Social Culture & ChangeSocial Culture & ChangeUnit 9
Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeEnvironment
◦Natural DisastersPopulation
◦Birth rates◦Death rates◦Subcultures
Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeTechnology
◦Technological Determinism◦Automation◦Cultural lag◦Cultural Innovation
Discovery Invention Diffusion
Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeModernization
◦Industrialization◦Urbanization◦Bureaucratization◦Convergence Theory
Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeHuman Interactions
◦Human action◦Collective behavior
Environmental Factors Lack of Norms Relative Deprivation Breakdown of Social Control
◦Social movement
Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeGlobal Development
◦Developed countries = rich◦Undeveloped countries = poor
Theories of Social ChangeTheories of Social ChangeSociocultural Evolution Theory
◦Mutilinear◦Simple to Complex
Cyclical Theory◦Spengler: Society as an organism◦Toynbee: Society as a response to a
challenge◦Sorokin: Sensate (gratification) and
Ideational (faith) societies
Theories of Social ChangeTheories of Social ChangeFunctionalist
◦Emile Durkheim◦Talcott Parsons
Equilibrium Theory
Conflict◦Karl Marx
Interactionist◦Erving Goffman
Dramaturgical
World System ModelWorld System ModelWorld SystemColonial SystemImperialismNeocolonialismMultinational Corporations
Social ChangeSocial ChangeRevolutionCollective Behavior
◦Neil Smelser’s 6 Conditions Triggering Collective Behavior Structural Conductiveness Structural Strain Generalized Belief Precipitating Factors Mobilization of Participants toward Action Social Control
Group BehaviorGroup BehaviorCrowds
◦Casual Crowd◦Conventional Crowd◦Expressive Crowd◦Solidaristic Crowd◦Active Crowd
Mob Riot
Group BehaviorGroup BehaviorGustave le Bon
◦Contagion Theory Invincibility Suggestibility
Lewis Killian◦Emergent-Norm Theory
Mass BehaviorMass BehaviorDiffuse CrowdsMass Behavior
◦Panic ◦Mass Hysteria◦Disaster Behavior◦Fashion◦Fads◦Crazes
Collective CommunicationCollective CommunicationMass MediaTechnological Development
◦Cell phone◦Email◦Txtng ur bff
Negative Communication◦Rumor◦Gossip
Collective CommunicationCollective CommunicationNeutral Communication
◦Public Communication◦Opinion Leaders◦Propaganda◦Urban Legends
Social MovementsSocial Movements4 Primary Social Movements
◦Reform Movements◦Revolutionary Movements◦Resistance (Regressive) Movements◦Expressive (Utopian) Movements
Social MovementsSocial MovementsThe 4 Stage Life Course
◦Preliminary Stage◦Popular Stage (Legitimization)◦Formal Organizational Stage
(Bureaucratization)◦Institutional Stage
TerrorismTerrorismTerrorism
◦State Terrorism◦Revolutionary Terrorism
Theories of Social Theories of Social MovementMovement
Psychological Theories◦Social movements as deviance
Strain Theories◦Deprivation
Resource Mobilization Theories◦John McCarthy & Mayer Zald
Population CountsPopulation CountsPopulationCensusVital Statistics
◦Population Projections◦Population Forecasts
Population Composition◦Gender Ratio◦Racial Ratio◦Educational Ratio◦SES Ratio
Population GrowthPopulation Growth3 Factors to Population Growth
◦Fertility (birth) Rates◦Mortality (death) Rates
Age-specific death rates Neonatal & infant mortality rates
◦Migration (attrition) Rates International Internal Immigration Emmigration
Population GrowthPopulation GrowthLife SpanLife ExpectancyPopulation GrowthDemographic Transition Theory
◦High Birth/High Death◦High Birth/Low Death◦Low Birth/Low Death
Zero Population Growth
Population ControlPopulation ControlFamily PlanningAntinatalismEconomic IncentivesEconomic Improvements
UrbanizationUrbanizationUrbanizationMetropolis
◦City◦Suburb◦Rural
MegalopolisEdge CitiesGentrification into low SES areas
UrbanizationUrbanizationHerbert Gains: 5 Major Groups in
Cities◦Cosmopolites◦Unmarried & Childless◦Ethnic Villagers◦The Deprived◦The Trapped
Urban EcologyUrban EcologyUrban Ecology
◦Ecological Segregation◦Invasion & Succession
Ernest Burgess◦Concentric Zone Model
Social Area Analysis
Urban TheoryUrban TheoryFerdinand Tonnies
◦Gemeinschaft◦Gesellischaft
Louis Wirth◦3 Characteristics of Cities: Size,
Population Density, and Social Diversity’
Herbert Gans◦Suburban culture a product of status
& class
Social ConflictSocial ConflictWar vs PeaceArms RaceNuclear WarWar on Terror
Social ConflictSocial ConflictNuclear War
◦4 Principle (Immediate) Effects Electromagnetic Pulse Explosive Blast (pressure jump) Excessive Heat Direct Radiation
◦Long-Term Effects Fallout
Early Fallout Delayed Fallout