Land Navigation071F5013
SSG Black
Safety Consideration
Risk Assessment is LOWFire exitsTripping hazards
Failure to learn these skills may result in:Call for Fire on wrong positionImproper movementProblems associated with being lost
Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Navigate from one point on the ground to another while dismounted.
Conditions: During day and night, given a classroom and training area, 1:50,000 map (Tenino) for the classroom, 1:50,000 map (Local) for the local training area, protractor, pencil, compass and or PLGR and FM 3-25.26.
Standards: Plot, navigate and find a minimum 3 out of 5 points within 3 hours during daylight and/or night.
You will learn how to…
• Identify Topographic Symbols on a Military Map• Identify Terrain Features on a Map• Determine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a
Military Map• Measure Distance on a Map• Convert Azimuths• Determine Azimuths Using a Protractor• Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the
Ground by Resection• Locate one’s position on a Map and on the Ground by
Modified Resection
Enabling Learning Objective A
ACTION: Identify topographic symbols on a military map.
CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map.
STANDARDS: Correctly Identify the topographic symbols, colors, and marginal information on a military map IAW FM 3-25.26.
Definition of a Map
A graphic representation of all or part of the Earth’s surface drawn to scale as seen from above, with natural and man-made features illustrated as symbols, lines, and colors
15
Map SymbolsSymbols are used to represent the natural and man-made features of the earth.
cem
Woods
Scrub
Orchard
Vineyard
Mangrove
VEGETATION Map Symbols
Marsh or swamp
Submerge marsh or swamp
Wood marsh or swamp
Submerge wood marsh or swamp
Rice field
Land subject to inundation
SUBMERGED AREAS AND BOGS
Map Symbols
RIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALS
Perennial stream
Perennial river
Small falls; small rapids
Large falls; large rapids
Dry lake
Perennial lake or pond
Intermittent lake or pond
Intermittent stream
Dam
Intermittent river
Well or spring
Canal
Map Symbols
MAN-MADE FEATURES and HIGHWAY & LAND GRIDS
Highway
Road
Dirt Road
Trail
Power Lines
Buildings
Built-up Areas
Airports
Landing Strip
School
Church
cemCemetery
Mine
Gravel Pit
Bridge
Foot Bridge
Railroad
Land Grids
12 13 14
15 16 17
18 19 20
Map Symbols
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Colors on the Map
• BLACK- Man-made Objects
• RED- Cultural Features
• BLUE- Water
• GREEN- Vegetation
• BROWN- Contour Lines
• RED-BROWN- Cultural features, contour
lines on red-light readable maps
What is a map?A graphic representation of all or part of the Earth’s surface drawn to scale as seen from above, with natural and man-made features illustrated as symbols, lines, and
colors
What color(s) are used to denote Cultural Features?Red and Red-Brown
What is the scale of the Tenino map? Explain.1:50,000. 1 mm/inch/foot/yard = 50,000 mm/inch/foot/yard
What year was the Tenino Map printed?1975
What is the Sheet Name of the map directly South of the Tenino Map?
1477 III
Marsh or swamp
Powerline Highway
Enabling Learning Objective B
ACTION: Identify terrain features on a map.
CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map.
STANDARDS: Identify the five major, three minor and two supplementary features on a map.
CONTOUR LINESOn a map the vertical dimension it is referred to as “relief”.
The most graphic technique ever devised to show relief information is the contour line.
If you were to walk a contour line you would never go down hill and never up hill, and eventually you would arrive back where you started.
Contour Interval ~ The contour interval is the distance between each contour line. The contour interval is found along the bottom edge, center of the map.
Index Contour ~ a bolder/wider brown line that has the elevation value marked at various intervals as a part of the line.
Intermediate Contour ~ a brown line on a topographic map and represents a line of equal elevation. Example: contour is 20 feet interval
A=700 ftB=740 ftC=770 ftD=820 ft
Terrain Relief Features
Five Major• Ridge• Hill• Saddle• Valley• Depression
Three Minor• Spur • Draw• CliffTwo Supplemental• Cut • Fill
RIDGE
HILL
SADDLE
VALLEY
DEPRESSION
SPURS
DRAWS
CLIFF
CUT
FILL
F A
B
CDE
F
D A
B
CDE
F
A A
B
CDE
F
E A
B
CDE
F
B A
B
CDE
F
C A
B
CDE
F
Five MajorRidgeHillSaddleValleyDepression
Three MinorSpur DrawCliff
Two SupplementalCut Fill
A
B
C
D
700
740
770
820
Enabling Learning Objective C
ACTION: Determine the grid coordinates of a point on a military map.
CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map and coordinate scale and protractor.
STANDARDS: Determine a six-digit grid for the point on the map with a 100-meter tolerance (must contain the correct 100,000-meter identifier). Determine an eight-digit grid for the point on the map with a 50-meter tolerance (must contain the correct 100,000-meter identifier).
Universal Transverse Mercator
The military grid reference system
1. 10T (Locating a point within the Grid Zone Designation)
2. 10TEG(Locating a point within a 100,000-meter square)
3. 10TEG08 (Locating a point within a 10,000-meter square)
4. 10TEG0787(Locating a point within a 1,000-meter square)
This is as close as we can get now without a protractor
5. 10TEG071875(Locating a point within a 100-meter square)
6. 10TEG07168754(Locating a point within a 10-meter square)
7. 10TEG0716587545(Locating a point within a 1-meter square)
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5. 10TEG071875(Locating a point within a
100-meter square)
6. 10TEG07168754(Locating a point within a
10-meter square)
7. 10TEG0716587545(Locating a point within a
1-meter square)
You read a map to the RIGHT and UP
Start from the bottom left-hand side and read RIGHT to the GRID LINE prior to your target and then UP to the GRID LINE prior to your target.
54
X
EG 07 87
07
071 875
55080605
87
88
86
85
10TEG071875
56
12 13
45
46
xSamplepoint
SAMPLE 1,000 METER GRID SQUARE
100,000 M. SQUARE IDENTIFICATION
EH
EG00
GRID ZONE DESIGNATION
10T
100 METER REFERENCE
1. Read large numbers labeling the VERITICAL grid line left of point and estimate tenths (100 meters) from grid line to point 12 3
2. Read large number labeling the HORIZONTAL grid line below point and estimate tenths (100 meters) from grid line to point 45 6
EXAMPLE: 123456
WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE 100,000METER SQUARE AREA IN WHICH THE POINTLIES, PREFIX THE 100,000 METER SQUAREIDENTIFICATION. Example: EG123456
WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE GRID ZONEDESIGNATION AREA IN WHICH THE POINT LIES,PREFIX THE GRID ZONE DESIGNATION. Example: 10TEG123456
If you forget how…
50
51
52
4915141312
Map 10TSection EG
What is the grid square?
EG1350
How do we determine, with accuracy, the location of the red star?
PROTRACTOR
What is the eight digit grid coordinate for the mine
EG15808215
What is the Terrain Feature at…
EG128985Saddle
EH093002Depression
EG148925Valley
EG105781Fill
EG183866Ridge
EG124793Draw
EG128979Hill
EG145855Cliff
EG157915Spur
Now that we know how to plot points on a map it’s time to find distance between them
Enabling Learning Objective D
ACTION: Measure distance on a map.
CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a strip of Paper with a straight edge, and a pencil.
STANDARDS: Determine the straight-line distance in meters between Two points with no more than 5% error. Determine the road distance between two points with no more than 10% error.
MEASURE STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE
A
B
? MILE
S ?0 11 ½ MILE
0 11 ½ KILOMETER
1½ MILES
DETERMINING DISTANCE
DETERMINING DISTANCEMEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE
A
B
The accuracy of this method is dependent on the number of straight-line segments used.
Note: not a road
DETERMINING DISTANCEMEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE
NOTE – you can also use a string laid out on the planned route to measure distance.
A
B
? MILE
S ?
0 22 ½ KILOMETER
0 22 ½ MILE
111½
1½ 1 1
3 ½ MILES
A
B
STRINGSTRING
What is the straight distance from the Church of God in EG0385 to the buildings in the large intersection in EG0783
4,550 meters
What is the road distance from the Church of God in EG0385 to the buildings in the large intersection in EG0783
5,350 meters
Its one thing to measure distance on a map… its another to convert that to an azimuth and trek through the forest
Enabling Learning Objective E
ACTION: Determine azimuth using a protractor.
CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, Protractor and Coordinate Scale and a pencil.
STANDARDS: Determine the grid azimuth in degrees from one point to anther to within one degree.
AWith protractor aligned with GRID LINES drawn on the map and the center of the protractor aligned on your map position (you are here).
You see that the azimuth is 29° or 520 MILS.
Determine an Azimuth on the map between two points
What is the Grid Azimuth from the Mines in EG1582 to the water tower in EG1185
308 degrees
What is the Grid Azimuth from the Reservoir in EG0499 to the machine nest in EH0602
37 degrees
Bonus Question…What is the Magnetic Azimuth?
16 degrees
Enabling Learning Objective F
ACTION: Convert azimuths.
CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 military map with a declination diagram, a pencil, and a magnetic azimuth that must be converted.
STANDARDS: Convert the given magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth and the grid too magnetic.
There are Three Types of AzimuthTrue North Grid North Magnetic North
• True North. A line from any point on the earth's surface to the north pole. Is represented by a star.
• Magnetic North. The direction to the north magnetic poleindicated by the north-seeking needle of a magnetic compass. The magnetic north is usually symbolized by a line ending with half of an arrowhead.
• Grid North. vertical grid lines on the map. Symbolized by the letters GN. Used for UTM grid by military and rescue teams for its accuracy and simplicity.
G-M ANGLE. The angular difference between GN and MN.
THREE TYPES OF DIRECTION
Your direction of
travel
G - M Angle 14° + 10° = 24°
CONVERSION (four ways to remember)
GN MN GNMN
When MN is to the west (left) of GNMN to GN subtract G-M ANGLEGN to MN add G-M ANGLE
When MN is to the east (right) of GNMN to GN add G-M ANGLEGN to MN subtract G-M ANGLE
GNMN GNMN
Left to Right SUBTRACTRight to Left ADD
WEST to EAST is least ( - ) SUBTRACTEAST to WEST is best ( + ) ADD
HOW?
From ground to map.
1. You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground
with a compass. It is 49° MN.
2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24°
3. So MN to GN SUBTRACT 49°- 24° = 25° GN (Draw thison your map)
From map to ground.
2. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a
protractor (next slides). It is 25° GN.
2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24°
3. So GN to MN ADD 25°+ 24° = 49° MN (Put this on your compass)
CONVERSION(example 1)
G - M Angle 14° + 10° = 24°
Your direction of
travel
Left to Right SUBTRACTRight to Left ADD
HOW?
From ground to map.
1. You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground
with a compass. It is 322° MN.
2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9°
3. So MN to GN ADD 322°+ 9° = 331° GN (Draw thison your map)
From map to ground.
2. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a
protractor (next slides). It is 331° GN.
2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9°
3. So GN to MN SUBTRACT 331°- 9° = 322° MN (Put this on your compass)
CONVERSION(example 2)
G - M Angle 14° - 5° = 9°
Your direction of
travel
Left to Right SUBTRACTRight to Left ADD
Lars Ulrich
If you GO Left Add if you GO Right Subtract
What is the Magnetic Azimuth for the following Grid Azimuths?
What is the Grid Azimuth for the following Magnetic Azimuths?
229 degrees208 degrees
332 degrees311 degrees
17 degrees358 degrees
84 degrees105 degrees
6 degrees27 degrees
350 degrees11 degrees
Declination is 21 degrees
Now we can measure distance on a map, determine and convert azimuth… how do we apply this?
Enabling Learning Objective G
ACTION: Locate an unknown point on a map by resection.
CONDITIONS: Given an unknown location, a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a straightedge, a coordinate scale and protractor, a pencil and two objects or terrain features that are identifiable on the map.
STANDARDS: Determine the eight-digit grid coordinate of your location within 10 meters of the actual grid.
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Resection
Resection is the method of locating one’s position on a map by determining the GRID AZIMUTH to at least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map.
60 degrees Mag+ 180 degrees
= 240 degrees BAM
Convert to Grid Azimuth
240 + 21 = 261 Degrees BAG
60
330
330 degrees Mag- 180 degrees
= 150 degrees BAM
Convert to Grid Azimuth
150 + 21 = 171 Degrees BAG
150
240
261
171
171 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID
261 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID
25 degrees magnetic azimuth to Crawford Mountain Lookout Tower in EG1887
320 degrees magnetic azimuth to a water tower in EG1185
Enabling Learning Objective H
ACTION: Locate an unknown point on a map by modified resection.
CONDITIONS: Given an unknown location, a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a straightedge, a coordinate scale and protractor, a pencil and a linear feature that is identifiable on the map.
STANDARDS: Determine the eight-digit grid coordinate of your location within 10 meters of the actual grid.
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Modified Resection
Modified resection is the method of locating one’s position on the map when the person is located on a linear feature on the ground, such as a road, canal, or stream.
302 degrees Mag- 180 degrees
= 122 degrees BAM
122
302
Convert to Grid Azimuth
122 + 21 = 143 Degrees BAG
143 Degrees Back Azimuth GRID
143
Determine the Grid CoordinateEG177832
You have learned how to…
• Identify Topographic Symbols on a Military Map• Identify Terrain Features on a Map• Determine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a
Military Map• Measure Distance on a Map• Convert Azimuths• Determine Azimuths Using a Protractor• Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the
Ground by Resection• Locate one’s position on a Map and on the
Ground by Modified Resection
Next: Land Navigation Field
Lensatic Compass• Parts• Using during day• Using at night
Orienting a MapDetermine an AzimuthFollow an AzimuthPace Count
Terminal Learning ObjectiveAction: Navigate from one point on the ground to another while dismounted.
Conditions: During day and night, given a classroom and training area, 1:50,000 map (Tenino) for the classroom, 1:50,000 map (Local) for the local training area, protractor, pencil, compass and or PLGR and FM 3-25.26.
Standards: Plot, navigate and find a minimum 3 out of 5 points within 3 hours during daylight and/or night.
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