Solar Electricity: Working in Ohio
Al CompaanDistinguished University
Professor of Physics
Sustainable Energy for Today’s BusinessNW Ohio Workshop March 22, 2007
12 kW of First Solar panels at Dorr and Westwood with 6 kW used for H2 generation
University of Toledo Clean and Alternative Energy Incubator
Oberlin College's Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental studies
United Solar’s solar shingles
First Solar’s mfg plant in Perrysburg with building integrated modules
- panels made from silicon wafers assembled into modules...versus:
+ flexible shingles from a-Si...or
+ monolithically integrated glass modules with cadmium telluride film
transparent conductor
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
metal electrode
metal grid
sunlight
motor
+
_
_
+
_ _
+ +
the traditional silicon solar cell
5
cadmium-telluride-based PV at UT(Al Compaan, Rob Collins, Dean Giolando, Victor Karpov)
•solar cells on glass superstrates•solar cells on polyimide substrates•tandem, high efficiency cells
web page: http://www.cmse.utoledo.edu/photovoltaics.html
Glass
TCOHRTCdS
CdTe
ZnTegrid
Typically the back contact is a metal or carbon paste rather than the transparent ZnTe shown here.
6
Amorphous Silicon-Based PV at UT
Solar cells on thin stainless steel
• High efficiency • Lightweight• Flexible• Durable
Triple-junction StructureUT’s PECVD device fabrication system
a new hot-filament chamber, and four new sputter deposition chambers have been added to support research funded by the AFRL
For more information, please visit: http://www.physics.utoledo.edu/~dengx/deng.htm
Xunming Deng, Rob Collins
examples of UT’s flexible solar cells
cadmium telluride amorphous silicon
on Kapton
on molybdenum sheet
on stainless steel sheet
on SS foil
Best Research-Cell Efficiencies
026587136
Effic
iency
(%)
Universityof Maine
Boeing
Boeing
Boeing
BoeingARCO
NREL
Boeing
Euro-CIS
200019951990198519801975
NREL/Spectrolab
NRELNREL
JapanEnergy
Spire
No. CarolinaState University
Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)
Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Si
Thin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized)
Emerging PVDye cells Organic cells(various technologies)
Varian
RCA
Solarex
UNSW
UNSW
ARCO
UNSWUNSW
UNSWSpire Stanford
Westing-house
UNSWGeorgia TechGeorgia Tech Sharp
AstroPower
NREL
AstroPower
Spectrolab
NREL
Masushita
Monosolar Kodak
Kodak
AMETEK
Photon Energy
UniversitySo. Florida
NREL
NREL
NRELCu(In,Ga)Se2
14x concentration
NREL
United Solar
United Solar
RCA
RCARCA
RCA RCARCA
Spectrolab
Solarex12
8
4
0
16
20
24
28
32
36
University ofLausanne
University ofLausanne
2005
Kodak UCSBCambridge
NREL
UniversityLinz
Siemens
ECN,The Netherlands
Princeton
UC Berkeley
slide from 6/2/05 presentation by Sam Baldwin, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. DOE
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Prod
uctio
n/M
egaw
atts
Year
World PV Cell / Module Production (1988-2006)
Rest of WorldEuropeJapanUnited StatesTotal
The Japanese experience with PV incentives(gov’t buydown can play a big role in reducing costs for installed PV)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004YEAR
PV In
stal
led
(MW
)
Germany: Production of PV modules
beginning of feed-in tariff
European PV installations have been driven by Germany’s “feed-in tariff”In 2000 Germany
instituted a 0.50 Euro/kW-hr ($0.65/kW-hr) payment for electricity delivered to the grid from renewable sources.
(Typical electricity rate is ~0.15 Euro/kW-hr)
This rewards energy produced rather than subsidizing the original hardware purchase and helps guarantee good maintenance.
Feed-in tariff limited to a total of 350 MWp; phase-out does not occur until end of the year following achievement of the target; then, the Bundestag will have to decide over a new tariff.
Market data 2004 (est)Newly installed PV power: 300 MWpNo. of newly inst. systems: 30,000Systems value: $1.5 BNo. of jobs: 15,000
-100
100
300
500
700
900
1100
130019
90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
20040
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
ROWEuropeJapanU.S.PV Cost
PV C
ost,
Cen
ts/k
Wh
MW
sShipped
PV Costs and Shipments
Source for market data: Paul Maycock, PV News, Volume 24, No. 2 February 2005
slide from 6/2/05 presentation by Sam Baldwin, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. DOEPV
Ele
ctric
ity C
ost,
cent
s/kW
h
thin films
c-Si
unknown!
from Tom Surek & Robt Margolis, Third World Conf. on PV Energy Conversion, Osaka, May, 2003
Production of solar modules in the U.S.
201.62.52.51313
2260602828
25.635
2006
15313910312110075TOTAL112312Other112Global Solar14632Evergreen Solar13104554Schott Solar
17302618AstroPower1825GE20206633First Solar*First Solar*2222141477444433United Solar*United Solar*221413312521BP Solar426252473928Shell Solar
200520042003200220012000Company
*First Solar (Perrysburg) & *First Solar (Perrysburg) & UniSolarUniSolar (Auburn Hills) are thin(Auburn Hills) are thin--film PV manufacturers.film PV manufacturers.
a zeroa zero--electricelectric--energy home in Toledoenergy home in Toledo(PV works easily in Ohio)(PV works easily in Ohio)
solar powerin Toledo, OH
energy-star home built to be a net zero user of grid electricity (“zero-energy home”)
• home built by Decker Homes
• PV mfg by First Solar
• PV installed by Advanced DG
• With support from ODOD-OEE
roof racks and electrical feed-
throughs
installation of First Solar modules by John and Mark of Advanced DG
powered by 20 six-volt deep-
discharge lead-acid batteries
Web site for the latest performance data:
www.home.earthlink.net/~alcompaan
Not only is the e-truck charged with solar, it
can power up the house for
emergencies…
Exeltech inverters with transfer switch and subpanel circuits for:furnace, water heater, sump pump, kitchen, master bedroom
the cost of our solar power for our the cost of our solar power for our home and truckhome and truck
•• $50,000 for a 4.3 kW system $50,000 for a 4.3 kW system •• ~$7,000 for connection from truck to home~$7,000 for connection from truck to home•• thus ~$10/Wthus ~$10/Wpp for home and truck powerfor home and truck power•• for home alone (w/o truck) we would need for home alone (w/o truck) we would need
only 2 to 2.5 kW system ($20,000only 2 to 2.5 kW system ($20,000--$25,000)$25,000)•• PV panels cost $3/WPV panels cost $3/Wpp
•• inverters cost $1.50/Winverters cost $1.50/Wpp
•• BOS (design, installation, wiring, permits) BOS (design, installation, wiring, permits) cost was $5.50/Wcost was $5.50/Wpp
credits for the home solar system:credits for the home solar system:
•• 50% financial support from the Ohio 50% financial support from the Ohio Department of Development, Office of Department of Development, Office of Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency——Energy Loan FundEnergy Loan Fund
•• First Solar (PV panels)First Solar (PV panels)•• Decker Homes (contractor)Decker Homes (contractor)•• Advanced Distributed Generation (PV install)Advanced Distributed Generation (PV install)•• David, Mary, Luke for the eDavid, Mary, Luke for the e--conversionconversion
thoughts about PV in Ohiothoughts about PV in Ohio•• solarsolar--powered commuting and solar powered commuting and solar
living work just fine in Toledo!living work just fine in Toledo!•• a grida grid--tied system is seamlesstied system is seamless•• no maintenance issues the first 18 no maintenance issues the first 18
monthsmonths•• thinthin--film on glass panels are attractive film on glass panels are attractive
and very functionaland very functional
Web site for the latest performance data:Web site for the latest performance data:
www.home.earthlink.net/~alcompaanwww.home.earthlink.net/~alcompaan
ConclusionsConclusions----PV in the big picturePV in the big picture•• Steadily improving PV efficiencies Steadily improving PV efficiencies
•• Production increasing 40% per yearProduction increasing 40% per year
•• Price reductions follow 80% learning curvePrice reductions follow 80% learning curve
•• GridGrid--connected applications now dominateconnected applications now dominate
•• Market incentives have stimulated growth (Japan, Market incentives have stimulated growth (Japan, Germany, some U.S. states)Germany, some U.S. states)
•• PV can become a major source of U.S. powerPV can become a major source of U.S. power
•• NW Ohio/SE Michigan is poised to be the NW Ohio/SE Michigan is poised to be the world leader in PV production!world leader in PV production!
•• PV can become a major jobPV can become a major job--creator in Ohio!creator in Ohio!
PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo
.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century
Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and
Commercialization
– 3 Ohio Universities: – University of Toledo:
Lead Institution– Ohio State University– Bowling Green State University
– 4 Ohio Not-for-Profit Organizations:– Battelle Memorial Institute– Green Energy Ohio– Edison Materials Technology
Center– Honda OSU Partnership
– 13 Ohio Companies: – Advanced Distributed Generation– Cornerstone Research Group– Decker Homes– DuPont– Innovative Thin Films– LakeShore Cryotronics– Metamateria Partners– Midwest Optoelectronics– NewCyte– Owens Corning– Pilkington– Solar Fields– SSOE
An $18.6 M Third Frontier Wright Center of Innovation Award:An $18.6 M Third Frontier Wright Center of Innovation Award:Center for Center for PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics Innovation and CommercializationInnovation and Commercialization
SolarSolarFieldsFields
HondaHonda--OSUOSUPartnershipPartnership
ProgramProgram
PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo
.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century
Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and
Commercialization
Overview of State of Ohio Funding for PVICOverview of State of Ohio Funding for PVIC
Sustainability Goal: continue innovation growth with operating fund revenue growing from $2.5 M/yr
University of Toledo Clean and Alternative Energy Incubator
Researcher operating electrical probe station in cleanroom of OSU Nanotech West Lab
Financial overview of PVIC (over three years):
capital funds $11 MUT $5.1MOSU 3.5MBGSU 2.4M
operating funds $7.6 MUT $4.24MOSU 3.27MBGSU 0.09M
total State funds $18.6 MUT $9.34MOSU 6.77MBGSU 2.49M
[Total matching funds $29 M]
PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo
.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century
Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and
Commercialization
NW Ohio can lead the way in NW Ohio can lead the way in PV job creationPV job creation
PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo
.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century
Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and
Commercialization
PV Research and Development jobs in Ohio
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
YEAR
jobs
in O
H
with OH renewable portfolio standard (RPS)
Business as usual (BAU)
source: Navigant Consulting Inc, June 2006
PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo
.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century
Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and
Commercialization
PV Balance-of-systems jobs in Ohio
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
YEAR
jobs
in O
H
with OH renewable portfolio standard (RPS)
Business as usual (BAU)
-inverter manufacturing -system integrators -installers -maintenance
B-O-S includes:
source: Navigant Consulting Inc, June 2006
PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo
.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century
Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and
Commercialization
PVICStaff and
Facilities
Phil CastellanoBowling Green State U.
Steve RingelOhio State U.
Sylvain MarsillacU. Toledo
Al CompaanU. Toledo
Dennis FloodNewCyte
Xunming DengMWOE Solar
Norm JohnstonSolar Fields
Joe KunkleSSOE, Inc.
Bill Spratley and GEO
University Coordinator Industry Coordinator
1: Science & Tech.Foundation
2: Device Development
3: System Components
4: Full SystemIntegration
5: Education, Consumer &
Public Awareness
Areas
Scientific Advisory
Board
PVIC IP Innovation CouncilAlex Kawczak, Battelle
PVIC Co-Directors: Robert Collins (UT) & Robert Davis (OSU)
Executive Industrial Advisory Board
NGO's
PVIC Organizational Chart
Time toConsumer
(in yrs.)
> 9
6 - 9
3 - 6
0 - 3
0
The PhotovoltaicsValue Chain in Ohio:
From Novel Materials to Complete Systems and Public Awareness
Top Related