Download - Social Nature of Emotion - Final Conference Program

Transcript
  • THE SOCIAL NATURE OF EMOTIONS

    Small Group Meeting

    Amsterdam, May 30 May 31, 2013

    Itinerary and Conference Program

  • 2

    Organizing committee

    Dr. Arik Cheshin

    University of Amsterdam

    Prof. dr. Agneta H. Fischer

    University of Amsterdam

    Dr. Iris K. Schneider

    VU University Amsterdam

    Prof. dr. Gerben A. Van Kleef

    University of Amsterdam

  • 3

    Table of Contents

    Information about hotel 5

    Information about conference venue 6

    Information about restaurant Plancius 7

    Map of the environment 8

    Conference program 9

    Abstracts of invited talks 13

    Abstracts of posters 30

    List of participants 59

    Notes pages 61

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  • 5

    Hotel

    Hampshire Hotel - Lancaster Amsterdam is situated in a monumental building in a quiet and

    exclusive part of the city center, across from the famous Artis Zoo. The hotel can easily be

    reached by public transport and is only a few minutes away from several of Amsterdams highlights. The hotel has free Wi-Fi and had bicycles for rent.

    Address

    Hampshire Hotel - Lancaster

    Plantage Middenlaan 48

    1018DH - Amsterdam, Nederland

    +31 (0)20 535 6888

    [email protected]

    Directions

    From Schiphol Airport

    Taxi cost around 50 Euro. Time ~25 minutes.

    Train to Amsterdam Zuid and Tram 51 to Weesperplein. Cost around 5 Euros. Time ~35 min.

    Train to Amsterdam Central Station. Cost around 4 Euros. Time ~ 20 min.

    From Amsterdam Central Station

    Taxi cost around 15 Euro. Time ~8 minutes.

    Metro 51, 53 or 54 to Weesperplein. Cost around 2.50 Euros. Time ~ 15 minutes

    Bus 48 towards Borneo Eiland to Prins Hendrikplantsoen. Cost around 2.50 Euros. Time ~ 15 min.

    Tram 9 toward Diemen to Nieuwe Keizersgracht. Cost around 2.50 Euros. Time ~ 20 min.

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    Conference Venue

    M-building, room 1.02

    Address Plantage Muidergracht 12

    1018 TV Amsterdam

    Directions

    From Hampshire Hotel Lancaster (distance 170 Meters)

    Head southeast on Plantage Middenlaan toward Plantage Westermanlaan

    Turn right onto Plantage Westermanlaan

    Turn right onto Plantage Muidergracht

    Destination will be on the left

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    Restaurant Plancius

    Adress

    Plantage Kerklaan 61

    1018 CX Amsterdam

    +31 (0)20 330 9469

    http://www.restaurantplancius.nl/en/

    Directions

    From Hampshire Hotel Lancaster (distance 280 Meters)

    Head northwest on Plantage Middenlaan toward Plantage Kerklaan

    Turn right onto Plantage Kerklaan.

    Destination will be on the left

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    Map of the Environment

    A map of the environment appears below. Relevant places are marked in green (hotel, M-

    building, Plancius). Additionally, we added some suggestions for food, drinks and recreation. An

    online version of this map can be found via http://socialnatureofemotions.wordpress.com/venue/

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    THURSDAY, MAY 30, MORNING 9.00-9.30

    Introduction to the Conference

    Antecedents and Perception of Emotions in Context

    9.30-9.50

    The impact of self-other relations on emotions: The case of Schadenfreude

    Wilco van Dijk

    9.50-10.00: Discussion

    10.00-10.20

    Negative group-based emotions and aggression (versus withdrawal)

    Bertjan Doosje

    10.20-10.30: Discussion

    10.30-11.00

    Coffee and tea

    11.00-11.20

    The face as context in emotion recognition

    Ursula Hess

    11.20-11.30: Discussion

    11.30-11.50

    Misreading the emotional compositions of collectives: The effects of emotional aperture

    errors

    Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks

    11.50-12.00: Discussion

    12.00-13.30

    Lunch

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    THURSDAY, MAY 30, AFTERNOON

    Social Effects of Emotional Expressions

    13.30-13.50

    The social power of regret

    Tony Manstead

    13.50-14.00: Discussion

    14.00-14.20

    How emotional expressions engender persuasion: Testing Emotion as Social Information

    (EASI) Theory

    Gerben van Kleef

    14.20-14.30: Discussion

    14.30-14.50

    Worry communication in close relationships

    Brian Parkinson

    14.50-15.00: Discussion

    15.00-15.30

    Refreshment Break

    15.30-15.50

    Individual costs of others' hostile displays

    Anat Rafeli

    15.50-16.00: Discussion

    16.00-16.20

    Intensity matters: The social effects of emotions varying in intensity

    Arik Cheshin

    16.20-16.30: Discussion

    16.30-18.30

    Poster session and drinks

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    FRIDAY, MAY 31, MORNING

    Emotion Regulation

    9.30-9.50

    Relational context shapes emotional lives

    Margaret Clark

    9.50-10.00: Discussion

    10.00-10.20

    Social motives in emotion regulation

    Maya Tamir

    10.20-10.30: Discussion

    10.30-11.00

    Coffee and tea

    11.00-11.20

    Interpersonal emotion regulation: How people can deliberately influence our feelings

    Karen Niven

    11.20-11.30: Discussion

    11.30-11.50

    Emotional mimicry as a form of social regulation

    Agneta Fischer

    11.50-12.00: Discussion

    12.00-13.30

    Lunch

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    FRIDAY, MAY 31, AFTERNOON

    Shared Emotions and Emotional Culture

    13.30-13.50

    Social sharing of emotion in interpersonal and collective situations

    Bernard Rim

    13.50-14.00: Discussion

    14.00-14.20

    The many faces of emotional contagion: An affective process theory of affective linkage

    Hillary Elfenbein

    14.20-14.30: Discussion

    14.30-14.50

    The cultural shaping of emotions

    Batja Mesquita

    14.50-15.00: Discussion

    15.00-15.30

    Refreshment Break

    15.30-15.50

    Whats love got to do with it? A longitudinal study of the emotional culture of companionate love in the long-term care industry

    Sigal Barsade

    This presentation will be delivered via a video-conferencing connection.

    15.50-16.00: Discussion

    16.00-16.45

    Plenary discussion: Future directions and collaborations

    Best poster award

    17.00-19.00

    Farewell drinks with traditional Dutch snacks at Plancius

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    ABSTRACTS

    Abstracts of all invited talks in alphabetical order

    Whats Love Got To Do With It? A Longitudinal Study of the Emotional Culture of Companionate Love in the Long-Term Care Industry

    Sigal Barsade

    University of Pennsylvania Love is a basic human emotion that has been largely neglected within the domain of organizational behavior. In this study, we examine love at the collective level, and empirically test the relationship between a culture of companionate love with outcomes for employees and the clients they serve in a long-term care setting. In a 16-month longitudinal field study, using multiple measures of culture, we found that a culture of companionate love at Time 1 positively related to employee satisfaction and teamwork, and negatively related to employee absenteeism and emotional exhaustion at Time 2. Employee trait positive affect moderated the influence of the culture of love, amplifying its positive influence for higher trait PA employees. A culture of companionate love at Time 1 was positively associated with client outcomes, specifically better patient mood, quality of life, and fewer trips to the emergency room, and there was some support for its association with family satisfaction with the long-term care facility at Time 2. In our discussion, we propose a generalized model of emotional culture in organizations and discuss the theoretical implications for both the emotions and organizational culture literatures. We also consider managerial implications for the healthcare industry, and beyond.

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    Intensity Matters: The Social Effects of Emotions Varying in Intensity

    Arik Cheshin University of Amsterdam

    People experience and express discrete emotions at varying intensities. These differences in intensity of emotions are easily perceived and identified by others. Despite these established findings the interpersonal impact of variations in intensity of discrete emotion displays have been overlooked. For example, service providers encounter customers complaining and displaying intense anger vs. only mild anger; or a service provider could offer a new product while displaying low level happiness vs. high level happiness. How would these differences in intensity impact those who encounter these emotions? In a series of studies it is demonstrated how varying intensities of anger, sadness, and happiness have an impact on others. The findings reveal how displays of discrete emotions elicit affective reactions, inferences, and responses that differ significantly due to the intensity with which they were displayed. In lab and field studies situated in a customer service environment we examined the displays of emotion of customers and service providers and their impact on others in the service context. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed.

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    Relational Context Shapes Emotional Lives

    Margaret Clark Yale University

    The experience, expression and regulation of emotion have most often have been investigated in studies that focus solely on individuals. Yet relational context shapes emotional lives. We illustrate this by discussing how one aspect of relational context -- the extent to which partners assume responsibility for one anothers welfare -- shapes emotional lives. Greater assumption of responsibility leads to greater expression of emotion, more partner responsiveness to emotion, less active suppression of emotion, and less putting off of thinking and discussing emotional issues. As a result this aspect of relational context also shapes emotional experience. So too does emotional regulation take different forms in strong communal contexts (in which it is often ceded to a partner) than in weaker ones (in which it is often an individual affair). Finally, it is posited that the primary (albeit not sole) function of embarrassment, gratitude, hurt, and guilt is to initiate, build, maintain and repair communal relationships.

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    Negative Group-Based Emotions and Aggression (versus Withdrawal)

    Bertjan Doosje University of Amsterdam

    People experience not only emotions as individuals, but also as group members. In this presentation, we discuss the content of several negative group-based emotions such as anger, shame, humiliation, contempt and feelings of in-group superiority. How can we define these different emotional states? What are the main determinants? And how are these emotions related to displaying aggression versus a tendency to withdraw from a context? My main argument will be that aggression is most likely to occur to the extent that people experience out-group derogating emotions (such as contempt), in combination with a threat to feelings of superiority of the in-group. In addition, we argue that repeated humiliation can develop into contempt, a potential determinant of aggression.

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    The Many Faces of Emotional Contagion: An Affective Process Theory of Affective Linkage

    Hillary Elfenbein Washington University in St. Louis

    Emotional contagion has captured the attention of psychologists interested in the social nature of emotions, and yet little is known about its mechanisms. Hatfields influential treatment focused on primitive mimicry, and the focus of other researchers followed. Additional influential accounts emphasize mechanisms of (a) social comparison, in which we compare our feelings with compatriots, (b) emotional interpretation, where others expressive displays serve as information, and (c) empathy, or imagining another persons feelings. This paper attempts to develop a systematic theory to unify these individual mechanisms and identify others, by introducing the affective process theory (APT). Starting with a new interpersonal affective process model (IAPM) that integrates existing process models of emotion while adding an interaction partner, the APT uses a rule-governed theoretical process that reveals ten distinct mechanisms by which the affective states of two or more people can be connected.

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    Emotional Mimicry as form of Social Regulation

    Agneta Fischer University of Amsterdam

    Previous research on Emotional Mimicry has largely studied emotional mimicry in the context of still photos or short videos and concluded that we mimic emotional displays on photos. However, emotional mimicry is a phenomenon that takes place in interactions and is therefore dynamic in nature and dependent on the contextual features of an interaction. One proposed social function of emotional mimicry is to smoothen social interactions. Following this function, this does not necessarily mean that we actually would mimic the emotional displays of the interaction partner. On the contrary, I will argue that individuals regulate each other's emotions in such a way that we try to tone down another's emotion if we think it is too strong, whereas we try to strengthen it if we think it is too weak. Emotional mimicry plays a crucial role in this social regulation process.

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    The Face as Context in Emotion Recognition

    Ursula Hess Humboldt University

    Faces are not simply blank canvases upon which facial expressions write their emotional messages. In fact, facial appearance and facial movement are both important social signaling systems in their own right. In my presentation I will provide multiple lines of evidence for the notion that the social signals derived from facial appearance on the one hand and facial movement on the other interact. As a consequence the same expressions when shown by different people in different contexts do not have the same meaning.

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    The Social Power of Regret

    Tony Manstead Cardiff University

    Researchers investigating the relation between emotion and social decisions have shown that the anticipation of emotion influences decision making in social dilemmas. In a separate line of work, social appraisal theorists have proposed that others expressions of emotions can influence the emotional experiences of observers of these expressions. Integrating these two lines of research, we hypothesized that others expressions of emotions in settings involving resource allocation decisions can inform observers of these expressions about the emotions that they would be likely to experience when they come to make similar decisions, and thereby influence their decision making. In a series of experiments we show that a third partys expressions of regret in relation to resource allocation decisions have systematic effects on an observers own decision-making.

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    The Cultural Shaping of Emotions

    Batja Mesquita University of Leuven

    Emotions differ across cultures in ways that can be understood from differences in relationship ideals and practices (Mesquita, 2003). For example, in cultures that value self-assertion in relationships, anger experiences are more frequent and more intense than in cultures that value social harmony (Kitayama, Mesquita, & Karasawa, 2006). In this talk, I will review research on two mechanisms that are likely involved in aligning emotions to relationship ideals. First, cultures shape emotional experience by promoting interpersonal situations that elicit condoned emotions (c.q. inhibiting interpersonal situations that elicit condemned emotions) (Boiger, Mesquita, Uchida, & Barrett, 2013). Second, salient cultural values provide meaning to interpersonal interactions, and thereby color emotional experience (De Leersnyder, Mesquita, & Kim, 2013). Inferring from these research findings, culturally aligned emotions appear to be produced and reproduced during real-time interactions. Future research should focus on the culturally different ways in which emotions emerge from social interactions.

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    Interpersonal Emotion Regulation: How People can Deliberately Influence our Feelings

    Karen Niven The University of Manchester

    People often attempt to influence the feelings of those around them. For example, we try to cheer up our friends when they feel upset, to calm down stressed coworkers, or to make our partners feel guilty for neglecting chores. In this talk, I present an overview of a body of research about this process of 'interpersonal emotion regulation'. I begin by defining the process and situating it in the context of other, related processes (e.g., emotion self-regulation, emotion contagion, social sharing of emotions, emotional labor), then highlighting the key types of strategies that people typically use to regulate others' emotions. I then focus on a series of studies exploring the effects of interpersonal emotion regulation on well-being and relationship quality, and outline a new series of studies designed to test effects on performance in working contexts.

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    Worry Communication in Close Relationships

    Brian Parkinson University of Oxford

    This paper focuses on the presentation of worry and anxiety to friends and romantic partners. I argue that interpersonal effects of worry-related emotions depend on their object orientation and attributions about senders dispositional sensitivities to objects. For example, worry may convey messages both about potential risks and about the worried persons need for comfort and support. Whether the elicited interpersonal response is correspondingly object- or person-directed depends not only on the current transaction, but also on shared relationship history. I present data from laboratory and diary research illustrating interpersonal effects of anxiety expression, observational studies suggesting that worry is often oriented to its interpersonal effects, and a dyadic survey assessing matches and mismatches between worry presentation styles of members of romantic couples. In conclusion, I distinguish possible processes underlying interpersonal effects of worry, and speculate about the range of social functions served by worry and related emotions.

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    Individual Costs of Others' Hostile Displays

    Anat Rafaeli Technion Israel Institute of Technology

    I will describe a series of studies that examined the effects that encounters with hostility of other people can have on employees. The effects include slower and less accurate immediate work performance, poorer performance on various subsequent tasks, as well as felt negative emotions and fatigue. The presentation will reveal a fascinating picture of the damage that displays of anger or rudeness can have, and suggest that although people are not always conscious of their own responses it is critical to develop a better understanding of such emotion cycles. The studies show powerful effects even when the hostility of the other person is relatively inane. Minimal encounters with anger seem to evoke a kind of automatic and most likely unconscious emotion regulation that limits the mental resources available for other tasks. When the people expressing the hostility are perceived as more important to the target individuals, their hostility is particularly costly and damaging, even if the rewards for complying with (hostile) requests are significantly greater. In only a minimal set of circumstances peoples hostility seems to create motivating effects: People seem to perform better when they encounter one hostile person in the context of generally non-hostile (or calm) others, and when they are asked to perform relatively routine, well-rehearsed tasks after they have encountered a hostile person.

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    Social Sharing of Emotion in Interpersonal and Collective Situations

    Bernard Rim Universit catholique de Louvain

    Emotional experiences are systematically subjected to a process of social sharing, which can take four different forms. First, individuals who experienced an emotion shared it with members of their social network. Second, their listeners share in their turn with their own network what they heard and thus launch a spreading of the episode. Third, when some event or news affects members of a community collectively, an intensive process of mutual sharing and reciprocal emotional stimulation develops. Fourth, social life is punctuated by collective emotional gatherings aimed at celebrating or commemorating a common event such as a victory, a defeat, a loss, or a disaster. My presentation will stress what is common to these four types of situations, with an accent on social aspects on the one hand and on cognitive constructions on the other hand.

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    Misreading the Emotional Compositions of Collectives: The Effects of Emotional Aperture Errors

    Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks University of Michigan

    Emotional aperture refers to an individuals ability to perceive patterns of collective emotions in groups. This research assesses how leaders emotional aperture is an essential antecedent of transformational leadership behavior. Additionally, we assess different types of errors leaders can make in judging the prevalence of different collective emotions displayed in a group. We focus specifically on overestimations of collective positive emotion and underestimations of collective negative emotion, and offer novel theoretical insights and supporting empirical evidence for how these errors are consequential for transformational leadership success. A study of 91 global executives reveals lower transformational leadership for managers who tend to overestimate the prevalence of positive emotional reactions. Further, managers high in extraversion who tend to underestimate the prevalence of negative reactions exhibit lower transformational leadership. These findings suggest significant implications for group leadership dynamics. Further, this research advances prior work on group affecttraditionally, recognizing the mean or modal group emotionand emotional intelligencetraditionally, recognizing a single individuals emotionsby showing how emotional aperture is a distinct emotion recognition ability that is valuable in group contexts where different emotions can be expressed simultaneously.

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    Social Motives in Emotion Regulation

    Maya Tamir Hebrew University of Jerusalem

    Like all processes of self-regulation, people regulate their emotions in order to achieve certain benefits. Expected benefits of emotions, therefore, can motivate emotion regulation. Identifying such motives in emotion regulation is important, because they determine what people want to feel, how they regulate their emotions, and how they behave as a consequence. Most research in emotion regulation has focused on hedonic or intrapersonal benefits of emotions, as motivating emotion regulation. This talk, however, suggests that the interpersonal benefits of emotions can serve as important motives in emotion regulation. Emotions carry interpersonal implications by influencing the self as well as by influencing others within the social environment. In addition, the interpersonal implications of emotions can impact the individual or the social unit. Taken together, this implies 4 categories of interpersonal motives for emotion regulation that differ by the target of influence (i.e., self vs. other) and by the target of impact (i.e., the individual vs. the social unit): A person may be motivated to experience emotions in order to change her behavior or the behavior of others to benefit herself in a social situation or to benefit the social unit, more generally. We will examine each category of motives, review the empirical evidence that exists to support it, and discuss its implications for understanding how our social reality shapes emotion regulation and experience.

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    Impact of Self-Other Relations on Emotions: The Case of Schadenfreude

    Wilco van Dijk Leiden University

    When another person suffers a mishap, a setback, a downfall or another type of misfortune, peoples emotional reactions can take different forms. Often, they experience sympathy and have feelings of concern and sorrow for the other. However, sometimes they also experience schadenfreudean emotion defined as deriving pleasure from anothers misfortune or suffering. Our moral tradition exalts and praises sympathetic people because they show concordance and sympathetic identification. In contrast, schadenfroh people, by showing discordance and antagonism, seem to violate the obligation to cultivate the virtue of compassion. Although the term schadenfreude typically carries a negative connotation, the experience of schadenfreude is very common. Based on the many displays of schadenfreude in magazines, television shows, web logs, and interpersonal communication (e.g., in gossip), this experience is seemingly inherent to social being. In this talk I will explore why people can enjoy the misfortunes of others, and particularly address the role of the self. I will present a line of research in which we investigated in multiple studies the role of self-threat, self-esteem, and self-affirmation in the experience of schadenfreude.

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    How Emotional Expressions Engender Persuasion: Testing Emotions as Social Information (EASI) Theory

    Gerben A. Van Kleef

    University of Amsterdam

    The power of emotion in the art of persuasion was acknowledged long before psychology and emotion science were born (e.g., Aristotle, 350 BC/2004). Nevertheless, the interpersonal effects of emotions in persuasion are still poorly understood how do one person's emotions shape another's attitudes? According to emotions as social information (EASI) theory (e.g., Van Kleef, 2009), emotional expressions may influence targets' attitudes by providing information about how the expresser feels about the attitude object, provided that the emotional expressions are (1) relevant to the attitude object and (2) processed by the target. I will present two experiments out of a larger series, which support these ideas. In Study 1, participants read a newspaper article presenting arguments for as well as against introducing kite surfing at the Olympic Games. The article was accompanied by a picture of a sports journalist, who either expressed happiness or sadness. This picture was either part of the article on kite surfing or part of an unrelated article. Participants who saw the happy picture reported more favorable attitudes towards kite surfing than participants who saw the sad picture, but only when the picture was relevant to the attitude object (i.e., part of the same article). In Study 2, participants again developed more positive attitudes about kite surfing after seeing the happy rather than the sad picture, but not when their information processing capacity was undermined by a cognitive load manipulation (memorizing a phone number). These findings provide support for EASI theory and indicate that emotional expressions are a potential source of social influence.

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    Abstracts of all posters in alphabetical order

    Relational Context Influences Emotion Perception

    Elizabeth Clark-Polner1 & Margaret S. Clark2 1University of Geneva, Switzerland 2 Yale University

    Two studies examining how social context influences emotion perception are reported. In the first, both partners of 96 couples independently reported their experienced emotions, the extent to which they had expressed these emotions to their spouse, their perceptions of their spouses experienced emotions, and their perceptions of the degree to which their spouses had freely expressed those experienced emotions. We assessed the extent to which perceptions were a) accurate; b) influenced by the targets reported outward expressions of the emotion; and c) influenced by the perceivers own emotion states. As expected, clear evidence emerged that both perceiver and target emotion shape perceptions. Surprisingly, targets reports of how often they expressed each emotion neither improved accuracy nor dampened projection. Based on theory about the functions emotions serve in communal relationships we specifically predicted that sadness and fear would be accurately perceived and not projected onto partners and that ones own felt compassion would be projected onto partners. Results supported both predictions. We will also present initial results from a related, second, study, in which we conducted a meta-analysis of recent neuroimaging studies of emotion perception, to examine the extent to which the mechanisms of emotion perception (as reflected in neural correlates) may differ depending on the type of relationship between the target and perceiver.

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    Emotional Acculturation: Uni-or Bi-Dimensional Emotional Fit?

    Jozefien Deleersnyder1, Batja Mesquita1 & Heejung Kim2 1University of Leuven, Belgium, 2UC Santa Barbara, USA

    When people move to a different culture and have contact with majority members, their patterns of emotional experience tend to converge to the normative patterns of the new culture (De Leersnyder, Mesquita, & Kim, 2011). These findings can be seen as evidence for emotional acculturation. The present research investigated the dimensionality of emotional acculturation by testing whether acquiring new emotional patterns comes at the expense of maintaining heritage-culture emotional patterns. We expected that these processes are rather independent, in part because minorities engage in both new (work/school) and heritage (home) cultural contexts on a daily basis. Moreover, we expected that specific situations would prime one of the two cultural patterns of emotions, with situations at home priming heritage cultural patterns of emotions, and situations at work/school priming the new cultures patterns. In two studies, we investigated emotional concordance of Turkish (n=168) and Korean (n=47) minorities to the normative patterns in both their heritage (Turkey n=400; Korea n=80) and host cultural contexts (Belgium n=286; US n=43). Results provide support for the bi-dimensionality of emotional acculturation. Moreover, they suggest that different contexts each may prime a different emotional fit, with relative salience of heritage patterns at home, and new patterns at work.

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    Full-Feeling My Group Norms: The Dynamic Interplay between Norms and Experiences of Gratitude and Anger in Small Interactive Task Groups

    Ellen Delvaux & Batja Mesquita

    University of Leuven, Belgium Traditionally, affect has been studied as an individual-level phenomenon. However, recent attention has focused on group emotions, with the understanding that these emotions can be generated through social interaction. Little is known about the process by which group-level emotions are generated. In this study, we investigated the emergence of group-level emotions longitudinally from the inception of task groups. We were particularly interested in the role of group norms on emotions. We followed 295 students of 68 task groups at four times in 13 weeks. To test the dynamics between emotion norms and emotional experience, we used multi-level cross-lagged path analyses. The research focused on gratitude and anger, because these emotions regulate social interactions: Gratitude credits other people for good outcomes, improving harmony, whereas anger blames other people for bad outcomes, creating conflict. We found that group members gratitude and anger informed their norms for these emotions, such that increases in individual-level gratitude or anger, respectively, rendered gratitude more obvious, and anger more acceptable; these emotion norms in turn afforded group-level emotional experience. Our results thus suggest that emotion norms emerge from the emotional experience of group members, and that emotion norms themselves shape group members emotional experience.

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    Does Customer Anger Pay Off? The Role of Anger Intensity and Culture on the Consequences of Displayed Anger

    Ella Glikson1, Anat Rafaeli1, Jochen Wirtz2 & Shirli Kopelman3

    1Technion - Israel Institute of Technology 2National University of Singapore 3University of Michigan

    The squeaky wheel gets the grease, goes the old saying. Past studies have shown that indeed when displaying anger people get more concessions (e.g., Van Kleef, De Dreu & Manstead, 2004). However, display of anger also triggers negative emotions in the observer and, consequently, negative intentions toward the person expressing the anger (Allred, 1999; Cheshin, Rafaeli, & Bos, 2011). As an explanation for these inconsistent findings, Van Kleef and Ct (2007) showed that the appropriateness of an anger display in a given situation moderates anger's influence on the outcomes. In this study we follow this line of research by examining in a customer-employee setting the influence of high-intensity versus low-intensity customer anger in three cultures which were found to differ in the appropriateness of displaying anger: Israel, USA, and Singapore (high, medium, and low tolerance to display of anger, respectively; Grandey, Rafaeli, Ravid, Wirtz, & Steiner, 2010). In addition, we test the relations between display anger and two types of rewards financial (i.e. compensation) and psychological (i.e., an apology; Cropanzano, Rupp, Mohler, & Schminke, 2001). Our results suggest that while in Israel customer' high-intensity anger is related to more financial and less psychological rewards, in Singapore and USA high-intensity anger is related to less financial rewards, and these relations are mediated by felt negative emotions, and moderated by cognitive inferences.

  • 34

    Inducing Conformity with Emotions: Interpersonal Effects Of Anger in Groups

    Marc W. Heerdink, Gerben A. Van Kleef, Astrid C. Homan, & Agneta H. Fischer University of Amsterdam

    Emotions are an integral part of group life, but surprisingly little is known about how group members are affected by their fellow group members emotions, and how the social context moderates this influence. Building on social functional theories about emotion (e.g., Keltner & Haidt, 1999; Parkinson, 1996; Van Kleef, Van Doorn, Heerdink, & Koning, 2011), two studies aimed to show that in a cooperative context, anger can elicit conformity from a deviant individual by inducing feelings of rejection. In Study 1, a majority was instructed to show anger, happiness, or no emotion in a three-person group decision making task. Participants who were faced with an angry majority felt more rejected than participants in the other conditions, which mediated their reduced influence on the group product. In Study 2, participants were manipulated to be a peripheral or prototypical member of a group in a simulated group interaction. Then, they evaluated paintings and received either an angry or a happy reaction to their evaluation, which differed from the group's. Finally, they evaluated the focal painting again. The results showed that conformity increased in peripheral members after an angry reaction. The extent to which they felt rejected mediated the effect. A follow-up posttest showed that this conformity due to the majoritys emotional reaction affected peripheral members evaluation of the painting even three weeks later. We conclude that anger signals rejection in a group. An angry reaction can elicit conformity from a deviant individual in a social context where conformity is a means of gaining (re)acceptance in the group.

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    The Role of Leader Emotional Intelligence in Managing Team Personality Diversity

    Astrid C. Homan1, Gerben A. van Kleef1, Stphane Ct2, & Anna Bogo1 1University of Amsterdam 2University of Toronto

    Team personality diversity can harm team functioning when conflicts and negative interaction processes between different diversity-based subgroups arise (e.g., Pelled et al., 1999; van Knippenberg et al., 2004). Effective diversity management therefore requires the management of these categorization processes. Recently, researchers have proposed that leaders play an important role in managing team diversity (e.g., Homan & Jehn, 2010). Here we propose that the successful management of team diversity requires emotional intelligence. We predict that leaders who score higher on emotion management capacities are better able to manage the subgroup categorization processes in diverse teams, and, as a result, attenuate the detrimental effects of diversity on team processes and performance. In two studies testing this hypothesis, we first measured emotion management using the STEM (MacCann & Roberts, 2008). In a vignette study (N = 82), we asked people to imagine managing a diverse or homogeneous team, and to indicate the anticipated conflicts and performance of this team. Participants with lower STEM scores anticipated more conflicts in diverse than homogeneous teams, and these conflicts mediated effects on anticipated team performance. In a quasi-experiment, we examined three-person student teams (N = 30 teams) participating in a course. Leader/follower positions were determined based on STEM scores, and the teams were followed throughout the course. Results showed that teams that were diverse on the personality trait conscientiousness experienced better team processes and performance to the degree that their leader had higher rather than lower emotion management skills.

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    Hate as the Fuel of Intergroup Conflict

    Alba Jasini1 & Agneta H. Fischer2 1University of Leuven 2University of Amsterdam

    Hate is a powerful negative emotion with extreme implications such as perpetual damaged relationships and conflicts. In this research, we examined the prototypical characteristics of hate in intergroup contexts and the social determinants that lead to the development of collective hate. Two studies were conducted in a post-conflict region, namely Kosovo, with ethnic Albanians as participants. In the first study, we collected autobiographical hate experiences from participants. In the second study, a vignette method was used to manipulate two factors, namely opponent type (a Serbian vs. a group of Serbians) and participants social presence (being alone vs. with the family). The vignette described a transgression act conducted by the opponent. Following previous theorizing and current research findings, we present evidence that hate is a long-term emotion typified by the appraisal of opponents negative dispositional characteristics, the emotivational goals of hurting and excluding the opponent and the tendencies to aggress and not to forgive. In addition, we show that hate is more intense when there are opportunities to share the emotion with ingroup members and when the interactions with the outgroup are limited.

  • 37

    Communicating The Right Emotion Makes Violence Seem Less Wrong: Power-Congruent Emotions lead outsiders to legitimize Violence of Powerless and Powerful

    Groups in Intractable Conflict

    Elanor Kamans, Martijn Van Zomeren, Ernestine H. Gordijn, & Tom Postmes University of Groningen

    In today's interconnected world groups at war are not only involved in a physical, but also a media war in terms of shaping perceptions and sympathy of outside observers. In intractable intergroup conflicts, this often means that a group has to frame their violence as legitimate in the eyes of outsiders. In this poster presentation we focus on the power of communicating emotions to achieve this goal. Two experiments demonstrate that outsiders perception of which emotion conflict parties communicate influences the extent to which they legitimize their violence. In Study 1 (N = 57) university students were assigned to a 2(power: low vs. high) x 2(communicated emotion: anger vs. fear) between subjects design. Participants read a description of a long-lasting and bloody conflict about cattle and scarce land between two African tribes and were asked the judge a disproportionate violent act by one of these tribes. The aggressors power and expressed emotion were varied. Results show that although outsiders typically give more leeway to powerless groups because of their underdog status, communicating power-congruent emotions qualifies this effect: Observers legitimize intergroup violence most when powerless groups communicate fear and when powerful groups communicate anger. This is because fear communicates that the group is a victim that cannot be blamed for their violence, whereas anger communicates that the group is wronged and thus their violence seems righteous and moral. Furthermore, results show that sympathy for the powerless appears to be a more fragile basis for legitimization of violence than the moral high ground for the powerful. In Study 2 (N = 105) university students were assigned to 2 group description (Suri powerful and angry vs. Suri powerless and afraid) x 2 violence description (reclaim vs. defense) design. Study 2 replicated the controversial finding that sympathy is a more fragile basis than morality, while simultaneously ruling out some alternative explanations. Both studies demonstrate that the psychology of the communication of emotions adds to our understanding of the emotional dynamics of intergroup conflict.

  • 38

    The Highs and Lows of Negotiation: The Effect of Status, Contempt and Anger on Negotiation Outcomes

    Swati Kanoi & Brian Parkinson

    University of Oxford Emotions are a vital part of the negotiation process and research in this area is burgeoning. Although it is now well established that discrete emotions result in distinct outcomes (e.g., Van Kleef & Ct, 2007), so far only a limited range of emotions (usually anger, happiness, sadness, or guilt) has been studied. Another limitation of previous literature is its neglect of the variable of status, which conveys hierarchical information and is salient in most social exchanges. The research reported in this poster investigates the effect of status, contempt (a previously uninvestigated emotion with relevance to status) and anger on negotiation outcomes. Supporting previous findings, participants made small demands with angry partners. However, interestingly, participants made greater demands with contemptuous partners than angry or neutral partners, especially when the partners status was relatively low. The results also indicated that participants made smaller demands with low status partners than with high status partners. The Emotions as Social Information model (Van Kleef, 2009) and social appraisal (Manstead & Fischer, 2001) can be helpful in explaining these findings. Therefore, this study offers unique insights into how status and emotions interact which in turn deepen our understanding of the negotiation process.

  • 39

    Interpretation Bias in Intercultural Emotion Perception

    Pum Kommattam, Kai J. Jonas, & Agneta H. Fischer University of Amsterdam

    People seem to be less accurate in reading standardized facial expressions of emotions in ethnic out-group members than in ethnic in-group members, suggesting biased interpretation. However, the specific nature of this bias and the role of contextual influences in this process are largely unknown. The current work addressed these issues by presenting subtle emotional expressions of ethnic in- and out-group members along with emotionally indicative or neutral contexts by means of scenarios. Across two studies we found evidence that Dutch and US-American White perceivers attribute less intense emotions to ethnic out-group than to ethnic in-group members for subtle emotional displays of embarrassment, pride, surprise, and fear. Furthermore we found that emotional contexts can reduce (Study 1) or eliminate (Study 2) this out-group emotion bias, suggesting an additive effect. Context effects were most prominent for refined emotions, such as embarrassment or contempt, as opposed to more prototypical emotions such as anger or sadness. The current work thereby offers initial evidence for an out-group emotion bias in subtle emotional expressions and contextual influences in intercultural emotion interpretation.

  • 40

    Anger and Organizational Citizenship

    Lukas F. Koning & Gerben A. Van Kleef University of Amsterdam

    Previous research has demonstrated that displaying anger can positively influence team performance. When leaders display anger, their subordinates may infer that their performance is substandard and as a result may increase their performance (see e.g., Van Kleef et al., 2009). However, displaying anger may also backfire; it can increase tendencies to retaliate, fuel escalation and decrease interpersonal liking. Therefore, anger is a tool that leaders should handle with care. The current research focuses on the effects of anger on organizational citizenship (Bateman & Organ, 1983). Organizational citizenship involves behaviors that are favorable to companies, but fall outside of formal job requirements. As such, these behaviors cannot easily be prescribed or required from employees. In two studies we show that anger can lead to a decrease in such voluntary behaviors. Study 1 used a vignette and showed a decrease in intentions to perform organizational citizenship behaviors after a leader expressed anger rather than happiness. Study 2 used a lab setting to replicate and extend these findings. Results showed that participants expended less effort voluntarily after being confronted with an angry rather than a happy leader.

  • 41

    Pupillary Contagion Induces Trust

    Mariska Kret, Jolien van Breen, Agneta H. Fischer, & Carsten K. W. De Dreu University of Amsterdam

    The eyes are very important in social communication. The sharing of focused attention, mutual gaze at close range and recognition of subtle emotional signals enhances affiliative behavior and bonding between conspecifics and stimulates cooperation. Building on these findings I will present different behavioral and pupillometry experiments investigating pupillary contagion - the synchronization of pupil size with an interaction target. I will argue that pupillary contagion has adaptive value, e.g., to promote shared understanding and coordination, because it emerges within, but not across species. This can be observed when humans synchronize their pupils specifically with other humans, but not with chimpanzees (P. troglodytes). Moreover, I will argue that pupil synchronization is uniquely human, as it does not occur in our closest relative, the chimpanzee. I will discuss the idea that eye white (which is not visible in chimpanzees) may be an adaptation to enhance swift communication of arousal (gaze following & pupillary contagion) within groups. Communication of arousal via eye signals can only have evolved in groups where individuals trusted each other and cooperated, not in groups where others would abuse such information for their own benefit. This is demonstrated in studies on the effects of pupillary contagion on trust and deception, where pupillary contagion induced trust and reduced the likelihood of deception.

  • 42

    Does Communicating Disappointment in Negotiations Help or Hurt? Solving an Apparent Inconsistency in the Social-Functional Approach to Emotions

    Gert-Jan Lelieveld1, Eric Van Dijk1, Ilja Van Beest2 & Gerben A. Van Kleef3

    1Leiden University 2Tilburg University 3University of Amsterdam Based on a social-functional approach to emotion, scholars have argued that expressing disappointment in negotiations communicates weakness, which may evoke exploitation. Yet, it is also argued that communicating disappointment serves as a call for help, which may elicit generous offers. Our goal was to resolve this apparent inconsistency. We develop the argument that communicating disappointment elicits generous offers when it elicits guilt in the target, but elicits low offers when it does not. In four experiments using both verbal and nonverbal emotion manipulations, we demonstrate that the interpersonal effects of disappointment depend on (a) the opponents group membership, and (b) the type of negotiation. When the expresser was an out-group member and in representative negotiations (i.e., when disappointment did not evoke guilt), the communicated weakness elicited a tendency to act in a self-interested way, which was reflected in lower offers. When the expresser was an in-group member, and in individual negotiations (i.e., when disappointment did evoke guilt), the weakness that disappointment communicated elicited a tendency to act pro-socially, which was reflected in generous offers from participants. Thus, in contrast to the common belief that weakness is a liability in negotiations, expressing disappointment can be effective under particular circumstances.

  • 43

    To Come Together or to Fall Apart: Humiliation and Affiliation During Initiation Rituals

    Liesbeth Mann, Allard R. Feddes, Bertjan Doosje, & Agneta H. Fischer University of Amsterdam

    In certain social contexts particular emotions are considered functional. This research examines humiliation in the context of initiation rituals in fraternities and sororities. In this setting, degradation is often considered part of the game and it is justified by the argument that it strengthens bonds among initiates. Although agreeing to engage in such rituals may entail accepting a certain degree of degradation, we suspected that when actual humiliation is experienced, this has negative, rather than positive, consequences for group-bonding. Specifically, we hypothesized that experienced humiliation is negatively related to quality of contact with fellow initiates and other members of the fraternity/sorority. Respondents (N = 123) who experienced an initiation ritual in the past, filled in a questionnaire and described a humiliating event. As expected, the more respondents felt humiliated during their initiation, the lower they judged the quality of contact with both fellows and other members. However, this relationship only emerged for the period of the initiation and not for the present time, suggesting that the negative effect of an unpleasant initiation fades over time. Qualitative analysis of reported experiences suggest that when degraded together with others, this is experienced as less humiliating than when degraded alone. Future studies should experimentally test this idea, as it entails important consequences for the effectiveness of certain initiation practices in fraternities, sportclubs and the army.

  • 44

    The Emotional Benefit of Punishment: Altruistic Punishment as Moral Affirmation

    Marlon Mooijman, Wilco van Dijk, Eric van Dijk, & Naomi Ellemers Leiden University

    Third parties are willing to punish norm violators, even when punishment comes at a personal cost. The present work demonstrates that such altruistic punishment can affirm a punishers' moral self-image and hereby help regulate self-directed negative moral emotions such as guilt, shame and disgust. In two studies we threatened participants' moral self-image with an autobiographical writing task, measured participants' self-directed moral (i.e., guilt, shame and disgust) and nonmoral (distress, happiness and anger) emotions, manipulated self-affirmation with a value-affirmation and measured altruistic punishment in a third-party punishment game. Results showed that a moral self-threat lead third-parties to punish norm violators more but that a self-affirmation attenuated this effect. Findings further showed that these effects were due to increased feelings of guilt, shame and disgust after the moral self-threat and decreased feelings of guilt, shame and disgust after the self-affirmation. Nonmoral emotions or anger could not explain any of the observed effects. These results strongly suggest that altruistic punishment is not necessarily motivated by altruistic concerns, but also by a (selfish) desire to affirm ones own moral self-image and hereby regulate self-directed negative moral emotions such as guilt, shame and disgust.

  • 45

    Interpersonal Instrumental Emotion Regulation

    Liat Netzer1, Gerben A. Van Kleef,2 & Maya Tamir1 1 Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2University of Amsterdam

    Do people manipulate the feelings of others in order to achieve their own goals? To test this, participants were told that they would play an aggressive computer game with another participant and that a high score could lead them to win a monetary prize. Participants in one condition were told that their score would be comprised of the number of enemies they eliminate in the game plus the number of enemies their partner eliminates. Participants in another condition were told that their score would be comprised of the number of enemies they eliminate in the game minus the number of enemies their partner eliminates. All participants were then given the opportunity to select music for the other participant to listen to before playing the game. We predicted that participants would try to put their partner in an emotional state that would be most beneficial to their own performance. Consistent with this prediction, participants who stood to gain from the aggression of their partner were significantly more likely than other participants to select anger-inducing music and less likely to select calmness-inducing music for their partner to listen to before the game. These findings demonstrate that people can regulate the feelings of others in ways that promote their personal goal achievement, even when that requires making others feel unpleasant.

  • 46

    Understanding Language from within: Processing Mental State Language with Internal or External Focus Involves Different Neural Systems.

    Suzanne Oosterwijk1,2, Scott Mackey3, Christy Wilson-Mendenhall1, Piotr Winkielman3 &

    Martin P. Paulus3 1Northeastern University , Boston 2University of Amsterdam 3University of California, San Diego

    Language is a common way to communicate emotions and other mental states. According to theories of embodied cognition, neural systems for sensory, motor, introspective and bodily experience engage in multimodal simulations to support language understanding and social cognition (e.g., Gallese & Lakoff, 2005; Barsalou, 2008). Since recent research suggests that this process of simulation is situated (cf. Wilson-Mendenhall et al., 2011; Oosterwijk et al., 2012), the present project examined whether contextual manipulations direct how the brain represents mental state language. Subjects were presented with sentences describing emotional (e.g., fear, joy) and non-emotional (e.g., hunger, thinking) states with internal focus (i.e., focusing on bodily sensations and introspection) or external focus (i.e., focusing on expression and action). Participants judged whether sentences described a mental state or not; non-mental states sentences served as control. Consistent with our hypothesis that external focus would engage prefrontal regions associated with action representation, we found that external sentences engaged the inferior frontal gyrus significantly more than internal sentences. Our hypothesis that internal focus would engage prefrontal regions associated with internal experience and bodily sensations (i.e., ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus) was confirmed for internal emotion sentences, but not for internal non-emotion sentences. Finally, parametric modulation analysis showed associations between the mirror system and ratings of external focus and activity, and associations between the mentalizing system and ratings of internal focus and emotion. Together, these findings demonstrate that the same mental states are represented by relative different patterns of brain activity depending on the situational context. Consistent with recent developments in social neuroscience, the present project highlights the flexibility of simulation in understanding the minds of other people.

  • 47

    Individualism - Collectivism and Preferences for Ideal Affect

    Natasha Phiri & Brian Parkinson Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford

    Previous research on affective states that people value and prefer (ideal affect), has demonstrated that culture plays an important role in shaping affective preferences. For instance, Euro-Americans tend to prefer high arousal positive affect (HAP; e.g. excitement) and East Asians value low arousal positive affect (LAP; e.g. calm) more. These differences have mostly been attributed to variations in individualism and collectivism (Tsai, 2007), suggesting that cultures high in individualism will prefer HAP over LAP. In a cross- cultural survey, students from two previously unstudied groups that varied in individualism (UK, N=104) and collectivism (Zambia, N = 90) rated their actual and ideal affect using the Affect Valuation Index, along with other cultural and personality measures. Using mixed model ANOVA, results demonstrated that both UK and Zambian students preferred LAP over HAP, although Zambians were closer to their ideal affective states. Findings question whether the type of individualism in the UK differs from other individualist cultures or whether individualism-collectivism is the best predictor of ideal affect. Social norms (e.g. the British reserve) situational variations and differences in motivational goals may override individualism-collectivism in shaping ideal affect. Further studies are needed to clarify sources of variation in ideal affect.

  • 48

    Emotional Motivation: What Do People Want to Feel in Intractable Conflicts?

    Roni Porat1, Eran Halperin2, & Maya Tamir1

    1 Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya Emotions play a central role in conflicts, contributing either to conflict escalation or resolution. Although emotions often arise in response to conflict-related events, people may also try to use emotions strategically in conflicts. This research project, therefore, examined what people want to feel in the context of intractable conflicts, and how such motives influence their emotional reactions to conflict-related events and support for political policies. In Study 1 we found that motivation to experience negative emotions measured one year prior to the recent military attack in Gaza predicted the extent to which participants experienced negative emotions ,their support for further negotiations and their support of violent policies, above and beyond ideology and sentiments. In Study 2, we manipulated the expected usefulness of anger in the context of the conflict, and found that participants who were led to believe that anger may be beneficial, were more motivated to experience anger when thinking about the conflict, experienced more anger as a consequence, and expressed more political intolerance. These studies suggest that people differ in what they want to feel in intractable conflicts and that such differential motives carry implications for emotional experience and political decision making.

  • 49

    Organizational Implications of and Cultural Variation in the Marketplace for Emotional Expression Authenticity

    Laura Rees

    University of Michigan

    Incorporating full-cycle research to examine both ideal and actual conditions (Chatman & Flynn, 2005), I find support in both lab and field settings for the notion that the intra-country cultural difference of honor can influence how emotional expression interpretation affects interpersonal and work outcomes. Specifically, I find that honor individuals positively evaluate emotional expression authenticity while non-honor individuals do not evaluate authentic others more positively, and may even devalue authenticity in certain work-related judgments. Field results show that individuals in organizations may act similarly to culture of honor individuals when few cues regarding anothers character are available and discretionary decisions (i.e., approving loan applications) are influential to the business and decider. This research extends theory in interpersonal judgment and authenticity, and illustrates how cultural scripts can influence the interpersonal judgment process. These findings also have important practical implications for any interaction in which quick interpersonal judgments are madewhether deciding to trust a new colleague, approving a small business owners loan application, dealing with a crisis at work, or simply leaving ones car at a repair shop. While admittedly many factors influence interpersonal dynamics, it seems all smiles are not created equal in the marketplace for authenticity in workplace interactions.

  • 50

    Strategic Emotion Expression in Intergroup Conflict

    Julia Sae, Russell Spears, & Ernestine H. Gordijn

    University of Groningen

    During an intergroup conflict group members experience and express a multitude of emotions

    on behalf of their group. But do expressed emotions in intergroup conflicts always reflect

    experienced emotions? We propose that strategic considerations can regulate emotion

    expression. A basis for such strategic considerations is well established associations between

    specific emotions and behavioral responses they can evoke in the communication partner.

    Strategic emotion expression should become visible in the communication with different

    audiences from which a group desires different behavioral responses, namely support from

    third parties or distancing from an antagonistic group. It is the aim of this project to provide

    empirical support for strategic emotion expression in intergroup conflicts and the effect of

    different audiences. In addition we will examine the influence of power and status differences

    between groups and consequences of identifiability and accountability for the individual. Our

    first study investigates how emotion expression differs depending on whether group members

    communicate with the opponent group, or a third party whose support they need. In order to

    win support we expect higher level of expressed fear and sadness, while distance between the

    own group and the offending group should be established through the expression of anger and

    contempt.

  • 51

    Understanding the In-Group Advantage: The Role of Motivation and Cultural Dialects

    Disa Sauter University of Amsterdam

    Culture in an important social factor in the communication of emotions, and it is well established that nonverbal emotional communication is more accurate when expresser and perceiver are from the same cultural group. However, several accounts have been proposed to explain this pattern. According to the dialect theory, the in-group advantage is due to the fact that within-group signaling benefits from a better match between expresser and perceiver in terms of the culturally specific, learned elements of the signal. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the in-group advantage in emotion recognition could instead arise from motivational differences in the perceiver, with perceivers being more motivated when decoding signals from members of their own group. Two experiments addressed predictions from these accounts. Experiment 1 showed that, contrary to predictions of the motivational account, an in-group advantage can be found also in contexts in which perceivers are unable to reliably infer the group membership of the expresser. Experiment 2 manipulated expected and actual group membership orthogonally. The actual origin of the stimulus (reflecting shared cultural learning) was found to significantly affect emotion recognition, but the believed origin of the stimulus (reflecting motivation) did not. Together these results support the notion that the in-group advantage is caused by culture-specific modulations of nonverbal expressions of emotions, rather than motivational factors.

  • 52

    When Power Is Illegitimate, Leaders See Anger and Subordinates See Fear

    Eftychia Stamkou, Gerben A. Van Kleef, Agneta H. Fischer, & Mariska Kret University of Amsterdam

    How does the social context shape the recognition of goal-relevant emotions? Integrating social-functional approaches to emotion with theorizing on the reciprocal nature of power, we propose that the ability to recognize emotions depends on the legitimacy of the power hierarchy and the specific social signal conveyed by the emotion. Anger signals attackinformation that is relevant to high-power individuals who face the threat of losing an illegitimate position. Fear signals vulnerabilityinformation that is relevant to low-power individuals who try to gain control within an illegitimate power hierarchy. In study 1, we showed participants eight 100-frame digital movies in which a neutral expression gradually changed into an angry expression. According to our predictions, high-power individuals were faster at detecting the onset of anger expressions when their power position was illegitimate rather than legitimate. In order to replicate and further understand our initial findings, in study 2 we presented participants with pictures of actors expressing several emotions. When power roles were illegitimately assigned in an experimental setting, leaders were more accurate in recognizing subordinates' anger expressions, and subordinates were more accurate in recognizing leaders' fear expressions, as compared to conditions of legitimate role assignment. Anger recognition was mediated by feelings of uneasiness, which were highest among leaders in the illegitimacy condition, and fear recognition was mediated by feelings of irritation, which were highest among subordinates in the illegitimacy condition. These findings point to the bidirectional nature of power and the functionality of emotion recognition. This theoretical approach helps resolve past inconsistencies with regard to low- versus high-power individuals ability to recognize emotions.

  • 53

    Values, Offenses and Aggression: A cultural Analysis of Aggression toward Medical Service Providers in Israel

    Dorit Treister1, Anat Rafaeli1, Chen Shapira,2 & Arie Eisenman3

    1Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 2Carmel Medical Center, 3Nahariya Medical Center Offensive situations are not objective states; viewing a situation as offensive stems from ones interpretation of others behavior as unjust. People holding different cultural values vary in this interpretation, which likely determines their response to these situations. Our broad research question is when, why, and how people react to potentially offensive hospital situations. First, we mapped the cultural value profile of the different cultural groups in Israel using 384 responses to a cultural value survey. Interviews with hospital staff and observations of emergency rooms identified frequent hospital situations with potential to lead to patient aggression towards staff. 155 students participated in a Multi Dimensional Scaling task that allowed recognizing the situations perceived as offensive and behaviors perceived as aggressive by people representing the different cultural groups in Israel. Finally, a between subject field survey of 503 hospital patients identified which hospital situations were viewed as offensive and the typical aggressive reactions to these situations among people holding different levels of collectivistic values. Justice perceptions of these situations fully mediated the influence of the situations on patient aggressive reactions. The current study promotes the understanding of the difficult and costly problem of hospital aggression in Israel and serves as an essential step towards mitigating hospital aggression.

  • 54

    The Effect of Anticipated Emotions on Dishonest Behavior

    Job van der Schalk, Joshua Stuart-Bennett, & Antony S. R. Manstead Cardiff University

    Research investigating the relation between emotion and social behavior has demonstrated that others expressions of emotions in social dilemmas influence anticipated emotions about these dilemmas, and thereby subsequent fairness behavior (van der Schalk et al., in prep). Another line of research has demonstrated that dishonest behavior is psychologically costly (e.g., Mazar, Amire & Ariely, 2008; Shalvi, Dana, Handgraaf & de Dreu, 2011). Integrating these lines of research we hypothesized that others emotions can increase or decrease the psychological cost of dishonest behavior through anticipated emotions. Participants recalled a moment in their lives when they had either stood up for themselves or not, and a significant other had either been proud or disappointed about this. In line with predictions, others pride increased anticipated positive emotions and others disappointment increased anticipated negative emotions about such behavior. Participants then had the opportunity to perform a small act of dishonest behavior for a financial incentive (Fischbacher & Heusi, 2008). In line with predictions participants that recalled negative emotions from others about unfair behavior showed less dishonest behavior than participants that recalled positive emotions from others about unfair behavior. This demonstrates that others emotions can influence dishonest behavior through anticipated emotions.

  • 55

    Moral Integrity Modulates The Perception of Emotions in others

    Lotte van Dillen1, Leonie Peters1, Wilco van Dijk,1 & Mark Rotteveel2 1Leiden University 2University of Amsterdam

    The present research examined the effects of self-perceived moral integrity on vigilance to emotions in others. When ones moral integrity has just been affirmed this should temporarily alleviate the need to attend to social feedback. Emotional vigilance should be advantageous, on the other hand, when ones moral integrity is at stake, as the emotions expressed by others signal whether or not the immoral behavior has been noted, and if so, is accepted or rejected. With an autobiographical writing task, participants confirmed or disconfirmed their moral integrity. We observed that, relative to a control condition, confirming ones moral integrity resulted in decreased accuracy in reading emotions in others (study 1: Reading the Eyes test), rating the expressions of emotional targets as less intense (study 2) and fixating less on the eyes of emotional target expressions (study 3: eye tracking). Disconfirming ones moral integrity however, resulted in the opposite pattern, i.e., increased accuracy in reading emotions, greater perceived intensity of emotional expressions, and more fixations on the eyes of emotional target faces compared to a control condition. Findings are discussed in light of social monitoring theory that suggests that peoples sensitivity to social cues serves to safeguard belongingness.

  • 56

    How Approach Motivation Moves Trait Anger into State Anger: Only when Social Context Increases Approach Motivation Angry People will Aggress

    Lotte Veenstra, Iris K. Schneider, Mattie Tops, & Sander L. Koole

    VU University Amsterdam

    Although people often feel angry, they do not always act aggressive towards others. When is anger an idiosyncratic experience and when do people aggress towards others? Three studies investigated the relationship between trait anger and state anger. We hypothesized that approach motivation might be the key variable that determines the activation of trait into state anger. In three studies we angered participants by imagining a provocative situation in which a hostile co-worker blocks their promotion, and manipulated approach motivation in various manners. First, a field study showed that people with high levels of trait anger had aggressive tendencies towards the hostile co-worker when it was light but not when it was dark (Study 1a). A lab study confirmed that this effect was attributable to the association between darkness and decreased approach motivation: people with high trait anger experienced decreased behavioral activation (BAS-drive) when it was dark but not when it was light (Study 1b). Second, high trait anger people had aggressive tendencies in response to the co-worker when they pulled (approach), but not when they pushed (avoidance) their hand against a table (Study 2). Finally, high trait anger people had aggressive tendencies when they sat straight (control) or leaned forward (approach), but not when they leaned backward (avoidance) (Study 3). These results contribute to the understanding of the relationship between trait- and state- anger and propose that it can be explained in terms of embodied and situated social cognition.

  • 57

    Shame Following Public Exposure

    Stephanie C. M. Welten,1,2 Marcel Zeelenberg3, & Seger M. Breugelmans3,4 1ASCoR, 2University of Amsterdam, 3Tiber, 4Tilburg University

    In the literature on shame one can come across different ideas about the role of public exposure. Some researchers view shame experiences as dependent upon public exposure, arising in response to public disapproval (Ausubel, 1955; Benedict, 1946; Gruenewald, Kemeny, Aziz, & Fahey, 2004) and increasing in intensity when others attend to ones failures (Smith, Webster, Parrott, & Eyre, 2002). Other researchers view shame as being unrelated to exposure (Piers & Singer, 1953; Tomkins, 1963), mainly requiring self-awareness instead of other-awareness (Helen Block Lewis, 1971; Michael Lewis, 1993), and occurring frequently in private settings (Tangney, Miller, Flicker, & Barlow, 1996). Though these views on the role of exposure in shame experiences are in itself not contradictory, they do illustrate the seemingly complex relationship between shame and its central concern of self-threat. Is shame about personal self-threats, social self-threats, or both? Understanding the self-in-shame relation is important since it allows for predictions regarding behaviors dealing with this threatened self (Frijda, 1986; Zeelenberg, Nelissen, Breugelmans, Pieters, 2008). Based on previous theorizing, we put forward a model of shame in which shame comprises both a personal self-threat and a social self-threat that can be affected differently depending on the social context. In three experiments we demonstrate how this model can integrate previous findings; it predicts the shame experience and behaviors following exposure. Experiment 1 replicated Smith et al.s (2002) procedure and revealed that increasing public exposure mainly activated social shame components and less personal shame components. Experiment 2 demonstrated how personal and social shame components were related to the overall experienced level of shame. It was revealed that with increasing public exposure, social shame components were more strongly related to the amount of shame experienced. Experiment 3 tested whether the differential effects of public exposure on personal and social shame components also translated to behavioral motivations and intentions. Public exposure indeed decreased the probability of people choosing for a second performance to compensate for their shameful behavior. This effect was mediated by decreased restore motivations (being associated with social approach) and not by protect motivations (being associated with self-focused withdrawal). Together, these experiments reveal how social context does not only affect shames emotional experience, but also how it can influence subsequent behaviors.

  • 58

    The Social Consequences of Intergroup Schadenfreude

    Paton Pak Chun Yam & Brian Parkinson University of Oxford

    Previous research on schadenfreude has mostly concentrated on the circumstances under which it arises. The current research aimed to go beyond this focus and investigated the social consequences of experiencing schadenfreude in the context of intergroup competition. Participants read a scenario based on the actual results of the 2012 European football championship describing the England football teams defeat to Italy, who were themselves later defeated by Spain. Italys loss to Spain is therefore an opportunity for fans of the England team to experience schadenfreude. Afterwards, participants completed a questionnaire relating to their experience of schadenfreude and responses to the scenario. Results revealed that the experience of intergroup schadenfreude was marginally positively correlated with the social distance from the unfortunate outgroup (Italy), positively correlated with the intentions to humiliate its members and the malicious wish for this group to lose again. Furthermore, simple slope analyses revealed that schadenfreude was positively correlated with group-level self-esteem and negatively correlated with the distance from the third-party outgroup (Spain) among group members who highly identified with the ingroup. This study extended the current understanding of schadenfreude and suggested that the social function of schadenfreude may be to cope with ingroups inferiority and to improve its social status.

  • 59

    List of participants with affiliation Name Affiliation Email

    Sigal Barsade University of Pennsylvania [email protected]

    Arik Cheshin University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Margaret Clark Yale University [email protected]

    Elizabeth Clark-Polner University of Geneva [email protected]

    Jozefien Deleersnyder University of Leuven, Belgium [email protected] Ellen Delvaux University of Leuven, Belgium [email protected] Bertjan Doosje University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Hillary Elfenbein Washington University in St. Louis [email protected]

    Agneta Fischer University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Ella Glikson Technion Israel Institute of Technology [email protected] Marc Heerdink University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Ursula Hess Humboldt University [email protected]

    Astrid Homan University of Amsterdam [email protected] Alba Jasini University of Leuven [email protected] Kai Jonas University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Elanor Kamans University of Groningen [email protected]

    Swati Kanoi University of Oxford [email protected]

    Pum Kommattam University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Lukas Koning University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Mariska Kret University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Gert-Jan Lelieveld Leiden University [email protected] Liesbeth Mann University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Tony Manstead Cardiff University [email protected]

    Batja Mesquita University of Leuven [email protected]

    Marlon Mooijman Leiden University [email protected]

    Liat Netzer The Hebrew University [email protected]

    Karen Niven The University of Manchester [email protected]

    Suzanne Oosterwijk University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Brian Parkinson University of Oxford [email protected]

    Natasha Phiri University of Oxford [email protected]

    Roni Porat The Hebrew University [email protected]

    Anat Rafeli Technion Israel Institute of Technology [email protected]

    Laura Rees University of Michigan [email protected]

    Bernard Rim Universit catholique de Louvain [email protected]

    Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks University of Michigan [email protected]

    Julia Sasse University of Groningen [email protected]

    Disa Sauter University of Amsterdam [email protected] Iris Schneider VU University Amsterdam [email protected]

    Eftychia Stamkou University of Amsterdam [email protected] Maya Tamir The Hebrew University [email protected]

    Dorit Treister Technion Israel Institute of Technology [email protected]

  • 60

    Name Affiliation Email

    Job van der Schalk Cardiff University [email protected] Wilco van Dijk Leiden University [email protected]

    Lotte van Dillen Leiden University [email protected]

    Evert-Jan Van Doorn Fontys U. of Applied Science Eindhoven [email protected]

    Gerben van Kleef University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Lotte Veenstra VU University Amsterdam [email protected]

    Stephanie C. M. Welten University of Amsterdam [email protected]

    Paton Pak Chun Yam University of Oxford [email protected]

  • 61

    Notes

  • 62

    Notes

  • 63

    Notes

  • 64

    Notes

  • 65