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Page 1: SOUTH AFRICA and APARTHEID. South Africa Most developed and wealthiest nation in Africa.

SOUTH AFRICA and APARTHEID

Page 2: SOUTH AFRICA and APARTHEID. South Africa Most developed and wealthiest nation in Africa.

South AfricaSouth AfricaMost developed and wealthiest nation in AfricaMost developed and wealthiest nation in Africa

Page 3: SOUTH AFRICA and APARTHEID. South Africa Most developed and wealthiest nation in Africa.

Quick Early HistoryQuick Early History Europeans came in 1600’s (Dutch, Germans, French) and Europeans came in 1600’s (Dutch, Germans, French) and

came to be known as came to be known as AfrikanersAfrikaners or or BoersBoers . They claimed . They claimed more & more African land by treaty and by force.more & more African land by treaty and by force.

In late 1800’s gold was discovered and more people, In late 1800’s gold was discovered and more people, especially the British, arrived. especially the British, arrived.

Friction developed and the British asserted more control… Friction developed and the British asserted more control… Boer war --> British rule 1902.Boer war --> British rule 1902.

In 1961, South Africa achieved independence from Britain, In 1961, South Africa achieved independence from Britain, but not from white domination. but not from white domination.

1950-1980 economy grew VERY fast: WHY?1950-1980 economy grew VERY fast: WHY?

1. Coal 2. Money to invest 1. Coal 2. Money to invest

3. Connections with Europe3. Connections with Europe

4. African cheap labor4. African cheap labor

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Beginnings of ApartheidBeginnings of Apartheid In 1948, the white minority government In 1948, the white minority government

instituted a policy of apartheid or complete instituted a policy of apartheid or complete separation of the races. separation of the races.

It banned social contact between blacks It banned social contact between blacks and whites and established segregated and whites and established segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods. schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods.

Although the blacks made up 70% of the Although the blacks made up 70% of the population, they received only a small population, they received only a small amount of the land, keeping the best land amount of the land, keeping the best land for the whites.for the whites.

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Apartheid laws Apartheid laws determineddetermined

Where you could liveWhere you could live Whom you could marryWhom you could marry Whom you could do business withWhom you could do business with Restricted land ownershipRestricted land ownership Police powers including arresting people without a trialPolice powers including arresting people without a trial Restriction of movement – had to have passesRestriction of movement – had to have passes Regulation of living conditions, separate entrances for Regulation of living conditions, separate entrances for

non whitesnon whites Regulation of pay and types of jobs for blacksRegulation of pay and types of jobs for blacks Lack of recognition for black labor unionsLack of recognition for black labor unions Denied any representation of nonwhites in the national Denied any representation of nonwhites in the national

governmentgovernment

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Many white and black South Africans fought apartheid through peaceful protest but the well armed South African army responded with deadly force.

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Government Racial Government Racial CategoriesCategories

• “European” – British and Dutch descent

• “African” – various African ethnic groups

• “Asian” – mostly of Indian descent

• “Colored” – mixed race groups

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EuropeansEuropeans

Whites dominated – government, industry, agriculture, education, the military and the press

17% of the population yet owned 87% of land

White Society = wealth and luxury, highest standard of living in Africa, attempted to recreate European society in their cities

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Asians and ColoredsAsians and Coloreds 13% population Skilled jobs, secondary education Marriage illegal until 1980s 1980s right to vote

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AfricansAfricans

70% population Could not vote, little education, menial jobs Passbooks 1958 forced to live on reserves (homelands) Reserves = 13% South Africa’s land. Poor

land, limited farming, few facilities such as factories, modern roads, schools and hospitals

Black Society = poverty, struggling each day to feed their families, denied education, housing, and high-paying jobs

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• Black Men = live apart from families for as much as 11 months of each year

• Black Women = domestic servants in houses owned by white people

• Blacks illegally squatted in shanty towns on the outskirts of white cities

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ResistanceResistance

In 1912, the blacks In 1912, the blacks founded the African founded the African National Congress (ANC) National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights.to fight for their rights.

• Resistance Movement = civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts, and nonviolent demonstrations

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ResistanceResistance In 1949, Nelson Mandela emerged as one of the In 1949, Nelson Mandela emerged as one of the

leaders of the ANC and he led the struggle to end leaders of the ANC and he led the struggle to end apartheid that resulted in his being imprisoned.apartheid that resulted in his being imprisoned.

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Soweto (SOuth WEstern TOwnship)Soweto (SOuth WEstern TOwnship)on the outskirts of Johannesburg. on the outskirts of Johannesburg.

It is the largest black urban centre in the country and was the It is the largest black urban centre in the country and was the centre of resistance against Apartheid during the 70's and 80's. centre of resistance against Apartheid during the 70's and 80's.

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1976 Soweto 1976 Soweto

On June 16, 1976, On June 16, 1976, students left school in students left school in Soweto and other areas to protest the Soweto and other areas to protest the requirement to learn Afrikaansrequirement to learn Afrikaans, replacing , replacing English, in the sub-standard English, in the sub-standard BantuBantu education education system.system.

English was seen as a language of freedom, English was seen as a language of freedom, connecting Africans to the larger world, while connecting Africans to the larger world, while Afrikaans, a South African variety of Dutch, Afrikaans, a South African variety of Dutch, was seen as the language of the oppressor was seen as the language of the oppressor state, the then ruling National Party. state, the then ruling National Party.

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Police opened fire on the Police opened fire on the students, killing first students, killing first Hector Peterson, a Hector Peterson, a young boy. young boy.

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It took the government more than 12 months to It took the government more than 12 months to contain the unrest which began on June 16 1976. contain the unrest which began on June 16 1976. More than 500 people were killed and more than More than 500 people were killed and more than 2,000 were injured during the uprising which followed. 2,000 were injured during the uprising which followed. Political meetings were banned, and armed police Political meetings were banned, and armed police patrolled the streets of Soweto. Student leaders patrolled the streets of Soweto. Student leaders sought sanctuary at a nearby church.sought sanctuary at a nearby church.

Regina Mundy church was a haven. The police were Regina Mundy church was a haven. The police were not allowed to enter its doors. But instead they fired not allowed to enter its doors. But instead they fired bullets and tear gas through the windows.bullets and tear gas through the windows.

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This unfortunate series of events lead to 14 years of This unfortunate series of events lead to 14 years of unremitting violence in the country.unremitting violence in the country.

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Soon after the uprising, Nelson Mandela Soon after the uprising, Nelson Mandela got involved. After witnessing and got involved. After witnessing and reading of the killings in Soweto, reading of the killings in Soweto, Mandela (head of ANC) began using Mandela (head of ANC) began using violence to get his point of black violence to get his point of black equality across. The Africa National equality across. The Africa National Congress now adopted the idea of Congress now adopted the idea of terrorism as a means to their end.terrorism as a means to their end.

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International PressureInternational Pressure

By the 1980’s, nations around the world By the 1980’s, nations around the world pressured South Africa to end apartheid.pressured South Africa to end apartheid.

So what could the rest of the world do?So what could the rest of the world do? It’s another independent country- what can be done?It’s another independent country- what can be done?

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SanctionsSanctionsActions that punish a countryActions that punish a country

No investmentsNo investments No buying their productsNo buying their products No tradeNo trade Banned from OlympicsBanned from Olympics Air travel restrictionsAir travel restrictions

SanctionsSanctions were costing them $ were costing them $2 Billion2 Billion per year! per year!

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Apartheid EndsApartheid EndsIn 1989 In 1989 Mr. DeKlerkMr. DeKlerk became prime became prime

minister, and started making minister, and started making changes, even though he was under changes, even though he was under a lot of pressure not to.a lot of pressure not to.

He released He released Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela who had who had been in prison 20 years for protesting been in prison 20 years for protesting Apartheid. Apartheid.

1990-91 all Apartheid laws were 1990-91 all Apartheid laws were removedremoved

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Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace Prize

In 1993 DeKlerk and Mandela In 1993 DeKlerk and Mandela were given the Nobel Peace were given the Nobel Peace prize for their work in bringing prize for their work in bringing an end to Apartheid.an end to Apartheid.

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Majority RuleMajority Rule

An election that An election that involved members of involved members of all races took place all races took place in 1994, making in 1994, making Nelson Mandela the Nelson Mandela the first black President first black President of South Africa.of South Africa.

de Klerk is sworn in as deputy president.

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DeKlerk & MandelaDeKlerk & Mandela

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We dedicate this day to all the heroes and heroines in this country and the rest of the world who sacrificed in many ways and surrendered their lives so that we could be free. Their dreams have become reality. Freedom is their reward. We are both humbled and elevated by the honor and privilege that you, the people of South Africa, have bestowed on us, as the first President of a united, democratic, non-racial and non-sexist South Africa, to lead our country out of the valley of darkness. We understand that there is no easy road to freedom. We know it well that none of us acting alone can achieve success. We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world.

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Let there be justice for all.

Let there be peace for all.

Let there be work, bread, water and salt for all.

Let each know that for each the body, the mind and the soul have been freed to fulfill themselves.

Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world.

Let freedom reign.

The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement!

God bless Africa!

Thank you.

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Lingering ProblemsLingering Problems

The policy of apartheid has hurt the The policy of apartheid has hurt the economy of South Africa.economy of South Africa.

Many countries imposed sanctions to not Many countries imposed sanctions to not do business with or invest in South Africa do business with or invest in South Africa during apartheid.during apartheid.

Apartheid led to poor education of blacks, Apartheid led to poor education of blacks, creating an uneducated mass of young creating an uneducated mass of young people.people.