1Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
AS FAST AS LIGHT
Special Edition | May 2015
SCIENCESTARS
UPCOMING DST EVENTS
BUDGET VOTE NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK
UPCOMING DST EVENTS
BUDGET VOTE NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK
UPCOMING DST EVENTS
BUDGET VOTE NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK
UPCOMING DST EVENTS
BUDGET VOTE NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK
CO
NT
EN
Ts
FEATURES
8 the evolution of the
BLOODHOUND SSC
14 Kyalami race Track
15 research with the csir
18 scifest africa 2015
19 lost in translation
32 DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHT
37 AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT
REGULARS
5 foreword
6 editor's note
17 science news
28 cAREERS
33 QUIZ
34 PUZZLE
CONTENTSCONTENTS
Lunako Mthenjana
theFOREWORD
ing because it gives Science, which can come across as cold and
impersonal, a human face. Scifest allows the guest speakers to
become role models to many young minds that aspire to be in
the same positions as them, and it has the potential to inspire
some who never dreamed that they would be interested in a
career in Science.
We live in a country where not everyone is fortunate enough to
be a part of a school that has fully equipped science laborato-
ries, or even teachers that can bring abstract scientific concepts
to life. Visiting Scifest therefore becomes a great opportunity
because they get to see the applications of the theories that
they learn in class.
Attending Scifest allows one to see the pure beauty of Science
and there is a different theme each year. This year’s theme was
Science Alight, visitors can come year after year and still be filled
with the same awe, excitement and gain new knowledge when
they walk out the doors of Settler’s Monument, just like you did
when you attended Scifest for the first time.
As the youth we all have differing views about Science,
Technology, Engineering and Maths and because of our various
backgrounds and the things we read in magazines or watch on TV.
Some people think that Science investigations are the greatest
things that mankind has ever discovered, some believe that it
is all about blowing things up in a lab and others believe that
Science is only for a select few because only ‘smart’ people can
enjoy it and appreciate its beauty.
Scifest is a great initiative because as you step through the doors
of the 1820 Settlers Monument you are transported to a world
where all your views about Science, Technology, Engineering and
Maths are stripped away and replaced by an exciting curiosity.
The various talks, shows, workshops and exhibitions are great
because they give us opportunities, which we rarely get and we
are able to interact with some of the greatest minds, in the world
of Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths - like Dr Jim Adams,
the Deputy Chief Technologist at NASA. Seeing people that love
Science and are extremely passionate about it is very encourag-Grade 12Victoria Girls’ High School, Grahamstown
Scifest Africa 2015
FEATUREFOREWORD
5Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
When I first heard about the Bloodhound, my animal-lover instincts kicked in and I imme-diately pictured a coat of brown and black fur, long floppy ears and bloodshot eyes that are indented in the face of a Bloodhound puppy. This breed of dog was soon overpowered by something much greater and much faster than it. This something had a sharp nose, a smooth blue and orange body and its four legs are made of pure aluminum.
The Bloodhound SSC, in the manmade world, is a creation of genius Engineering and Aerodynamics that aims to chal-
lenge the current World Land Speed Record, leaving all past attempts in the dust of its Hakskeen Pan victory.
Should it be successful, this rocket car will spur a spark of inspiration for all speed lovers. Overwhelmed by the concept of this project, I start-ed thinking about how such a large project came about. How does one start creating a vehicle that is able to travel over 1, 690 km/h without it taking off or falling apart?
When we reached Grahamstown and we walked through the doors of the 1820 Settler National Monument building where Scifest Africa was held, a life-size model of the Bloodhound caught my eye. I realised that a project that big could only be created by a team of passionate indi-viduals who, despite all odds, believe that it can be done.
A simple idea can be turned into a masterpiece through hard work, patience and collaboration. Although your dreams may be daunting at times, persevere and keep building your passion.
In this special issue, we hope to inspire you. We take you through the process of following your dream, whether it be breaking a world record with a new invention or researching ways to improve your world.
Build your passion
Shani Rhoda
Managing Editor • Evans [email protected]
Deputy Editor • Shani Rhoda
Graphic Designer • Cinzia-Joey Swartz
Project Manager • Renata Williams Chairman • Madambi Rambuda
Public Relations • Bongeka Mnotoza
Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga
Subscriptions • [email protected]
Copyright 2015 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.
Science Stars is published by Roswika Media
10th Floor, The Pinnacle2 Burg StreetCape Town, 8000
021 839 [email protected]
LetteR FROMTHE DEPUTY EDITOR
teamScience Stars
Deputy Editor
ED’S NOTE
6 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
FROM CLASSROOM TO BOARDROOM
From building schools to supporting black entrepreneurs, from making university study possible for disadvantaged students to providing work experience for young work seekers, Shanduka Foundation strives to develop South Africa’s human potential.
Over the last decade, Shanduka Foundation has created opportunities for educational development, career growth and entrepreneurial advancement.
Thanks to the ongoing support of many partners in business, government and civil society, Shanduka Foundation is making a significant impact in the lives of young South Africans.
www.shanduka.co.za/shanduka-foundation
• Adopt-a-School Foundation mobilises companies and individuals to invest in education by adopting disadvantaged schools throughout South Africa. Through its model of Whole School Development, the foundation aims to improve the academic, infrastructural, social and security environment in schools, enabling sustainable excellence in teaching and learning. The foundation creates opportunities for temporary employment of community members and for local businesses to get involved in improving schools. It works closely with communities and maintains strong relationships with all stakeholders.
• Kagiso Shanduka Trust (KST) is a collaboration between the Free State Department of Education, Kagiso Trust and Shanduka Foundation to develop and implement a district-wide school development model. It is a five-year programme that will work in over 400 schools, in two districts, utilising
a combination of the best practices of both the Kagiso Trust and the Shanduka Foundation.
• Shanduka Black Umbrellas (SBU) develops qualifying 100% black-owned businesses to a level where they may gain meaningful access to markets, networks and finance. This is conducted via enterprise and supplier development activities within its small business incubators where members are provided with a working environment and support services that will enable them to thrive, and Shanduka Blackpages, an online enterprise and supplier development portal.
• The Cyril Ramaphosa Education Trust provides bursaries to disadvantaged students and organises holistic holiday work programmes for all its students.
• The Shanduka experiential work programme provides opportunities for selected graduates and job seekers within the Shanduka Group and across its partner network.
A DECADE OF EMPOWERMENT
BLOODHOUND SSC
THE EVOLUTION OF THE BLOODHOUND SSC
Speed, light and a new world record
Every person, at some stage in their
life, is exposed to competition. At
schools, there are numerous sporting
events that are held throughout the year.
Some might remember the athletics races
held in primary schools, where an official
gunshot signaled the start and others
might remember playing soccer in their
school clothes during break times.
Since the days of dusty hands and bloody
kneecaps, competition has evolved. At
Scifest Africa 2015, a life-size model of the
Bloodhound Supersonic Car (SSC) stood
its ground. Preparing for its approach
to the arid runway of Hakskeen Pan, the
Bloodhound SSC aims to overtake all
competition in its way to the World Land
Speed Record.
Where did it start?On 23 October 2008, the world of
Science and Technology was intro-
duced to an exciting project that would
inspire all dreamers for years to come.
The Bloodhound SSC team announced
the start of their project during a public
launch at the Science Museum in London.
The reason behind building a car with rocket characteristics? Not only to beat the current World Land
Speed Record (held by Thrust SSC), but also
to encourage youth participation in STEM
- Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics.
The Department of Science and Technology
(DST) welcomed this project into South
Africa and supports the idea behind it.
Inviting a project of this scale into the
country will boost excitement in our youth
and increase interest in the STEM subjects.
8 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
FEATUREBLOODHUND SSC
and was unsuccessful at abiding by the
rules. Engineers had to return to the work-
shop with a new task in hand - keeping the
car on the ground using computation fluid
dynamics (CFD).
The first runs of the car will be performed
in the UK in August 2015. The official
launch date in South Africa is set for
September 2015, making the launch of
Bloodhound SSC the world’s largest and
most anticipated Engineering event.
What waits at the end of the road Should the attempt be successful, the
Bloodhound SSC will be internationally rec-
ognised as the fastest moving land vehicle.
Displaying advanced levels of Engineering,
this extreme project will create a spectacle
that will see the emergence of a new breed
of power-hungry Engineers.
Facts:• Roughly 250 organisations are involved
in the project;
• Bloodhound SSC is fitted with three
engines;
• The rocket fuel produced by the
Bloodhound SSC is hotter than a volcano;
• There are cameras positioned on the
inside and outside of the vehicle;
• In the cockpit, the driver’s heartbeat will
be monitored;
• Hydrogen peroxide is used in the vehi-
cle’s hybrid rocket chemistry, enabling the
driver to shut the car down if problems
occur.
Rules:Leaving enough room for creativity and
unimagined growth, the Fédération
Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) has set
out only three major rules. These are:
1. The vehicle must have four wheels and
must stay on the ground at all times;
2. The vehicle must do two runs in opposite
directions within one hour;
3. There must be a driver in control of the
vehicle.
Building the Bloodhound SSC Fitted with three engines, this speed
machine weighs 7786 kg and has a
length of 13.4 metres. With its collection
of Rolls-Royce EJ200 jet engine, NAMMO
hybrid rockets and Jaguar V8 engine, the
Bloodhound SSC will be able to cover a
distance equivalent to four and a half soc-
cer fields in a single second.
The man behind the wheelBeing in control of almost 7,800kgs of
fuelled weight requires a daring amount
of bravery, focused mental and physi-
cal strength, knowledge and experience.
With a history in piloting, Andy Green is
the ideal driver. Judging from his history,
this adrenaline junkie is sure to welcome
this challenge with a focused mind and a
heavy foot.
Currently employed as a Wing Commander
in the Royal Air Force, Green is properly
equipped for this adventure. Naturally,
there are many safety concerns when
embarking on a journey of this scale,
especially around the safety of the people
involved.
Green has learned how to control his
blood flow, enabling him to avoid the
effects of negative g-force. If a driver or
pilot displays no g-force tolerance, it is
likely that they will lose consciousness.
The road to the Northern CapeHakskeen Pan is positioned 260km from
Upington in the Northern Cape. The
runway is the longest of its kind in the
Southern Hemisphere. The pan floods at
least once a year, leaving the land com-
pact yet arid. A team of South African
workers have been employed to clear the
runway of any loose rocks in preparation
for the arrival of the Bloodhound SSC.
Travelling at a speed faster than a bullet,
the vehicle wouldn’t stay on the ground
9Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Displaying advanced levels of Engineering, this extreme project will create a spectacle
BLOODHOUND SSC
Cont
rols
Like
any
car
, the
Blo
odho
und
SSC
has
a st
eerin
g w
heel
cal
led
a yo
ke, l
eft
and
right
foo
t pe
dals
and
a s
peed
omet
er
as p
art
of t
he d
igita
l di
spla
y sy
stem
.
Addi
tiona
lly, t
he c
ockp
it ha
s a
mul
titud
e
of w
arni
ng d
ispl
ays,
fuel
qua
ntity
mea
-
sure
s an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n sy
stem
s an
d
emer
genc
y sh
ut d
own
butt
ons
in c
ase
of p
robl
ems.
Rock
et s
yste
mTh
e ro
cket
fue
l pu
mp
is d
esig
ned
to
oper
ate
at
11,0
00
rpm
, w
ithou
t th
e
need
for
oxyg
en.
Pow
er1.
Jet
engi
ne -
Euro
jet
EJ20
0
This
is a
n in
tern
al c
ombu
stio
n en
gine
that
is re
spon
sibl
e fo
r hal
f the
thru
st o
f the
Blo
odho
und
SSC.
2. A
uxili
ary
pow
er u
nit -
550
bhp
Jagu
ar S
uper
char
ged
V8
In c
harg
e of
the
roc
ket
oxid
iser
pum
p, t
he a
uxili
ary
pow
er u
nit
sees
that
800
litr
es o
f H
igh
Test
Per
oxid
e (H
TP)
is s
ent
to t
he r
ocke
t in
20 s
econ
ds.
3. R
ocke
t en
gine
- N
amm
o hy
brid
roc
ket
This
eng
ine
will
pro
vide
a t
hrus
t of
up
to 1
23.7
5kN
whi
ch w
ill
enab
le t
he B
lood
houn
d SS
C to
acc
eler
ate
to 1
000
mph
.
Brak
ing
syst
ems
1. A
irbra
kes
This
sys
tem
use
s 2
sepa
rate
hyd
raul
ic ra
ms
to re
duce
the
chan
ces
of a
bra
ke fa
ilure
.
Perf
orat
ed a
irbra
kes
redu
ce th
e st
ress
on
the
rear
whe
els
by b
reak
ing
up th
e ai
rflo
w.
2. P
arac
hute
sEq
uipp
ed w
ith a
32m
m d
iam
eter
bra
ided
line
(cal
led
a st
rop)
, the
par
achu
tes
have
a br
eaki
ng s
trai
n of
23
tonn
es.
3. W
heel
bra
kes
Thes
e br
akes
are
use
d w
hen
trav
elin
g at
a s
peed
bel
ow 2
50 m
ph. A
pply
ing
the
whe
el b
rake
s w
ill a
llow
the
veh
icle
to
stop
at
the
end
of t
he t
rack
and
pre
pare
the
vehi
cle
to t
urn
arou
nd.
Susp
ensi
onTh
e su
spen
sion
is
desi
gned
to
with
-
stan
d a
grea
t am
ount
of h
eavy
load
s.
INTE
RIO
R D
ES
IGN
10 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
FEATUREBLOODHOUND SSC
Whe
els
The
whe
els
are
mad
e of
sol
id a
lu-
min
ium
so
that
the
y do
not
bec
ome
wor
n ou
t.
Floo
r M
ade
of s
teel
to
avoi
d er
osio
n fr
om t
he
amou
nt o
f ro
cks
and
sand
sho
otin
g up
fro
m
the
grou
nd d
urin
g a
driv
e.
Body
wor
kTh
e fr
ont
half
is m
ade
of c
arbo
n fib
re a
nd
the
rear
sid
e is
a m
etal
lic fa
bric
atio
n.
Cano
pySi
mila
r to
the
des
ign
of a
fig
hter
jet’s
win
d-
scre
en, t
he c
anop
y pr
otec
ts t
he d
river
fro
m
800g
bird
strik
e at
100
0 m
ph.
Fin
Resp
onsi
ble
for
keep
ing
the
vehi
cle
stab
le
and
poin
ting
forw
ard.
Aero
dyna
mic
sTh
e w
ingl
ets
add
to
the
cont
rol
of
the
lift
and
the
dow
nfor
ce (
dow
nwar
ds t
hrus
t),
allo
win
g th
e ve
hicl
e to
tra
vel s
wift
ly.
EX
TER
IOR
DE
SIG
N
Tech
nica
l fac
tsLe
ngth
: 13.
470
met
res
Tailf
in h
eigh
t: 3.
8 m
etre
s
Car
mas
s (fu
lly fu
elle
d): 7
786
kg
Whe
el w
eigh
t: 95
kg
each
Whe
el d
iam
eter
: 91c
m
Perf
orm
ance
fact
s M
axim
um h
orse
pow
er: 1
35, 0
00
Spee
d: 1
,690
km
/h o
r 46
9 m
/s
Flyi
ng m
ile: 0
- 1,
000
mph
in 5
5 se
cond
s
Whe
el s
peed
: 10,
000
rpm
11Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
National Science Week 2015Focus week 2015: 3 - 9 August 2015
MAKING SCIFEST POSSIBLE
A brief behind-the-scenes look at Scifest
Walking into an office buzzing
with people and sitting down at
a desk cluttered by papers, I met
the Media Officer of Scifest Africa 2015.
Making space on his desk for my flimsy
notepad, Steven Lang updates the Twitter
page of the event and assures me that he
is listening.
It was a pleasant interview and the busy
setting complemented Lang’s job descrip-
tion. After supplying me with answers
to my questions, Lang smiled for a quick
photo and returned to his Scifest duties.
How did you promote the event?We used a wide range of channels includ-
ing press releases and advertisements in
national newspapers. We also promoted
the event through international channels
such as Facebook and Twitter. Previously,
we relied mainly on press releases but
this time we used social media platforms
more.
How has Scifest grown over the years?Scifest hosted approximately 60 000 visi-
tors in 2014 and has managed to receive
increasing support from both the public
and private sectors. The South African
government (specifically the Department
of Science and Technology) is currently the
main sponsor and there are also private
companies who support the event.
Why is Scifest held at this time of the year?Scifest has been held in the first quarter of
the year for as long as it has been around.
This is a good chance for teachers to find
ways to find inspiration for their classes
and for the youth to gain an interest in
Science.
Are there any plans to extend Scifest to other regions?Although the actual festival takes place in
Grahamstown (and will continue to be here
in the foreseeable future), there are many
activities linked to the event that take place
in other areas. There are also extensive out-
reach programmes that aim to assist train-
ers in teaching Science at rural schools.
What are the positive results of the event (specifically for the youth)?The main purpose of Scifest is to create
an interest in Science and spur curiosity.
The event succeeds in attracting youth to a
career in Science and related subjects.
FEATUREPROFILE
Mr Steven Lang
13Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
KYALAMI RACE TRACK Adrenalin and Mechanical Engineering at
their best
If you have ever watched motor racing on television then
you know how much of a spectacle it is. The booming
noises from the engines, screeching brake sounds and
the whole festive atmosphere makes motor racing one of
the top sports in the world.
In South Africa we have several racecourses which include
the Killarney Race Track but we have one that truly stands
out as our very own premier racecourse, this is the Kyalami
Race Track. This course hosted the South African Grand
Prix which is the highest level of motorsport in the world
between 1967 and 1985 and also in 1993. As it is South
Africa’s premier motor racing circuit there are numerous
racing events held at the course throughout the year. If you
love brakes, speed, adrenalin and the excitement then try to
make sure you go there one day.
Did you know?• ThelastSouthAfricanGrandPrix,heldatKyalamiin1993,
was won by Alain Prost.
• KyalamiisisiZulufor“myhome”,thisisbecausethe
course is regarded as the home of South African motor
sport.
• KyalamiwasapopularFormulaOneGrandPrixcircuitfor
many years. Its last race was in 1993 but today it still hosts
A1 racing and superbike events as well as a lot of other
motorsports.
The 4.263km anti-clockwise Kyalami circuit includes 11
turns and is a heady mix of long straights, tricky corners and
the infamous mine shaft, which continues to test even the
world’s best drivers.
Kyalami hosts a variety of domestic racing events, as well
as driver training and vehicle testing. Most weekends the
sounds of racing engines can be heard as fans flock to a
variety of events featuring all kinds of wheels from motor
bikes to racing cars.
In addition to watching motorsport, you can also test your
own skills in various high-speed activities at Kyalami. Super
karts can be rented for 30-minute or one-hour sessions,
for drivers to test their stamina and reflexes around the
circuit. Single-seater racing cars can also be hired through
Fantastic Racing.
BMW and Audi use the track to teach their drivers the skills
of defensive driving , skidding, aquaplaning and blowouts.
Fun Fact
Did you know that
the Formula 1 series
will hold 20 races for
the calendar year and
these races will be in
different exotic cities
all over the world?
KYALAMI
14 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
CSIR
RESEARCH WITH THE CSIR
The main research areas
The CSIR deals with many ideas,
problems and solutions on a daily
basis. Various research projects that
can improve the daily lives of individuals
and communities in Africa are a major ele-
ment of what they do.
The key research areas are: Robotics This includes, among others, building
robots that can work in mines through
artificial intelligence. Mining robotics are
designed to avoid obstacles and are also
used to aid search and rescue projects,
enabling assistance in the case of a mine
collapse.
Nanotechnology
This is a new branch of research that has
resulted in Nanomedicine. Research in the
field has resulted in a unique way of treat-
ing Tuberculosis through a single pill that
acts as an alternative to multiple pills and
lasts for up to two weeks.
Another example of Nanotechnology
research is a fire-resistant paint that can
be applied to lessen the damage of house
fires. This form of fire prevention could
be supplied to areas prone to unforeseen
fires.
Laser TechnologyLasers are used in many ways in profes-
sions such as Medicine and Engineering.
Laser technology can be seen in objects
that are used daily, such as CD and DVD
players and is also used in additive manu-
facturing (3D printing).
BiosciencesThis section involves indigenous knowledge
and its significance in modern technologi-
cal advancements. The remedies used by
traditional healers can be considered when
developing new products. For example, tra-
ditional healers’ knowledge on indigenous
plants can be used to develop a pill or
drink with nutritional value.
Biometrics Biometrics involves using human features
for security purposes. Developing a feature
that scans the human eye when withdraw-
ing money from an ATM is a project that
can fall under this category. Within this
category is the accurate use of fingerprints,
even in cases where the skin is burnt.
Rabies vaccine produced using tobacco leaves
Lobsight technology used by the SA Army
15Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Call for Applications The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is one of the leading multidisciplinary research and development organisations in Africa with a sterling and proud track record of developing ‘Ideas that work’ to address a wide range of challenges. With some of the best and brightest minds in the world, we provide solutions that help improve the lives of all South Africans and make a significant contribution to the global wealth of scientific knowledge.
The CSIR hereby invites bursary applications from talented young people wishing to pursue careers in science, engineering, research, technology development and innovation. The CSIR Undergraduate Bursary Programme is open to all academically qualified young people and aims to attract and increase the participation of women and black people in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers.
If you are a South African citizen successfully pursuing a degree in a STEM field at a South African university or a Grade 12 learner aiming to study for a degree in a STEM field in 2016, the CSIR bursary may just be for you.
This is a comprehensive bursary that covers all the costs associated with university studies for the duration of the approved degree programme. Costs include:
Requirements GRADE 12 LEARNERS:• A minimum of a Level 5 for English First Language or a Level 4 for English Second
Language in Grade 11. • Preferably at least a Level 6 for Mathematics and Physical Science in Grade 11. UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: • Must have passed all courses for the study period already completed.
UNDERGRADUATE
PEOPLE BEHIND IDEAS THAT WORK
To apply for a bursary:
Go to www.bursary.csir.co.za to complete and submit your application or email [email protected] for an application form or send your application by registered mail to CSIR Bursary Office, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001 or visit your nearest university.
Should you experience any problems in submitting your application, please contact the CSIR bursary office on [email protected] or (012) 841 3256
The CSIR is a responsible employer; we have put measures in place to ensure that equity is implemented such that it best serves the interests of the organisation and South Africa as a whole. Preference will be given to applicants from previously disadvantaged backgrounds and people living with disabilities. This speaks to the CSIR’s commitment to the Employment Equity Act of 1998.
Ideas that workwww.csir.co.za
CLOSING DATE: 15 JUNE 2015
TUITION FEES BOOKS
LAPTOP ALLOWANCELIVING ALLOWANCE
REGISTRATION FEES
ACCOMMODATION
CSIR BURSARY PROGRAMME 2016
Bursary Advert UNDERGRAD(215x275).indd 1 2015/04/22 10:48 AM
SCIENCE NEWS
The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope is currently in the design phase but will soon be entering its final preconstruction phase. The decision was taken unanimously by the SKA board of directors.
The Department of Science and Technology has made
a call for nominations to recognise the work done by
women in Science. The awards aim to highlight these
women as role models for the youth.
Aaron Mostoledi, South Africa’s Minister of Health, addressed the issue of Tuberculosis (TB) at the National TB screening campaign launch in Orkney in the North West province. He said; “Anybody who comes to hospitals for any ailment, we will ask them to subject themselves for TB screening”.
If one should jump through the centre of the Earth, how long would it take to reach the other side? Physics students have previously calculated the correct answer as 42 minutes. Recently, however, 4 minutes have been deducted from that estimated time.
Psychologists claim that boredom is good for stimulating creativity. Although being bored creates feelings of frustra-tion, it urges the creation of other activities and leaves you feeling motivated.
International organisations, namely the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute (HHMI), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Simons
Foundation have joined forces. The partnership announced the new
Faculty Scholars Program. Funding from this programme aims to
support American scientists in their early careers.
SCIENCE NEWS
DST
SCIFEST AFRICA 2015A celebration of Science, inventions and selfies
We arrived in Port Elizabeth on
a bumpy ride and as we dis-
embarked the Aeroplane we
witnessed a rumour come to life. With hair
blowing in all directions, we had safely
made it to the Windy City. Our 1-hour
flight left little time for browsing through
the air company’s on-board magazine but
our excitement and anticipation grew as
we saw a Scifest advertisement in the
plane’s magazine.
Looking back, my first Scifest Africa expe-
rience officially started with office talks
about the annual event and creative prep-
arations for our exhibition as well as our
workshop. While trying to come up with
a way of attracting people to our exhibi-
tion, the Science Stars team came up with
a plan. Our selfie board, as we refer to it,
was a simple frame-like cutout that united
funky hats, colorful hair and oversized sun-
glasses. This simple apparatus proved to
be our most popular attraction.
Surrounded by exhibitions with like-
minded ideas, we realised the true extent
to which Science affects the lives of all.
Everything we see has somehow evolved
from the branches of Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).
Hopeful pupils and students were intro-
duced to the key players within each
industry. Public and private organisa-
tions were represented and the union of
the two rewarded interested youth with
bursary and career opportunities. For all
those wanting to pursue a career in any
of the STEM professions, Scifest is a good
stepping stone from which one could plan
their next academic move.
The event’s main sponsor, the Department
of Science and Technology (DST), succeeded
in creating a world where all spectrums of
the studies could gather. There are career
opportunities in Research, Engineering,
Astronomy, Agriculture and many other
fields of study. From airshows outside to
the interactive workshops inside, Scifest
exceeded all my expectations. Scifest
opened our minds to endless possibilities.
18 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
WORKSHOP
LOST IN TRANSLATION A review of Science Stars magazine's
workshop at Scifest
Have you ever heard someone
speak and not understood a word
they said? Does it seem like your
teacher is explaining the new Physics
work in French? Their thoughts might
be lost in translation. Science Stars has
noticed a cloud of misunderstanding and
developed a workshop to clarify this type
of confusion.
With the aim of helping the youth trans-
late their thoughts (and the thoughts of
others) into words, Lost in Translation had a
daily slot throughout Scifest. The response
to the workshop was interesting - we spot-
ted all aspiring writers immediately as
they attentively listened and engaged with
the team.
After spending some time going through
the workshop and accepting questions
from our learners, it was our turn to ask a
few questions. We decided to keep it sim-
ple - we asked the crowd simple questions
about what was covered throughout the
workshop, as well as random questions.
The correct answers were rewarded with
a gift pack courtesy of the Department of
Science and Technology.
What was coveredThe workshop guided attendees through
the magazine process, including advice
on how to interview scientists and write
factual articles. Speaking from personal
experience, the Science Stars team walked
learners through the intricate walk to pro-
duction. We covered six main steps:
1. Brainstorming ideas;
2. Researching topics;
3. Collecting data;
4. The interviewing process;
5. Content creation;
6. Distribution of the publication.
But what if you’re not a writer?Because we know that not everyone enjoys
writing, we decided to give our audience
advice on how to tackle those dreaded
school essays. Rewriting an abstract piece
of information can be challenging, so
Science Stars magazine gave eager listen-
ers advice on how to make Science interest-
ing, exciting and understandable for other
readers.
Until next yearScience Stars wishes you well on the rest
of your academic journey. Remember, if
you experience any hiccups along the way,
contact us for help on any of your writing
assignments.
You can reach us on our Facebook page
(Science Stars Magazine) or on Twitter
(@ScienceStars2). Lucky winner of a DST hamper
19Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
ARC
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AND PERFECT POTATOES Not as simple as it tastes
A plate of Sunday food is not com-
plete without me and a packet
of chips would remain empty if it
wasn’t filled with me. What am I?
If you haven’t already guessed it and your
cravings haven’t begun yet, the answer to
this riddle is, of course, a potato. Potatoes
are an irreplaceable South African favou-
rite, but have you ever wondered how
farmers keep up with the never-ending
demand for these protein-rich vegetables?
With the rise of problematic crops and the
shift away from organic produce, there is
an ongoing debate on how healthy human
interference is in the cycle of nature. Are
we sure that using artificial light for plant
growth is a healthy, sustainable process?
Dudley Rowswell, a professional in the
field of Meteorology, answers with positive
feedback.“It’sawayofgrowingfoodwhen
you haven’t got the time to keep up with
thedemand,”heexplains.
Previously, Rowswell’s job would be to
control the weather stations and send
out forecasts. Inevitably, natural conditions
such as soil, sun and water affect the rate
at which crops can be produced. Recently,
researchers were able to mimic these char-
acteristics and produce identical
Ms Nokuthula Myeza in the lab
22 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
ARC
ways of producing potato mother material.
In charge of agricultural research projects,
the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)
has implemented a strategy to keep this
South African tradition going. Nokuthula
Myeza, manager of the in-vitro genebank,
takes us through the process of potato
production in the laboratory.
The process, which is the start of
the whole South African Seed Potato
Certification Scheme, begins with the
preparation of an artificial growth medium
which is made up of 95% water and 5%
nutrients. This medium is bound together
with a gelling agent called agar. The pota-
to tissue is then placed on the gel-like
growth medium under sterile conditions.
Sterile instruments are used to cut the
tissue which is then placed in the growth
room.
In the growth room, the tissue is exposed
to artificial lighting. The intensity of light
changes throughout the various stages of
production. When the tissue is still in its
early development, it is exposed to cool
white fluorescent light (similar to natural
sunlight) which aids its growth and multi-
plication. The tissue is exposed to purple
fluorescent lights during its final growth
stages in order for the leaves to open up
and for the plantlets to become stronger
prior to being transferred to the green-
house for seed potato production.
The standard growth time is 4 weeks and
all the material that is produced is virus-
free and certified upon leaving the labora-
tory. Between the laboratory and the field,
production of seed potatoes takes place in
the greenhouses. Farmers then use these
seed potatoes to produce potatoes in the
field.“TheARCservicestheSouthAfrican
potato industry and assists seed potato
producers in producing virus-free seed
potatoes which in turn lead to production
of disease-free and high yielding potatoes
bytheSouthAfricanfarmers”saidMyeza.
Promoting food security and food safety,
creating virus-free mother material is a
way of increasing production without los-
ing any of the essential attributes of the
natural environment. After being planted
in local fields, seed potatoes grow into big
potato tubers that are sold in commercial
markets.
Natural processes are being duplicated
and improved so that they occur faster
and affect a larger target market. Farmers
no longer need to suffer from drought or
Potato plants placed in test tubes and positioned under fluorescent white lights
Potato mother material stored in the lab Fully grown in vitro potato plants
unsuitable soils. With the help of biotech-
nology, crops can now be multiplied faster
in a lab, throughout the year and irrespec-
tive of the season. Along with an increased
yield of production comes job creation, a
greater food supply, a competitive market
and therefore cheaper cost prices for the
general public.
So, the next time you bite into a forkful of
warm, mushy potato or crunch your fingers
into a packet of flavoured potato crisps,
remember the extensive process that goes
behind the production of these vegetables.
23Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
SCIFEST GALLERY
24 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
SCIFEST GALLERY
25Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
TOP 10
TOP 10: SUPERCARSThe fastest cars on the market
These cars are based on standard
models, without any modifications,
and are completely legal (that’s if
the national speed limit will allow them
on the roads). They reach a speed of more
than double that of most average cars.
These supercars have made it onto the
most recent list of the world’s fastest cars.
1Hennessey Venom GT (435km/h)
The world’s fastest car has a price tag
of more than $1,000,000 (roughly R 12,
000, 000). The 7.0 litre LS7 Turbocharged
V8 Twin Turbo V8 Engine produces a stag-
gering 1244 hp, and the body is unforget-
table too.
2Bugatti Veyron Super Sport (431km/h)
After being placed at the top spot
for 3 years, this German-designed vehicle
is fitted with an 8.0 litre quad-turbo-
charged petrol engine.
3Koenigsegg Agera (418km/h)
Ideal for outdoor enthusiasts, this
car not only has an impressive 5.0-
liter V8 Engine with twin turbos, but can
also be fitted with special tyres and a Ski
Box for snow sports.
4A tie between SSC Ultimate Aero and 9ff GT9-R (413km/h).
Previously recognised as the fast-
est production car in the world by the
Guinness World Records, the SSC Ultimate
Aero reaches the same speed as the
German 9ff GT9-R sports car.
5Saleen S7 Twin-Turbo (399km/h)
Made entirely from carbon fibre,
this American car has boot space in
the front and the rear due to the engine’s
position in the middle section of the car.
6Koenigsegg CCX (394km/h)
With no extra features or unneces-
sary gadgets, this American car is
committed to speed.
7McLaren F1 (386km/h)
Light and streamlined, the McLaren
F1 has maintained a spot on the list
of the world’s fastest cars since 1998.
8Zenvo ST1 (374km/h)
Developed by a small team of
automotive workers, this Danish
vehicle had been sold to only 15 approved
customers after the first prototype was
produced in 2009.
9Pagani Huayra (370km/h)
Featured in the movie Transformers:
Age of Extinction, this Italian vehicle
also received positive feedback from Top
Gear magazine in 2012.
10A tie between Gumpert Apollo and
Noble M600 (362km/h).
The fibreglass body of the Gumpert Apollo
and the carbon fibre finish of the Noble
M600 are tied at 10th place, each reaching
a maximum speed of 362km/h.
26 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
AWARD WINNERS
THE BEST OF SCIFEST The list of award winners
At an event like Scifest, many companies are represented and with all the inter-
esting activities and workshops, attracting people to your exhibition can be chal-
lenging. The following exhibitions and workshops stood out and were rewarded
during a special awards ceremony held on the evening of 24 March 2015.
Best Workshop Presentation: Tic Tactical ToebytheUniZuluScienceCentre
Best Workshop Curriculum: Foam Gnomes by Dr Jeanita Pritchett
Best exhibition:1st place: The Agricultural Research Council (ARC).
2nd place: Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO).
3rd place: KwaZulu-NatalSharksBoard.
27Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
CAREERS
CAREERS AND BURSARIES Your keys to entering the
field of Science
Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa and Minister Naledi Pandor
At Scifest, Science Stars was intro-
duced to several companies and
organisations that deal with youth
upliftment. Offering bursaries, funding,
advice and support, these professional
entities help the youth in following a
career in Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics.
The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)The CSIR offers various opportunities for
Undergraduate and Postgraduate students
to complete their studies in Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.
Bursaries are available for students study-
ing full-time towards a BSc, BEng or BSc
Honours qualifications. Applications are
accepted between May and July each
year and bursaries are available to South
African students enrolled at a public high-
er education institution.
In partnership with most of the universi-
ties in South Africa, as well as certain
international universities, the CSIR offers a
scholarship programme. Targeted at post-
graduate students studying at any of these
universities, the CSIR scholarship pro-
gramme covers tuition funding and access
to the necessary equipment and facilities
needed for research projects.
The CSIR also offers a studentship pro-
gramme which funds graduates based
on their research
conducted at
the CSIR, as well
as an internship
programme which
offers graduates a
year-long working experience
at one of the national research facilities.
For more information contact Nokuthula
Zamaat(012)8413256or
South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) As part of the National Research
Foundation (NRF), the SAAO encourages
the youth to take up a career that investi-
gates the unknown. A career in Astronomy
requires research in Astrophysics and
Space Science. Undergraduate Astronomy
courses are offered at the University of
Cape Town (UCT) and the University of
South Africa (UNISA).
Postgraduate studies can be pursued
through UCT in the National Astrophysics
and Space Science Programme (NASSP).
Undergraduate and postgraduate bursa-
ries are available from the NRF (www.
nrf.ac.za), SAAO (www.saao.ac.za) and the
Square Kilometre Array, also known as SKA
(www.ska.ac.za).
Youth Technology Innovation Fund (YTIF)Have you ever had an idea but no one to
support it? The Department of Science and
Technology (DST) has come up with a way
of supporting young people with extraordi-
nary ideas. Without the need for any plan-
ning or funds, you can pursue your techno-
logical dreams, thanks to an entity of DST
- the Technology Innovation Agency (TIA).
More information is available at
www.tia.org.za
Engenius Formed in conjunction with the standards
of the Engineering Council of South Africa
(ECSA), this youth outreach programme tar-
gets schools on a national level.
More information is available at
www.engenius.org.za
Other places to considerBursaries and other learning opportunities
are also available through:
• South African National Roads Agency
Limited (SANRAL) - www.nra.co.za
• Old Mutual - www.oldmutual.co.za/
accounting.
• Council for the Built Environment (CBE) -
www.cbe.org.za
28 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
FEATUREDST
MEERKAT ANTENNA
Deputy President visits Carnarvon
On 28 February 2015, Deputy
President Cyril Ramaphosa was
guided through a site visit of the
MeerKAT and Square Kilometre Array (SKA)
SA project in South Africa’s Karoo desert.
Positioned in the small town of Carnarvon,
the world’s largest and most sensitive
radio telescope is being built.
The SKA Organisation is an international
team of professionals in the fields of
Science and Technology. This project aims
to uncover the hidden mysteries of the
Universe by studying the sky at a rate
much faster than any existing telescopic
system is able to.
Alongside the Minister of Science and
Technology, Ms Grace Naledi Mandisa
Pandor, Mr Cyril Ramaphosa officially
unveiled the second MeerKAT antenna
during the site visit. Still in its early stages
of development, the MeerKAT is set to
have a total of 64 antennas which is
expected to be completed in 2016.
The SKA SA project, which was established
in 2003, saw its first MeerKAT antenna
inaugurated in 2014. The MeerKAT pro-
gramme is an SKA precursor and was
known as the world’s largest array radio
telescope before the development of SKA.
The project aims to encourage skills
development in the fields of Science and
Technology and attract young people to
the studies. Employing a South African
team of researchers and engineers, the
project is supported by the Department of
Science and Technology.
Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa and Minister Naledi Pandor
29Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
We use communication satellites every day when we watch Digital Satellite television (DStv), access the internet or use our cell phones.
Navigation apps use GPS satellites to accurately steer you to your requested destination.
There are boundless opportunities when you consider a career in space.
However you look at it, there is SPACE for you!
Spacecraft are launched into space on rockets and need to be monitored along the way. SANSA provides launch support and recently assisted two Mars launches – NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory and India’s Mars Orbiter Mission.
Weather in space can damage satellites and interfere with our technology like GPS, cell phones and internet. SANSA keeps a close eye on space weather to protect our technology in space and on Earth.
Images from satellites are used to develop maps and monitor natural disasters like floods and droughts.
SAT
ELL
ITE
OPERATIONS TECHNICIAN
SPA
CE
WEA
THER FORECASTER
REM
OT
E SE
NSI
NG RESEARCHER
RA
DIO
FR
EQUENCY ENGINEER
South African National Space AgencyTel +27 12 844 0398 | Fax +27 12 844 0396Email [email protected] | Website www.sansa.org.za
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
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Advertorial.pdf 1 2014/03/04 2:42 PM
FEATUREDST
We use communication satellites every day when we watch Digital Satellite television (DStv), access the internet or use our cell phones.
Navigation apps use GPS satellites to accurately steer you to your requested destination.
There are boundless opportunities when you consider a career in space.
However you look at it, there is SPACE for you!
Spacecraft are launched into space on rockets and need to be monitored along the way. SANSA provides launch support and recently assisted two Mars launches – NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory and India’s Mars Orbiter Mission.
Weather in space can damage satellites and interfere with our technology like GPS, cell phones and internet. SANSA keeps a close eye on space weather to protect our technology in space and on Earth.
Images from satellites are used to develop maps and monitor natural disasters like floods and droughts.
SAT
ELL
ITE
OPERATIONS TECHNICIAN
SPA
CE
WEA
TH
ER FORECASTER
REM
OT
E SE
NSI
NG RESEARCHER
RA
DIO
FR
EQUENCY ENGINEER
South African National Space AgencyTel +27 12 844 0398 | Fax +27 12 844 0396Email [email protected] | Website www.sansa.org.za
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
Advertorial.pdf 1 2014/03/04 2:42 PM
We use communication satellites every day when we watch Digital Satellite television (DStv), access the internet or use our cell phones.
Navigation apps use GPS satellites to accurately steer you to your requested destination.
There are boundless opportunities when you consider a career in space.
However you look at it, there is SPACE for you!
Spacecraft are launched into space on rockets and need to be monitored along the way. SANSA provides launch support and recently assisted two Mars launches – NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory and India’s Mars Orbiter Mission.
Weather in space can damage satellites and interfere with our technology like GPS, cell phones and internet. SANSA keeps a close eye on space weather to protect our technology in space and on Earth.
Images from satellites are used to develop maps and monitor natural disasters like floods and droughts.
SAT
ELL
ITE
OPERATIONS TECHNICIAN
SPA
CE
WEA
TH
ER FORECASTER
REM
OT
E SE
NSI
NG RESEARCHER
RA
DIO
FR
EQUENCY ENGINEER
South African National Space AgencyTel +27 12 844 0398 | Fax +27 12 844 0396Email [email protected] | Website www.sansa.org.za
C
M
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CM
MY
CY
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Advertorial.pdf 1 2014/03/04 2:42 PM
DST
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHTIt all begins with a spark
So we all know about light and how
it works.. Wait.. Do we actually?
Maybe, just maybe there are a few
more things we could learn about light.
There are many different types of light. And we are going to try to explore a few of these:
AmbientThis is that type of light that gives the
room a soft and warm glow. It doesn’t cre-
ate a lot of shadows. You can create this
type of light by using a dimmer or some
Japanese paper shades which you can usu-
ally find in Chinese stores.
AccentThis is also known as directional light-
ing. It focuses on lighting a particular
object and bringing it out as opposed to
the other objects in a room. It could be
a picture, painting or a piece of furniture.
A light-bulb and a paper shield can help
you achieve this type of lighting. The good
thing is its perfectly cheap to recreate.
TaskTask lighting is the lighting normally used
to perform daily activities such as reading,
cooking or looking closely at something.
It normally ensures the eyes are not hurt
by direct light. A reading lamp is a perfect
example of this.
AestheticThis is the type of light used to highlight
decorative elements. A blue neon table
would be a perfect example of this type of
lighting. A spotlight illuminating a statue
on a pedestal or portrait on the wall is
also artistic and a good example of this
type of lighting.
NaturalSunlight, candlelight and firelight; this is
light that moves and is sometimes referred
to as kinetic. The quality of natural light,
sunlight in particular, depends on many
things - the time of the day, weather and
the time of the season. Next time see how
the different seasons affect the type of
natural light you see.
These are just a few of the many types of
light we have. Can you name any other
types of light?
Did you know?There are about five different methods
of light bulb light generation. These are
Incandescent, Luminescent, Combustion,
Electric Arc, Gas discharge and High
Intensity Discharge.
ActivityCan you try to find objects that recreate
these different methods and name them?
Terminology Light bulb light generation - The process by which a light bulb pro-
duces its light.
Incandescent - An electric light which produces light with a wire
thread-like structure heated to a high temperature by an electric cur-
rent passing through it until it glows.
Luminescent - This is light produced without generating heat. The light
is generated through a chemical or biochemical reaction.
Combustion - This produces light through a reaction between oxygen
and another chemical to produce a higher temperature and light.
Electric Arc - This type of light comes to be when an electric arc leaps
the gap between two electrodes thereby producing light.
Gas Discharge - This is light generated through sending an electrical
discharge through an ionised gas i.e fluorescent lighting.
High Intensity Discharge - This basically replaces the filament of a light
bulb with a gas caps
Ambient lighting: A Japanese paper shade gives off ambient lighting
Natural lighting: Sunlight occurs naturally and depends on no artificial factors
32 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Reflection happens when light strikes and then _____ a sur-
face.
A. Breaks
B. Bounces off
C. Reflects
Which of the following would reflect the most light?
A. Wooden table
B. Ceramic cup
C. Mirror
The law of reflection involves two light rays. They are?
A. Light and dark
B. Incoming and outgoing
C. Soft and hard
Which three things can light rays travel through?
A. Solids, liquids, gases
B. Air, water, outer space
C. Humans, plants, animals
What property allows light to pass through a material without
the material being scattered in different directions?
A. Translucency
B. Reflection
C. Transparency
QUIZ
1
7
8
9
10
3
4
5
6
QUIZTest your brain
What is light?
A. What we see with our eyes
B. A form of energy that travels in waves
C. A form of material that reflects
Which tool can be used to separate white light into differ-
ent colours?
A. Mirror
B. Telescope
C. Prism
The colours that make up white light are called _____?
A. Prism
B. Visible spectrum
C. Energy waves
What do light rays do as they pass from one transparent
material to another?
A. Bend
B. Disappear
C. Reflect
What does a lens do?
A. Refracts light
B. Magnifies light
C. Takes pictures
2
Bongi eats at a local restaurant during his first visit to Hakskeen Pan...
May I have a light snack
please?
Lost in Translation
Lost in Translation is produced by Roswika Media
33Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
DOWNCROSSWORD PUZZLE
WORD SEARCH
1. The high speed wheels are forged
from _______?
2. Who will drive the Bloodhound SSC?
3. How many engines does the
Bloodhound SSC have?
4. Bloodhound SSC travels faster than a
________?
5. How much does each wheel weigh?
6. Where will the testing of the
Bloodhound SSC be held?
ACROSS
PUZZLE
1. What is the Bloodhound SSC?
2. The ______ provides a degree of control,
the lift and downforce?
3. Who holds the current land speed
record?
4. What jet engine is installed in the
Bloodhound SSC?
5. What is the acronym of these subjects:
Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics?
6. Is 1, 610 km/ph (1000 m/ph) possible,
yes/no?
SPEED
SCIFEST
WORKSHOP
ROCKET
BLOODHOUND
SUPERSONIC
ENGINE LIGHT
GRAHAMSTOWN
WHEELS
RACECOURSE
JET
HORSEPOWER
CAR
WORD SEARCH
E U T O R A C K A C S N
P O H S K R O W I W D W
T R D H R P Q N Y N E O
E O C O L B O E U S E T
N C R R S S W O T C P S
I K B S R W H N E I S M
G E Y E L D E B J F O A
N T P P O B E V E E N H
E U J O K K L T M S P A
S N L W K H S L U T D R
Y B Z E E D T H G I L G
M E S R U O C E C A R T
1
2
3
2
4
3 4
5
6 5
6
34 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
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1
2
2
4
3
3
4
5
5
6
Health Word Scramble
ANSWERS
1. ACATRBEI- BACTERIA2. LBDOO - BLOOD3. ELGYALR - ALLERGY4. IEXEESRC - EXERCISE5. ISVUR - VIRUS6. LPSHIOAT - HOSPITAL7. IEIMDECN - MEDICINE8. EIHYGEN - HYGIENE
9. ULGSN - LUNGS10. REAWT - WATER11. ERTHA - HEART12. XGYNEO - OXYGEN13. IESADSE - DISEASE14. OSTYMMSP - SYMPTOMS15. ESNUR - NURSE
CROSSWORD PUZZLE
ANSWERSHealth and Medical Science magazine
LIFE WITHIN HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCE
ISSUE 08SCIENCESTARS
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1. Cerebrum
2. Liver
3. 206
4. Skin
5. Liver
6. 70 beats
7. Brain
8. Myopia
QUIZ
35Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
DST
SANSA explores light in all its formsAT THE SPEED OF LIGHT
What SANSA doesStudying what happens
between the earth and the
sun, the South African National Space
Agency (SANSA) is made up of a team
of professionals in the fields of Physics,
Mathematics, Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science.
Established in 2010, the agency has four programmes. These include;• Earth Observation Programme -
researches agricultural factors such as soil,
water and vegetation;
• Space Operations Programme - provides
ground station facilities and services;
• Space Science Programme - based in
Cape Town, this programme facilitates the
study of the space environment and the
effects of the sun on it;
• Space Engineering Programme - in
charge of building satellites through
research on Physics, Maths, Electronics and
Mechatronics.
The classes of the electromagnetic spectrum and examples of everyday objects they exist in:Radio - Televisions, Telephones, Radio sta-
tions, Telescopes.
Microwave - Microwaves, Cellular phones.
Infrared - TV remotes, body heat, security
cameras, health services.
Visible - Anything we see with our naked
eye.
Ultraviolet - Banks use this to detect any
Electromagnetic spectrum
fraudulent notes.
X-rays - Medical purposes.
Gamma rays - Nuclear power plants, nucle-
us of an atom, Sun and stars.
TaskResearch the differences between longitu-
dinal and transverse waves.
Did you know?Listening to the radio and watching TV
is made possible when a satellite dish
amplifies frequencies and sends it back to
a receiving earth station. The satellite sub-
mits with one frequency and receives with
one frequency so that there is no interfer-
ence in the channels.
TerminologyElectric field: The electric force per unit charge.
Electromagnetic spectrum: Putting waves in order of
wavelength.
Electromagnetic wave: A wave produced by the accel-
eration of an electric charge and propagated by the
periodic variation of intensities.
Magnetism: Physical phenomena that are mediated by
magnetic fields which arise due to temperature, pres-
sure and other variables.
Wavelength: The frequency of a wave.
37Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
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DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E
ACTIVITY
A workshop by UniZulu Science CentreTHE STORY OF LIGHT
Covering various topics centred on
light (such as the types of light,
the energy and intensity of light),
the Science Centre of the University of
Zululand(UniZulu)hostedaninteractive
workshop named; The Story of Light.
Light behaves in different ways when exposed to various situations. Study the
What happened?When the glass is empty, the coin is visible. Once water
is poured into the glass, the coin is no longer visible
through the side of the glass. What is the reason for this?
A. Reflection
B. Refraction
C. Diffraction
D. Interference
following terms and then use them to do the activity:A. Reflection - this occurs when light
bounces off a surface (for example, when
it shines through a mirror).
B. Refraction - this occurs when light
bends in different mediums or densities
(like when you look through a magnifying
Your task:Do further research on the four behaviours of light and compile
a list of examples of each that can be seen in everyday life.
glass).
C. Diffraction - this occurs when light
bends because of an obstacle or a slit.
D. Interference - this is a result of con-
structive or destructive light (responsible
for the colours that are formed at the back
of a CD).
• PlacetheR1coinundertheglass.
• Lookthroughthesideoftheglass.
What do you see?
What you need:
• Ajugwithwater
• Anemptyglass
• AR1coin
• Slowlyfilltheglassupto1/3 with
water.
• Lookthroughthesideoftheglass
again. What do you see now?
Activity
38 Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
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DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E
Visit www.adoptaschool.org.za/get-involve/backtoschoolfortheday/ for help in identifying a school to support and for more information on how to plan a
successful corporate volunteering event for Mandela Day.
TOGETHER WE CAN MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE IN EDUCATION!
ANYBODY CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE THROUGH DONATING
THEIR TIME, KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND RESOURCES.
Join Adopt-a-School Foundation to celebrate Mandela Day by going back to a school in need of a makeover! Save the Date and start
planning your Back to School for a Day on Mandela Day.
PLEASE JOIN ADOPT-A-SCHOOL FOUNDATION AS WE CELEBRATE MADIBA’S LIFE AND HIS PASSION FOR EDUCATION BY GOING BACK TO SCHOOL FOR A DAY.
gardening / landscaping
sports / recreation
educational resources
minorrenovations
educator admin
feeding schemes
C
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