Download - SPIE Photonics West 2012 ,PERFOS chalcogenide photonics crystal fiber presentation

PERFOS : R&D platform of Photonics Bretagne

DEVELOPING CUSTOM MICROSTRUCTURED FIBERS FOR YOUR APPLICATION

RECENT ADVANCES IN VERY HIGHLY NONLINEAR CHALCOGENIDE PHOTONIC

CRYSTAL FIBERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

David Méchin1, Laurent Brilland1, Johann Troles2,3, Thierry

Chartier2,4, Pascal Besnard2,4, Guillaume Canat5, Gilles Renversez6

1PERFOS (France), 2UEB (France), 3EVC (France), 4FOTON (France), 5ONERA (France), 6Institut Fresnel (France).

DEVELOPING CUSTOM MICROSTRUCTURED FIBERS FOR YOUR APPLICATION DEVELOPING CUSTOM MICROSTRUCTURED FIBERS FOR YOUR APPLICATION

Introduction

Chalcogenide Microstructured Fibers (EVC, PERFOS)

Four-wave Mixing Based Wavelength Conversion (FOTON)

Mid-IR Supercontinuum And Fourth-order Cascaded Raman Shift (ONERA)

Brillouin Fiber Laser (FOTON)

Conclusion and Perspectives

Outline


Introduction

Last month, the Perfos association became « Photonics Bretagne », the official

photonics cluster of the Bretagne region in France.

Perfos is now the R&D platform of the

cluster and continues to design and

fabricate specialty microstructured fibers,

both in silica and chalcogenide.

3


Introduction

Evosens

MicroModule

CNRS LSOL

RESO

PERDYN

Amgmicrowave, FCequipments, Ideoptics, Idil, Ixfiber, Jmdthèque, Keopsys, Kerdry, Laseo, Laserconseil,

Mulann-Prolann, Oxxius, Quantel, Yenista, CNRS FOTON, ENSSAT, IUT-Lannion (Mesures Physiques), Lycée Le

Dantec (BTS Génie optique), ABRET, CAD22, Technopole Anticipa.

Diafir

Edixia

Le Verre Fluoré

Optinvent

CNRS EVC

CNRS IPR Photonique

BDI

Bretagne international

CCIR

Institut Maupertuis

MEITO

LANNION

BREST

RENNES

The Photonics Bretagne cluster has 42 members:

22 companies, 10 R&D centers and schools, 10 support agencies.

Not based in Bretagne: Thales Underwater Systems, DCNS, ONERA, ISL, Rhénaphotonics.

4


Introduction






Outline


The Chalcogenide Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) open the way

of new applications in the near and middle infrared region

GeSbS

As2Se3

Chalcogenide

glasses

Transmission extends

far in infrared region

A high nonlinear

refractive index n2 1 2

Why use chalcogenide fibers?

6


Nonlinear applications:

-Supercontinuum generation in Mid IR: spectroscopy application

by LIDAR system

-Optical Transmission in singlemode or multimode guiding regime

(with small or large Mode Field Diameter)

-At Telecom wavelengths (Kerr, Brillouin and Raman effects):

Optical gates, wavelength conversion…

Passive functions:

-Sensors: a lot of chemical species has their fundamental vibration

in the Mid IR (CO2 detection)

And much more!!

Potential of applications

7


Chalcogenide glass properties

8


-Water, oxides, carbon, bubbles and other impurities have to

be removed to improve chalcogenide fibre transmission

-Some distillations under vacuum are necessary to remove the

residual pollutants in order to obtain high purity glass.

Vaccum

pump

Liquid

nitrogen.

Silica

Ampoule

Sealing place

Elements

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50

Time (hours)

Tem

pera

ture (

°C)

Heating and

reaction of

the elements

Homogenization

Condensation

of vapors

Quenching

100°C / min

Annealing

Cooling

Thermal treatment in a rocking furnace

Sulfur based glass Selenium based glass

Technological key point: glass purification

9


Technological key point: glass purification

10

AsSe glass

-Good stability against crystallization

- Low loss (purification capability)

- Aging

n≈2.8 at 1,55µm tg ≈165°C n2~500*n2silica

The Purification steps are crucial to obtain low loss fiber:

High purity glass Unpurified glass

OH Oxydes OH

10


P

Neutral gas

arrival

Pressure

gas

system

Drawing

surrounding

wall Heating area

Diameter

measurement

Optical fiber

Tension

measurement drum

Drawing parameters :

Preform speed= 1mm/min

Drum speed= 5 m/min

Drawing temperature= 360°C

L> 50m

Drawing tower

11


nsilice

nair

neffectif

• Low cladding index

• nair < nsilica

• Design defined by d/

• Endessly singlemode (d/ < 0.45)

• Dispersion management

• Mode diameter less sensitive to

• High nonlinearity coefficient

• Photonic bandgap fiber

d

Why use microstructured fibers

12


• The losses decrease with the number of

rings

• For high index materials like Chalcogenide

glasses, three rings of holes are enough to

obtain waveguide losses lower than material

losses (~ 1dB/m)

Microstructured Chalcogenide Fibers: Properties

13


Stack of capillaries

Tubes fabrication from

the rotationnal method

Microstructured

fiber

Stacking together capillaries and rods to form a preform with a solid central region

surrounded by an array of air holes which is then drawn down to form a PCF

Stack and draw technique (Old method)

14


Capillaries

holes

Bubbles

Interstitial

holes

Capillaries

interfaces

During the jacketing process, microinhomogeneities

appear on the preform:

-Bubbles are due to the negative pressure

-Origin of the colour contrast at the

capillary interfaces is unclear: Crystals, very small

bubbles, volatile material deposition…

Other fabrication methods had to be developed to reach losses < 1dB/m

Main drawback of the method: losses greater than 15 dB/m

Stack and draw technique (Old method)

15


Glass molded

on capillaries

1st step: mold fabrication

Microstructured

silica guides

Silica capillaries

Glass rod

Silica tube

2nd step: heating and flowing steps

hydrofluoric acid

3nd step: silica capillaries removal

AsSe preform

(Φ~16mm; L~5 cm

Molding technique (New method)

16


Coefficient of thermal expansion:

Chalcogenide glasses Silica glass

[14 -25 ].10-6 K-1 >> 0.54. 10-6 K-1

Silica capillaries induce an important mechanical stress to the chalcogenide

glass

Chalcogenide glass breaking

With the right dimensions, the silica capillaries are more

flexible and do not induce chalcogenide glass breaking

Molding technique key point: Capillary thickness

17


- Background attenuation < 0.5 dB/m,

- [email protected]µm<50dB/km!!!

- OH peak attenuation < 3 dB/m

Multimode grapefruit AsSe PCF

PCF fabricated using the molding technique

18

0

1

2

3

4

5

1 3 5 7

Att

en

ua

tio

n (

dB

/m)

Wavelength (µm)


PCF fabricated using the molding technique

But also:

Endlessly singlemode fiber,

Suspended core fiber,

Small-core fiber,

Large-core fiber…

19


The large nonlinearity of chalcogenide

PCFs induces extremely strong Kerr,

Raman and Brillouin effects:

* γ~ 30 000 W-1km-1 demonstrated in 2010!

* Chalcogenide glass has very high negative

dispersion below 2µm

* Brillouin: ΔνB = 8.2 GHz

gB = 100 x times gB fused silica

* Raman:ΔνR = 9.8 THz

gR = 180 x times gR fused silica

Nonlinear optics in Chalcogenide PCF

Glasses n2Glass / n2SiO2

SiO2 1

As2S3 120

Ge15Sb20S65 140

GeSe4 400

As2Se3 650

n2 (m2/W)

Selenium based glasses

Oxide glasses

Sulfur based glasses

Fluoride glasses

10-17

10-18

10-20

10-21

20


Introduction






Outline


Goal: Signal processing at low power

LTF

LFIBER=1m

FA≈280µm

LTF

c~1m

A~5m

10cm 10cm

Asse Suspended-core Tapered Fiber

effAn 22Nonlinear Parameter: Aeff: effective area of the guided mode≈1µm2

n2: nonlinear refractive index≈500n2silica

= 46 000 km-1W-1 ≈ 2 km-1W-1 for standard silica fiber

≈ 70 km-1W-1 for ultra nonlinear silica PCF

A high value of enables to enhance nonlinear effect at low power

Key points:

-Ultra nonlinearity

-Low loss

Wavelength conversion by Four Wave Mixing

22


2010: Fiber 1 (presented at ECOC 2010)

٥ = 31 300 W-1km-1

٥ = 4.6 dB/m

٥ D = -820 ps/km-nm

٥ Insertion loss: 10 dB

2011: Fiber 2 (presented at ECOC 2011)

c~2 m

LF = 1 m

c~1.13 m

A~5 m

٥ = 46 000 W-1km-1

٥ = 0.9 dB/m

٥ D = -300 ps/km-nm

٥ Insertion loss: 4.2 dB

Mode adaptation reducing coupling losses

Wavelength conversion by Four Wave Mixing

23


Wavelength conversion by four wave mixing

24

Definition of FWM efficiency :

1

2

FWMFWM

P

P

• PFWM1 : Peak power of FWM signal at the output of AsSe fiber

• P2 : Power of CW pump signal launched into the AsSe fiber

1 + 2 = 3+ 4

1 2

FWM1 FWM2

Pulsed pump

ConvertedSignal

CW pump

3 1 2 4



25

10 GHz clock signal

50:50

Coupler

BPF Attenuator EDFA

PC EDFA

Clock

signal

CW

Laser

PwM

AsSe fiber

Free-space

Coupling 10%

90%

PC Optical Spectrum

Analyser

Powermeter

10 GHz or

42.7 GHz

42.7 GHz clock signal

Time (ps)

5 ps

30

20

10

0

Po

we

r (m

W)

0 10 20 40 30 50 60 70

Time (ps)

8.3 ps

0 20 40 80 60 100 120

30

20

10

0 Po

we

r (m

W)


Wavelength conversion (10GHz)

Δ

(nm)

Pin.10G

(mW)

Pin.CW

(mW)

PFWM1

(mW)

FWM1

(dB)

FWM2

(dB)

1.9 8.9 8.1 0.18 -5.6 -21

26

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 -30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Wavelength detuning Δ (nm)

Eff

icie

nc

y (

dB

)

(c)

Experiment

Simulation

1544 1548 1552 1556 1560 1564 -70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

Wavelength (nm)

Inte

ns

ity (

a.u

)

CW pump 2

Pulsed pump 1

Anti-Stokes

FWM1

FWM2

FWM3

Stokes

(a)

1546 1548 1550 1552 1554 1556 1558 1560

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

= 1.9 nm = 2.2 nm = 2.4 nm = 2.8 nm

Wavelength (nm)

Inte

ns

ity (

a.u

)

(b)

1 = 1552.7 nm;

2 = 1 + Δ

Improvement of 21 dB comparing to the previous fiber

17.0 mW


Wavelength conversion (42.7GHz)

Δ

(nm)

Pin.40G

(mW)

Pin.CW

(mW)

PFWM1

(mW)

FWM1

(dB)

FWM2

(dB)

6.1 10.1 7.1 0.026 -17.5 -36

27

Wavelength (nm)

Inte

ns

itu

y (

a.u

)

1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10 42.7GHz 1 CW pump

2

FWM1

FWM2

(b)

1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

Wavelength (nm)

Inte

ns

ity (

a.u

)

(a)

4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

Wavelength detuning Δ (nm)

Eff

ica

cit

y (

dB

)

Experiment

Simulation

(c)

CW 42.7 GHz

17.2 mW

1 = 1549.9 nm;

2 = 1 + Δ

DEVELOPING CUSTOM MICROSTRUCTURED FIBERS FOR YOUR APPLICATION 28

Solution: use a singlemode fiber (results will be presented at OFC 2012)

Input PRBS signal Output PRBS signal

20

10

0

0 40 20 80 60 Po

we

r (m

W)

Time (ps) 0 40 20 80 60

30

20

10

0

Po

we

r (m

W)


Demonstration of efficient FWM at 10 GHz and 42.7 GHz

with a chalcogenide fiber

Optical power compatible with telecom applications

high speed signal processing?

Closed eye-diagram with a PRBS RZ signal because of

the multimode behavior of the fiber


Introduction






Outline


Raman shift by pumping at 2 µm in ns regime

30

3 Raman shifts at :

2092 nm

2205 nm

2330 nm

Pumping away from ZDW

Normal dispersion regime 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

No

rma

lize

d I

nte

nsity (

dB

)

Wavelength (nm)

1 W

2 W

3 W

5 W

L = 4.4 m

Splicer n°1

UHNA

As38Se62 fiber

Optical

Spectrum

Analyser

2µm laser

source

Suspended core fiber

dc = 3.5 µm

Zero Dispersion Wavelength ≈ 3.15 µm

10 ns pulses


2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500

-60

-30

0

Experimental data Simulation

Norm

aliz

ed

In

ten

sity (

dB

)

Wavelength (nm)

Raman shift by pumping at 2 µm in ns regime

L = 1.8 m

P = 11 W peak power

4 orders Raman shifts in AsSe fiber

gR = 2.3 10-11 m/W @ 1.55 µm

gR = 1.8 10-11 m/W @ 2 µm

Measurement of the Raman

gain coefficient

Same set-ut

Low injected peak power

(1 Raman shift in 0.7 m)

Comparison between experimentation

and simulation


1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

No

rma

lise

d P

ow

er

(dB

)

Wavelength (nm)

150 W

25 W

• At low peak power (25W injected) :

• Multiple peaks around the pump wavelength

• Satisfy the energy conservation relation

• At high peak power (150W injected)

• Supercontinuum generation

• Broadening stops at 2600 nm

signalidlerpompe 2

CONFIAN

Mid-IR Supercontinuum by pumping in ps regime

Source

Singlemode mode-locked fiber source at 1960nm

3.5 ps / 11.2 MHz / 9 kW peak power

AsSe tapered suspended core fiber

ZDW ~2 µm in the waist

More details see Paper 8237-113 (Poster yesterday)


Introduction






Outline


Chalcogenide Brillouin Fiber Laser

34

Silica

(Song) [1]

AsSe

(Song) [1]

AsSe

(Florea) [2]

AsS

(Florea) [2]

AsSe

(Foton)

Refractive index, n 1.47 2.81 2.81 2.45 2.81

Mode effective area, Aeff [m²] 6.78E-11 3.94E-11 6.31E-11 1.39E-11 8E-12

Losses [dB/m] 0.001 0.84 0.9 0.57 1.0

Length L [m] 2 5 5 10 3

Effective length, Leff [m] 2 3.23 3.1 5.6 2.16

Brillouin gain coefficient, gB [m/W] 4.40E-11 6.10E-09 6.75E-09 3.90E-09 5.60E-09

Brillouin gain measured in suspended-core chalcogenide fiber 6.10-9 m/W

(2 orders of magnitude higher than in SMF28 fibers)

[1] K.Y. Song et al. , Highly efficient Brillouin slow and fast light using As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber. Optics Express,

14(13) :5860–5865, 2006.

[2] C. Florea et al., Stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode As2S3 and As2Se3 chalcogenide fibers. Optics

Express, 14(25) :12063–12070, 2006.

Brillouin characterization


Chalcogenide Brillouin Fiber Laser

35

Nonresonant pumping of the cavity No need for servo-locking

Laser threshold 22 mW with an efficiency of 30%

Laser linewidth < 4 kHz (Resolution of self-heterodyne bench)

Configuration of the ring cavity Laser

threshold


Relative Intensity Noise of the BFL

٥ RIN reduction of 5 dB around the relaxation frequency peak

٥ Excess intensity noise for low frequencies due to unstable operation

(polarization) and reinjection of pump wave due to Fresnel reflection

٥ Multiple peaks for low frequencies laser sensitive to environmental noise

Chalcogenide Brillouin Laser

36


Chalcogenide Brillouin Laser

NOISE PERFORMANCE OF THE BFL

37

٥ Around 6 dB reduction of the BFL frequency noise as compared to its pump laser [3]

٥ Important noise contribution for low frequencies BFL very sensitive to environmental

noise and not properly packaged (Same behaviour with a SMF-28 BFL )

Frequency noise of the BFL


Introduction






Outline


-The interest of chalcogenide glasses is the association of their mid-infrared transmission with :

- Their highly nonlinear properties

- Photonic crystal fiber properties

- Stack and draw and molding fabrication process have been compared. The losses of the fibers prepared

by the molding method are close to the material losses.

- Low loss have been obtained in a multimode 6-hole suspended core PCF:

- 0.4 dB/m at 1.55 µm, less than 50 dB/km at 3.7 µm!

- Weak Se-H absorption band, and only 3 dB/m at 2.9 µm (O-H band)

- Singlemode behavior of chalcogenide PCF in Mid-IR:

- AsSe PCF at the telecom wavelengths (0.8 dB/m)

-Record high ~ 30 000 W-1km-1 demonstrated in 2010 in fibers, ~ 46 000 W-1km-1 demonstrated

this year in « tapered » fibers

Conclusion and Perspectives (1/2)

39


Conclusion and Perspective (2/2)

40

٥ Demonstration of the wavelength conversion for telecommunications

signal at 10 GHz and 42.7 GHz.

٥ Generation of Raman stokes band and Four wave-mixing

٥ Mid-IR supercontinuum generation

٥ Brillouin chalcogenide fiber laser demonstrated

٥ High potential for high-speed optical signal processing but also for

passive applications (Mid-IR sensors,power delivery…)


References and Aknowledgement

41

The authors would like to acknowledge:

French ANR (Confian, Futur), FUI (ATOS) and DGA.

They also want to thank the following researchers for their active participation in this

work (see references in the paper):

Kenny Hey Tow, Matthieu Duhant, Sy Dat Le, Perrine Toupin, Quentin Coulombier,

William Renard, Duc Minh Nguyen, Monique Thual, Laurent Bramerie.

PERFOS : R&D platform of Photonics Bretagne


PLEASE COME AND VISIT US AT OUR BOOTH (BOOTH NUMBER: 2111)!!!

DAVID MÉCHIN ([email protected]) WWW.PHOTONICS-BRETAGNE.COM/PERFOS

Perfos

R&D platform of Photonics Bretagne

11 rue Louis de Broglie

22300 Lannion – France

mailto:[email protected]





