Solubility

Solubility

SATURATED SOLUTION

no more solute dissolves

UNSATURATED SOLUTIONmore solute

dissolves

SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION

becomes unstable, crystals form

increasing concentration

Solubility Table

LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 517

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Solubility vs. Temperature for Solids

Sol

ubili

ty (

gram

s of

sol

ute/

100

g H

2O)

KI

KCl

20

10

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

110

120

130

140

100

NaNO3

KNO3

HCl NH4Cl

NH3

NaCl KClO3

SO2

shows the dependence

of solubility on temperature

gases

solids

Solubility

SolubilitySolubility

maximum grams of solute that will dissolve

in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature

varies with temp

based on a saturated solution

SolubilitySolubility

Solids are more soluble at...Solids are more soluble at...• high temperatures.

Gases are more soluble at...Gases are more soluble at...• low temperatures &• high pressures (Henry’s Law).• EX: nitrogen narcosis, the “bends,” soda

Temp. (oC)

Solubility(g/100 g H2O)

KNO3 (s)

KCl (s)

HCl (g)

SOLUBILITYCURVE

Solubility how much solute dissolves in a given amt.

of solvent at a given temp.

unsaturated: solution could hold more solute; belowbelow line

saturated: solution has “just right” amt. of solute; onon line

supersaturated: solution has “too much” solute dissolved in it;

above the line

To

Sol.

To

Sol.

Solids dissolved in liquids Gases dissolved in liquids

As To , solubility As To , solubility

per100 gH2O

Classify as unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated.

80 g NaNO3 @ 30oC unsaturated

45 g KCl @ 60oC saturated

50 g NH3 @ 10oC unsaturated

70 g NH4Cl @ 70oC supersaturated

So sat. pt. @ 40oC for 500 g H2O = 5 x 66 g = 330 g

120 g < 330 g unsaturated

saturation point @ 40oC for 100 g H2O = 66 g KNO3

Per 500 g H2O, 120 g KNO3 @ 40oC

(A) Per 100 g H2O, 100 g Unsaturated; all

soluteNaNO3 @ 50oC. dissolves; clear

solution.

(B) Cool solution (A) very Supersaturated; extraslowly to 10oC. solute remains in solution;

still clear.

Describe each situation below.

(C) Quench solution (A) in Saturated; extra solute an ice bath to 10oC. (20 g) can’t remain in

solution, becomes visible.

Hotpack / Coldpack

http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm

Hot and Cold Packs Article

KeysKeysKeysKeys

Article "Hot and Cold Packs" 

ChemMatters Feb. 1987 Questions

Article "Hot and Cold Packs"

ChemMatters Feb. 1987 Questions

Solubility of Sodium Acetate

Temperature (oC)

025 50 75 100

Sol

ubili

ty(g

/100

g H

2O)

50

100

150Supersaturated

solution

Unsaturated solution

Saturated

Charles H.Corwin, Introductory Chemistry 2005, page 378

A single crystal of sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2, is dropped into a

supersaturated solution

The small crystal causes extensivecrystallization, and eventually

the solute forms a solid mass of NaC2H3O2.

video clip

Solubility Equilibrium

Vitamins

• Multi Vitamin– Provides many essential

vitamins– “Expensive urine”

• Water Soluble– Vitamin C– Must be replenished regularly

• Fat Soluble– Can overdose – Vitamin A– Can be ingested periodically,

stored in body fat

http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm

Steroids

KeysKeysKeysKeys

Bob Hazelton Article - Steroids

Bob Hazelton Article - Steroids

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 267

Net flow of solvent

Net Solvent Flow

Dilutesolution Concentrated

solution

Solute particle Solvent particle

Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 430

semipermeable membrane

Net flow of solvent

Gas, Liquid, and Solid

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 441

Classes of Reactions

Chemical reactionsChemical reactions

Precipitation reactions

Precipitation reactions

Acid-BaseReactionsAcid-BaseReactions

Oxidation-ReductionReactions

Oxidation-ReductionReactions

Combustion Reactions

Combustion Reactions

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 240

Summary of Classes of Reactions

Chemical reactionsChemical reactions

Precipitation reactions

Precipitation reactions

Acid-BaseReactionsAcid-BaseReactions

Oxidation-ReductionReactions

Oxidation-ReductionReactions

Combustion Reactions

Combustion Reactions

Decomposition reactions

(Products are elements.)

Decomposition reactions

(Products are elements.)

Synthesis reactions

(Reactants are elements.)

Synthesis reactions

(Reactants are elements.)

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 242

Dissociate in Water

Hydrogen Bonding

• Intermolecular forces

of attraction between

molecules

• Bonds exist within

molecules

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 442

K+

K+

K+NO3-

NO3-

NO3-

AgCl precipitate

K+

K+

K+NO3-

NO3-

NO3-

AgCl precipitate

Dissolving of NaCl

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 287

Solutions

http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm

Liquid Nitrogen Demonstrations

KeysKeysKeysKeys

        Liquid Nitrogen

        Liquid Nitrogen

http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm

Titration of Vitamin C with Iodine

KeysKeysKeysKeys

Titration of Vitamin C with Iodine

Titration of Vitamin C with Iodine

DefinitionsDefinitions

Solute Solute - KMnO4 Solvent Solvent - H2O