SOLAR THERMAL M. Santamouris
CONTENTS
a) Today Situationb) Progress Achievedc) Tomorrow Priorities
TODAY SITUATION
- Increase of the Energy Demand- Most Buildings in Urban Areas (80%)
improved living standards
low conventional energy prices
non sufficient energy legislation
TODAY SITUATION
Increase of the Energy Demand
increase of the gross domestic product
1970 1993
DK, FR, IT, GR, SP, PT
improved living standardsimproved living standards
improved living standardsimproved living standards
Improving living standards, increases the space requirements per person. It is
characteristic that in the United States, between 1950 and 1990, the floor space
requirements per person has been doubled. Very important differences in housing floor
space per person exist also in Europe because of the social and economic differences.
Moscow has 11.6 m2 net living space per person, while Paris has 28.2, Oslo 47.2 and
Zurich 50.6 m2 per person.
improved living standardsimproved living standards
1980 1990
increase space per inhabitant
2
2.5
3
3.5
persons per household
GR, IT, PT, SP, FR, DK,
improved living standardsimproved living standards
RAPID PENETRATION OF AIR RAPID PENETRATION OF AIR CONDITIONINGCONDITIONING
The impact of air conditioners usage on electricity demand is a serious problem for southern European countries. Peak electricity loads oblige utilities to build additional power plants in order to satisfy the demand, thus increasing the average cost of electricity. This situation has become a serious problem for many countries. In USA, the total electric peak load induced by air conditioning is estimated equal to 38 percent of the non coincident peak load.
GREECE 76000 144000 214000 296000 412000 555000 693000
ITALY 100000 215000 365000 520000 750000 1110000 1473000
SPAIN* 205000 342000 512000 722000 972000
PORTUGAL 101054 121092 154997 183207 212557 243537 267157
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
improved living standardsimproved living standards
A/C SALES
NON SUFFICIENT STANDARDSNON SUFFICIENT STANDARDS
U Value for outer walls
0.68
1.2
0.9
UK0.45
NL0.4
D0.5
F0.28
DK0.3
B0.6
A0.5
NON SUFFICIENT STANDARDSNON SUFFICIENT STANDARDS
Energy Demand of a Model House (kWh/m3/a)
22.6
26.1
24.9
28.9
20.0
UK22
NL20
D21
F28.1
DK13.3
B32
A25.3
PROGRESS ACHIEVED
- Development of Retrofitting Techniques- Development of Passive Cooling Techniques
- Development of Advanced Components- Development of Evaluation Methods
Development of Testing Methods
Development of Retrofitting TechniquesDevelopment of Retrofitting Techniques
Recent research permits to use new methodologies to incorporate solar energy in retrofitted of buildings and improve indoor
environment. Main priorities regarding appropriate energy retrofitting are :
- The full knowledge of the existing and available energy conservation technology.
- The use of the developed methodologies to evaluate from the technical and economical point
of view, the possible retrofitting scenarios .
Development of Passive Cooling TechniquesDevelopment of Passive Cooling Techniques
New Developments on Natural Ventilation, Solar Control, Use of Natural Sinks, while new hybrid
components have been developed.
Development of Advanced Solar ComponentsDevelopment of Advanced Solar Components
New Intelligent components integrating passive solar heating,
cooling and daylight features have been developed. Advanced control
strategies and systems have also been developed.
Development of Evaluation MethodsDevelopment of Evaluation Methods
Extremely accurate prediction tools as well as simplified models for
designers have been developed. Existing tools cover the major part of the existing systems and techniques.
Development of Testing Methods Development of Testing Methods
Finally Testing Methodologies for Solar Components have been
developed .
FUTURE PRIORITIESFUTURE PRIORITIES
The problem of energy and global environmental quality of buildings is complicated and should not been seen
as isolated phenomena. On the contrary it has to be studied in relation to the problems of indoor and
ambient environmental quality.
FUTURE PRIORITIESFUTURE PRIORITIES
≈Ά≈RGY AND QUALITY IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
70 % of the energy consumption of buildings is spend in urban environment.
In particular the thermal and optical phenomena as well as the air quality in the
urban environment determine, almost completely, the energy consumption as well as comfort and quality conditions in buildings.
FUTURE PRIORITIESFUTURE PRIORITIES
TECHNIQUES TO BETTER INTEGRATE SOLAR
Recent technological developments on the field of solar energy in buildings including passive
heating and cooling techniques as well as daylight systems, permit to seriously decrease the energy consumption, improve thermal and visual conditions in buildings as well its indoor
air quality. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the optimum integration of these
techniques in urban buildings
FUTURE PRIORITIESFUTURE PRIORITIES
TECHNIQUES TO BETTER INTEGRATE SOLAR
Application of passive solar systems and techniques and in particular of the cooling techniques while are well known and scientifically comprehensible under undisturbed conditions, present important problems when have to be used in cities and incorporated in
urban buildings. mainly because of : a) The dramatic variation of the energy potential of the sources and sinks, (i.e.. air movement).b) The
restrictions because of the urban limit conditions. c) The particular climatic phenomena, (I.e. pollution).
FUTURE PRIORITIESFUTURE PRIORITIES
≈Ά≈RGY RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS
Energy spend by new constructions is less than 1 % of the total energy consumption of
the buildingís sector. Problems of high energy consumption and not
appropriate indoor air quality are mainly presented in old and medium age existing
buildings of specific characteristics.
FUTURE PRIORITIESFUTURE PRIORITIES
≈Ά≈RGY RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS
There is a need for a more concrete concrete knowledge of the specific energy knowledge of the specific energy
consumption of each building sector as consumption of each building sector as well as of the specific energy targets by well as of the specific energy targets by
type of building. type of building.
FUTURE PRIORITIESFUTURE PRIORITIES
≈Ά≈RGY RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS
There is a need to further develop appropriate methodologies to evaluate
from the technical and economical point of view, the possible retrofitting
scenarios of urban buildings as well as a need to develop labeling methodologies
FUTURE PRIORITIESFUTURE PRIORITIES
SOLUTIONS TO DECREASE THE PENETRATION OF A/C
A European frame program to investigate and develop solutions to decrease the rapid
penetration of air conditioning is absolutely necessary
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