SO2, NO,NO2
H2O2
+ HO2+ SO2 H2SO4
O2
HO2
+ CO, O2CO2+ NO
NO2 HO.
+ SO2, O2
SO3 + H2O
SO4
particles
+ NO2HNO3
+ H2O
O
O3
H2SO4
dry deposition dry depositionwet deposition wet deposition
NH3, HYDROCARBONS, HEAVY METALS, CARBON PARTICLES, SOIL DUST
Response of water organisms to pH decrease in running waters
7,5 7,0 6,5 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5
xx
Death of Crustaceans, Molluscs
Death of salmons, trouts, Arctic charr
Death of sensitive insectsand animal plankton
Death of grayling
Death of perch and luce
Death of eel and trouts
Life is possible for sensitive insects,part of animal and vegetal plankton
Increase of Vellutella bianca
Damage begins when pH is less than 6.5
Most of species disappear when pH is less than 5
Source: Report of the Swedish Ministry of Agriculture
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS
INPUT OF HEAVY METALSINPUT OF HEAVY METALS
Decomposition of
geological material
Natural emissions
Industrial activities
Car traffic
Mineral fertilizersOrganic manureSewage, sludge and compostPesticides
Industrial activities
Agriculture
TOXICITY FOR TOXICITY FOR HUMANSHUMANS
ANIMALS AND ANIMALS AND CROPSCROPS
Air pollution
Soil pollution
Water pollution
Residues inplants
1450 1500 1550 1600 1650
4950
5000
5050
5100
5150
A lp eg era
B e llin za
B o sch iB ra llo
B re ra
B ru g h e ri
C ise
C o m oIsp ra
L o ca rn o
L o n g o n e
L u g an oL u n ecco
L _ A rn o
M ad esim o
M i_ T ren n o
M o rb e g n o
M o tta ro n eO rta
P a llan za
S a rd eg n a
S o _ M o n c
T o g g ia
T rin o
C en to
S O 4 N M
da ti m an can ti4 .5 8 - 5 4 .1 6 - 4 .5 83 .7 4 - 4 .1 63 .3 2 - 3 .7 42 .9 - 3 .322 .4 8 - 2 .92 .0 6 - 2 .4 81 .6 4 - 2 .0 61 .2 2 - 1 .6 40 .8 - 1 .22 g r / m 2 an n o
Deposizione di solfati non marini ( g S /m2/y )
1450 1500 1550 1600 1650
4950
5000
5050
5100
5150
A lp eg era
B e llin za
B o sch iB ra llo
B re ra
B ru g h e ri
C ise
C o m oIsp ra
L o ca rn o
L o n g o n e
L u g an oL u n ecco
L _ A rn o
M ad esim o
M i_ T ren n o
M o rb e g n o
M o tta ro n eO rta
P a llan za
S a rd eg n a
S o _ M o n c
T o g g ia
T rin o
C en to
S O 4 N M
d a ti m an can ti4 .5 8 - 5 4 .1 6 - 4 .5 83 .7 4 - 4 .1 63 .3 2 - 3 .7 42 .9 - 3 .3 22 .4 8 - 2 .92 .0 6 - 2 .4 81 .6 4 - 2 .0 61 .2 2 - 1 .6 40 .8 - 1 .2 2 g r / m 2 an n o
Non marine Sulphate deposition ( g S /m2/y )
1450 1500 1550 1600 1650
4950
5000
5050
5100
5150
A lp eg e ra
B e llin za
B o sch iB ra llo
B re ra
B ru g h e ri
C ise
C o m oIsp ra
L o ca rn o
L o n g o n e
L u g an oL u n ecco
L _ A rn o
M ad esim o
M i_ T ren n o
M o rb e g n o
M o tta ro n eO rta
P a llan za
S a rd eg n a
S o _ M o n c
T o g g ia
T rin o
C en to
N O 3 + N H 4
d a ti m an c an ti2 .3 4 - 2 .6 2 .0 8 - 2 .3 41 .8 2 - 2 .0 81 .5 6 - 1 .8 21 .3 - 1 .5 61 .0 4 - 1 .30 .7 8 - 1 .0 40 .5 2 - 0 .7 80 .2 6 - 0 .5 20 - 0 .2 6 g r / m 2 an n o
Azoto totale nelle deposizioni (g N /m2/y )
1450 1500 1550 1600 1650
4950
5000
5050
5100
5150
A lp eg e ra
B e llin za
B o sch iB ra llo
B re ra
B ru g h e ri
C ise
C o m oIsp ra
L o ca rn o
L o n g o n e
L u g an oL u n ecco
L _ A rn o
M ad esim o
M i_ T ren n o
M o rb e g n o
M o tta ro n eO rta
P a llan za
S a rd eg n a
S o _ M o n c
T o g g ia
T rin o
C en to
N O 3 + N H 4
d a ti m an c an ti2 .3 4 - 2 .6 2 .0 8 - 2 .3 41 .8 2 - 2 .0 81 .5 6 - 1 .8 21 .3 - 1 .5 61 .0 4 - 1 .30 .7 8 - 1 .0 40 .5 2 - 0 .7 80 .2 6 - 0 .5 20 - 0 .2 6 g r / m 2 an n o
Total nitrogen in the deposition (g N /m2/y )
Source: Europen Commission, 1999
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
acidificazionenel 1990
acidificazionenel 2010
eutrofizzazionenel 1990
eutrofizzazionenel 2010
UE
Non UE
Europa
Fonte: AEA, 2000Fonte: AEA, 2000
% d
i ecosis
tem
i con
dep
osiz
ion
e s
up
eri
ore
al ri
sp
ett
ivo c
ari
co c
riti
co
Deposizioni acidificanti ed eutrofizzanti: danno agli ecosistemi
Percentage of alpine lakes sensitive to acidification
Percentuale di laghi alpini sensibili Percentuale di laghi alpini sensibili all’acidificazioneall’acidificazione
Current UNECE protocols Year Main target
The first sulphur protocol (Helsinki) 1985 Reduction in sulphur emissions or transboundary fluxes of sulphur by30% of 1980 levels by 1993
The second sulphur protocol (Oslo) 1994 National emission ceilings for 2000 (and in some cases also for2005/2010) derived from an interim target of a 60% gap closure of theexceedance of the 5 percentile critical sulphur deposition
The first NOx protocol (Sofia) 1988 Stabilise that the NOx emissions or the transboundary fluxes of NOx at1987 levels by 1994
UNECE protocols under preparation Year(expected)
Main target
The multi-effect/multi-pollutant protocol 1999 To establish national emission ceilings for NOx, NH3 and VOCs usingan effect-oriented (critical loads and levels) and cost-effectiveapproach aimed at reducing acidification, eutrophication andtropospheric ozone in conjunction with reductions of the NMVOCemissions
Current EU Policy Year Main target
5EAP SO2 target 1992 A 35% reduction from 1985 level by 2000. Several Directives havecome into effect or are under revision to meet this target
5 EAP NOx target 1992 Stabilisation by 1994 and reduction of 30% by 2000, both from 1990level of emission. Various derectives have come into effect or are inthe pipeline to achieve this target
EU Strategy under preparation Year(expected)
Main target
Reduction of SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions 1998 Based on an effects-based (critical loads) and cost-effective approach,reductions of SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions in order to attain, by 2010,the interim environmental target of at least a 50% gap closure (basedon a reference scenario including all Directives (present and underpreparation) within the EU) in each area of ecosystems exceedingcritical loads for total acidity
UNECE and EU current and planned emission reduction targets regarding acidification and eutrophication