricators.

A member used to strengthen a plate of main section against lateral or local buckling.

See Steel Stockist.Height measured from floor finish to floor finish. For single-storey buildings and the top floor of multi-storey buildings, the height shall be measured from floor finish to notional floor finish (level at which the next floor would be likely if there was one).

The deformation per unit length measured in the direction of the stress caused by forces acting on a member. Not the same as deflection.

A measure of the load on a structural member in terms of force per unit area.

One of the sides of a flight of stairs. The supporting member cut to receive the treads and risers.


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STRUCTURAL FRAME

STRUCTURE

STRUT

STRUT

STUD

STUD WELDING

SUBASSEMBLYSUB-CONTRACT Contract to carry out part of a larger contract.SUBCONTRACTOR

SUPESEDED

SURVEY DRAWING Drawing that records measurements of an existing structure.SURVEYOR A person skilled in land measurement.

TTL Abbreviation for Team LeaderT.B.A. Abbreviation for To Be AdvisedT.B.C. Abbreviation for To Be ConfirmedT.B.D. Abbreviation for To Be DeterminedT.F.U. Occasionally used as an abbreviation for Top Flange Unpainted.T.O.C. Abbreviation for Top Of ConcreteT.O.F. Abbreviation for Top Of FoundationT.O.G. Abbreviation for Top Of GratingT.Q.

T.O.S. Abbreviation for Top Of Steel.TAPERED MEMBERS

TABLE PLATE The base (flange) portion of a welded tee section.TACK WELD

TEMPLATE

TEMPORARY WORKS

TENDER

TENDER DOCUMENTS

TENSILE STRENGTH

TENSION FORCE Forces acting on a member tending to elongate it.THERMAL CUTTING

THRESHOLD Wood, metal, or stone member placed directly below a door.TIE Forces acting on a member tending to elongate it.TIMBER HOLES

TIRFORS Tie wires used to stabilise/tie members in during erection.TOLERANCE The acceptable variance of dimensions from s standard size.TOP COAT The final coat in a paint system applied to strucutral steel.TORSION

Columns, beams, joists, walls, floors, trusses, etc., which act together as the structural frame to which non-structural items or materials are attached.

Organised combination of connected parts designed to provide some measure of rigidity, or a Construction Works having such an arrangement.

A member fitted into a framework, which resists axial compressive forces.

A secondary member used to provide mid span restraint to roof purlins.

A plane bar with a upset head. Welded to steel beams prior to the concrete being cast, thereby ensuring composite action between steel and concrete. Also known as Shear Studs.

The process of welding shear studs to the floor beam. Usually done on site, but sometimes done in the shop, in which case the necessary details must be shown on the fabrication details.

A portion or subclass of an Assembly.

A company or single person providing consultancy services to the engineering consultancy company.

Written on drawings and documents to indicate that the drawing/document is out of date (not the latest revision) and should not therefore be used as a working copy.

Abbreviation for Technical Query. TQ's are issued as a means of querying missing information/clarifying doubts relating to a project.

A built up plate member consisting of flanges welded to a variable depth web

A small "spot" weld, used to temporarily hole members in place during fabrication prior to full welding.

A full size paper or card representation of a fitting which is used in order to cut-out and drill the fitting - rarely used today due to the use of automated machinery and NC data.

Items or strucutres which do not form part of the permanent structure, but which are necessary to support parts of the permanent strucutre as it is built. They can often be major strucutres in their own right and desrve as much care in their design.

Written offer to execute at a stated price or rate an order for the supply of goods or services or the execution of works in given conditions.

Documents submitted for the compiling of tenders such as Bills of Quantities, Drawings, Specifications and Contract Conditions.

The greatest longitudinal stress a structural member can resist without adverse affects (breaking or cracking).

The use of a gas fueled flame torch or plasma cutter to cut steel members to the correct length/shape. (Note, conventional gas fueled flame torch cutting also widely known as Flame Cutting).

Holes drilled in steel members for the purposes of attaching timber members (usually at roof level).

1) A twisting force2) A load applied at an eccentricity (in plane)


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TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

TOUCH-UP

TORUE CONTROL

TRANSVERSE The direction parallel to the main frames.TRANSMITTAL

TREAD The step or horizontal member of a stair.TRIAL ERECTION

TRIM

TRIMMER

TRUSS

TRUSS

TURN-OF-NUT METHOD

TURNED BAREL BOLTS

TYPICAL CONNECTION GENERATION

TWIN MEMBERS

TWO PACK PAINT TREATMENT

UUB Abbreviation for Universal Beam ("I" Section steel member)UC Abbreviation for Universal Column ("H" Section steel member)U/S Abbreviation for Underside.UNDERPINNING

UNEQUAL ANGLE Angle (RSA) in which each leg length is different (I.e. 150x90).UPLIFT

VV.O.VALLEY The internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.VALLEY GUTTER

VALLEY JACKS Rafters that run from a ridgeboard to a valley rafter.VALLEY RAFTER Diagonal rafter at the intersection of two intersecting sloping roofs.

VALUE ENGINEERING

The consistent integrated orchestration of the total complex of an organization's work processes and activities to achieve continuous improvement in the organization's processes and products.

The process of making good/repairing any damage to the surface coating of painted steel members which has occurred during delivery/erection/site works.

Method of tightnening bolts. Bolts are tightened to a pre-defined torque (twisting force) via a manual toque wrench or power tool with torque cut-out device. Ensure that bolts are tightened correctly without applying overstress to the threads. Method is mainly used for HSFG bolts, but is also applicable to ordinary bolts as well.

A covering front page recording all details (drawing numbers, document numbers, revisions) in a document issue.

The assembly of steel components on site so as to ensure accurate fit-up prior to delivery to site.

The light gauge metal used in the finish of a building, especially around openings and at intersections of surfaces. Sometimes referred to as flashing.

The longer floor or ceiling-framing member around a rectangular opening into which headers are joined; both headers and trimmers are doubled.

A structure made up of three or more members, with each member designed to carry a tension or compression force. The entire structure in turn acts as a beam.

Structural unit of members fastened in triangular arrangements to form a rigid framework for support over long spans.

A method for pre-tensioning high strength bolts. The nut is tightened an additional amount from the Snug Tight position, corresponding to a few blows of an impact wrench or the full effort of a man using an ordinary spud wrench. The amount of rotation required depends on the bolt diameter and length.

Similar to Close Tollerance Bolts but manufactured to an even higher level of precision so as to ensure accuracy in the bolt/nut thread sizes. Used in conjunction with tight fitting holes. Rarely used for strucutral works due to cost.

The process of creating and checking one version of each calc reference within a 3-D CAD model prior to the application of the connections at multiple locations (Mass Application).

Two members which are paired-up to form a single member. Examples include back to back angles or channels.

A chemical resistant paint (epoxy, urethane) which is supplied as a two components (base and curing agent). Note this does not refer to the number of paint coats required for any given paint system.

A foundation replacement or reinforcement for temporary braced supports.

Wind load on a building, which causes a load in the upward direction.

Abbreviation for Variation.

Wind load on a building, which causes a load in the upward direction.

A practice function targeted at the design itself, which has as its objective the development of design of a facility or item that will yield least life-cycle costs or provide greatest value while satisfying all performance and other criteria established for it.


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VARIATION

VESSEL A tank or cylinder used for the storage of liquids or gases.VENT A screened opening for ventilation.VIERENDEEL GIRDER A rigid jointed rectangular frame or member.VIEW

WW/C Abbreviation for Week Commencing.W/E Abbreviation for Week Ending.W.P.WHL CLIENT WHL-UK or WHL-UAE as appropriate.

WASHER PLATES

WALLS Vertical assemblies which are load-bearing.WEATHER STRIPPING

WEATHERING STEELS

WEB That portion of a rolled steel section between the flanges.WEB PLATE

WEB STIFFENER

WEDGES

WHEEL BASE Distance from centre-to centre of the outermost crane wheels.WHEEL LOAD

WIND COLUMN

WINDOWS Glazed openings in partitions, walls and cladding.WORKING DRAWINGS

WORKING LINE (W.L.)

WORKING MODEL

WORKING POINTS (W.P.)

XXOX

XOX-SS

X-BRACING

X-STEEL 3-D CAD modelling and detailing software for structures.

Z"Z" SECTION

ZINC PLATED

ZINC - ALUMINIUM COATED

Work that is neither expressly included in nor implied by the original contract and therefore is not in the contract price, whether it represents a change or alteration to the original work or simply an addition to or omission from it.

Orthogonal projection showing the visible part of an object and also, if necessary, its hidden outlines.

Abbreviation for Working Point.

Used in conjunction with H.D. Bolts/Anchor Bolts - cast into concrete to lock the bolts into place.

Strips of fabric or metal fastened around the edges of windows and doors to prevent air infiltration.

High strength, low allow structural steel which possess good weather resistance to atmospheric conditions without the need for protective coatings. Often used in bridge construction.

A plate welded to the web of a rolled section between root fillets, primarily for the purpose of increasing the shear capacity of the web (also can contribute to the bearing and buckling strength of the section).

Stiffener: A member used to strengthen a plate against lateral or local buckling.

A triangular piece of steel used to adjust the line and level of columns.

The vertical forces without impact produced on a crane ok wheel bearing on a runway rail or suspended from a runway beam. Maximum wheel load occurs with the crane loaded at rated capacity and the trolley positioned to provide maximum vertical force at one set of wheels.

A vertical member designed to withstand horizontal wind loads, usually in the endwall.

A set of drawings issued for construction, showing the detailed architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, landscaping or other design solutions and details for a project.

The line formed between Working Points to which a member is set-out

A 3-D CAD model produced for the purposes of generating fabrication details and other related project activities.

The primary points between which a member is set-out (also see Set-Out Points).

Abbreviation for an Ordinary Bolt assembly, comprising of a Hexagonal (X) head bolt, a Round (O) shank, and Hexagonal (X) head nut.

Designation used in X-Steel to define Set Screws/Fully Threaded Bolts.

Bracing system with members arranged diagonally in both directions to form an "X". See Bracing.

A member cold formed from steel sheet in the approximate shape of a "Z".

Most common type of surface finish applied to bolts. Treatment is electrostatically deposited. Abbreviated to BZP (Bright Zinc Plated).

Steel coated with an alloy of zinc and aluminium to provide corrosion resistance.