Smart Grid Technologies and Applications
SITKI GUNERISTANBUL AREL UNIVERSITY
What is the Smart Grid?
•In today’s world, electric power networks have been so much
loaded that such a case has never been observed before.
•The smart grid is no revolution but rather an evolution or a process
within which electricity grids are being continuously improved to
meet the needs of current and future customers.
•That is, the smart grid is not created all at once. It will evolve over
many years from the existing infrastructure through the development
and integration of Intelligent systems
• The exception of alternative generation options, the
generation and transmission segments are less uncertain and
more dominated by engineering economics than the
distribution and customer segments.
• From a regulatory perspective, a clear definition of smart
grid is important for two reasons. First, it helps if
consumers, utilities, vendors and regulators all start from a
common understanding of smart grid.
• Second, how smart grid is defined establishes the framework
to guide expectations, resource allocation decisions, and
implementation priorities.
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What is the Smart Grid?
• Fundamentally, smart grid is a combination of information
and communication applications that link together generation,
transmission, distribution, and customer end-use technologies.
• The need to integrate all of the systems that generate and
supply energy with customer usage is one of the very certain
design principles of smart grid.
• System integration will be accomplished using information
and communication systems.
• Smart grid is not necessarily a specific combination of parts
as much as it is a process for using information and
communications to integrate all the components that make up
each electric system. Smart grid is system integration.
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What is the Smart Grid?
• Today’s electricity networks provide an essential service
for society, built to ensure access for every single
electricity customer. They form a vertically integrated
scheme with
centralized generation - distributed consumption;
limited interconnection capabilities between the
control areas; and
commercial and regulatory frameworks that are not
harmonized for mutual advantage
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What is the Smart Grid?
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• In response to new challenges and
opportunities, electricity networks have begun to
evolve. The aim is that they accommodate more
decentralized generation services, with many
actors involved in the generation, transmission,
distribution and operation of the system.
• At the same time, centralized generation and
high voltage bulk-transmission of electricity will
continue to play a major role for the foreseeable
future.
What is the Smart Grid?
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What is the Smart Grid?
An application of digital information technology to optimize electrical power generation, delivery and use
– Optimize power delivery and generation– Self-healing– Consumer participation– Resist attack– High quality power– Accommodate generation options
Plug-in hybridelectric cars
Real-time andgreen pricing signals
Added green power sources
High-speed, networked connections
Customer interaction with utility
Smart thermostats, appliances andin-home control devices
What is Smart Grid?
What is the smart grid?
What is the Smart Grid?
Why Smart Grid ?
• Better situational awareness and operator assistance
• Autonomous control actions
• Efficiency enhancement
• Integration of renewable sources
• Improved market efficiency through innovativesolutions for product types
• Higher quality of service
April 8, 2016
STRUCTURE OF CONVENTIONAL GRIDThe conventional grid;- is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers,-consists of generating stations that produce electrical power,-high-voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to demand centers,-and has distribution lines that connect individual customers.
How is a Smart Grid different from the
existing grid?• The existing utility grid is a centralized system where power
flows in one direction, from generation resources through the
transmission-distribution system to the customer.
• Generation may or may not be located in the same geographic
area as the load being served, which can often require
transmission from distant locations.
• Existing utility grids may or may not include Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition (SCADA) sensors, computing, and
communications to monitor grid performance.
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• Utility systems may depend instead on separate reporting
systems, periodic studies, and standalone outage
management applications.
• Information to the customer is generally limited to a
periodic bill for services consumed in a prior time period or
billing cycle.
• Utility web sites may or may not provide customers will
access to their usage data. Energy usage is usually presented
as an aggregate kWh value for a specific billing cycle,
which may or may not align with monthly calendar
boundaries.15
How is a Smart Grid different from the
existing grid?
• The first step to transform the existing grid into a smart grid
requires the addition of generation options throughout the
grid at bulk power transfer points, substations, other
distribution locations and on the customer side of the meter.
• Adding generation throughout the grid allows power sources
to be located closer to their point of use, reducing
investment in transmission and distribution, and in many
cases reducing energy losses.
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How is a Smart Grid different from the
existing grid?
• Implementation of widespread, smaller generation resources
diversifies supply, reduces risks of major outages, and
improves overall reliability.
• Sensors, remote monitoring, automated switches, reclosers,
upgraded capacitor banks, and other equipment may be
integrated into the grid to provide end-to-end monitoring
and control of the transmission and distribution network.
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How is a Smart Grid different from the
existing grid?
• Equivalent additions on the customer side of the meter
would include automated control systems and smart
appliances with embedded price and event-sensing and
energy management capability.
• Sensors provide the information to better understand
grid operation, while control devices provide options to
better manage system operation.
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How is a Smart Grid different from the
existing grid?
• The last stage necessary to transform and create a smart grid is the
addition of communication systems to support information flows
that fully link both the utility and customer sides of the grid.
• On the utility side of the grid, sensors will be integrated with high
speed switches and expert systems to automatically balance power
flows, isolate and re-route power around disturbances , report
outages, and continuously update system operators with weather,
demand, and performance data from throughout the system.
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How is a Smart Grid different from the
existing grid?
• On the customer side of the grid, near real-time meter data will be
available so customers can better understand how individual
appliances and behavior impact their energy usage and costs.
• Broadcast price, reliability and event signals may be monitored
directly by smart appliances or through home automation
gateways , responding automatically to customer preferences to
defer or reduce usage during high-priced or constrained reliability
periods.
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How is a Smart Grid different from the
existing grid?
Distributed generation
• The advances in power generation, transmission,distribution, regulation and control techniques havecreated rapid growth in the utilization of distributedgeneration.
Distributed generation
• This changing in the electric power industry providesthe energy market become more attractive andcompetitive in the world.
• Distributed Generation (DG) refers to the small scale
generation of electric power by a unit sited close to the load
being served.
• DG technologies range in size from technologies in the 5 kW
to 5 MW size range.
• The technologies profiled are• reciprocating engines,
• microturbines,
• industrial combustion turbines,
• phosphoric acid and proton Exchange membrane fuel cells,
• photovoltaics, and
• wind turbine systems.
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Distributed generation
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Distributed generation
• DG technologies can meet the needs of a wide range of users,
with applications in the residential, commercial, and
industrial sectors.
• Decision makers at all levels need to be aware of the potential
benefits DG can offer. In some instances, DG technologies
can be more cost effective than conventional solutions.
• DG can be used by utilities to both enhance existing systems
and to delay the purchase of transmission and distribution
equipment.
• DG units can help meet the changing demands of end users
for premium, reliable or “green” power.
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Distributed generation
• A group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid.
• A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island mode.
What is a Microgrid?
LOADS
ENERGYSTORAGE
RENEWABLEENERGY
Static Switch
What is a Microgrid?
• It is a small-scale power supply network that is designed to provide
power for a small community.
• It enables local power generation for local loads.
• It contains of various small power generating sources that makes it
highly flexible and efficient.
• It is connected to both the local generating units and the utility grid
thus preventing power outages.
• Excess power can be sold to the utility grid or can store in storage
system.
• Size of the microgrid may range from housing estate(few kW) to
municipal regions(few MW).
What is a Microgrid?
That Was Then… …This is Now
Legacy Bulk Electrical System Microgrids
Microgrid Architecture
Component of Microgrid
1.Distributed Generations:
The classification of microgrid generation technologies has given below
Renewable/Inverter based distribution generations (solar thermal,
photovoltaic PV, wind, fuel cell, CHP, hydro,biomass, biogas etc.)
Non-renewable/Inertia
engine, steam turbine,
based distribution generations (diesel
natural gas generator, induction and
synchronous generators etc).
Component of Microgrid
2. Energy Storage Device :
The classification of microgrid storage technologies has given below
Electrochemical systems (Embracing batteries and flow cells such
as Li-ion, Zn-bromide)
Kinetic energy storage systems (Flywheel energy storage)
Potential energy storage (Pumped hydro or compressed air storage)
Component of Microgrid
3. Load:
Resistive load such as household load
Inductive load for instance Industrial Load
Sensitive or critical load such as data center, electronic load
And demand high-level reliability Load for example Hospital
Sheddable & Unsheddable Load
Application of Microgrid
Couple of special application of microgrid, in the regions of underdeveloped transmission infrastructure, for example
Remote villages
Islands
Microgrid helps to reduce transmission losses significantly.
Microgrid Importance
• Microgrids provide the most promising means of integrating large
amounts of distributed sources into the power grid
• Particularly important for renewable energy sources
• Microgrids can provide higher reliability, energy security and surety, and
efficiency improvements usingopen the door to significant system
Combined Heating & Power (CHP)
MicArpogrirlid8,E2x0c1h6ange Group – 06 Oct 2010
Wind Turbine
Battery Storage
PV Array
StaticSwitch
Fuel Cells
Micro TurbineGenSets
FlywheelPlug-In Hybrid
Requirement for ESSs in Microgrids
Microgrids range in generating capacity from kW’s to
MW’s and provide power to a variety of users ranging from
small cell phone towers to large commercial, industrial and
military customers.
Energy storage is used to enhance the stability and
efficiency of microgrids by decoupling the generation source
from the load.
Requirement for ESSs in Microgrids
This is particularly useful for systems with diesel
generation or intermittent renewables as the means of
electricity production.
Each microgrid is a unique response to a customer need.
Whether energy storage is incorporated in a system is a
strong function of the microgrid systems integrator, the
customers’ technological sophistication, and budget.
Requirement for ESSs in Microgrids
Sizing of a suitable battery bank in terms of power and
energy help in shaving the peak demand.
The ESS stores excess renewable energy and supply load
when renewable energy is low.
When ESS discharges its energy to power grid its
generating positive real power.
Smart grid
• Smart grid is a relativelynew approach for thefuture power system thatintegrates electricity andcommunication on powersystem network whichsupplies digital informationon the real time networkoperation for the operatorand consumers.
Smart grid
• Additionally, advanced control methods, digital sensingand metering, advanced grid devices are a few of themajor technologies involved in the implementation ofsmart grid.
Smart grid
• Smart grid technology broadens power knowledge andinvolves interdisciplinary research area such as:communication, automation, sensor and control.
Expectations
… lower CO2 footprint !… flexibility to easily adaptive newregulations
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… secure energy generation from different sources.
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… a response to solve the ever increasing grid complexity
Our demands…… more information.
… managing the grid by using novel technologies
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Key Functions of Smart Grid
Anticipated Smart Grid Benefits
• According to the National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST):
• 3. Enhancing the capacity and efficiency of existing electric grid
- Better monitoring using sensor networks and communications
- Consequently, better control and resource management in real-time
• 4. Improving Resilience to Disruption and Being Self-Healing
- Better monitoring using sensor networks and communications
- Distributed grid management and control
• According to the National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST):
• 5. Expanding Deployment of Renewable and Distributed Energy Sources
- Better monitoring using sensor networks and communications
- Consequently, better control and resource management in real-time
- Better demand side Management
- Better renewable energy forecasting models
- Providing the infrastructure I incentives
• According to the National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST):
• 6. Automating maintenance and operation
- Better monitoring using sensor networks and communications
- Distributed grid management and control
• 7. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
- Supporting I encouraging the use of electric vehicles
- Renewable power generation with low carbon footprint
• According to the National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST):
• 8. Reducing oil consumption
- Supporting I encouraging the use of e lectric vehicles
- Renewable power generation with low carbon footprint
- Better demand side Management (Q: Why?)
• 9. Enabling transition to plug-in electric vehicles
- Can also provide new storage opportunities
• According to the National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST):
• 10. Increasing consumer choice
- The use of advanced metering infrastructures
- Home automation
- Energy smart appliances
- Better demand side Management
Thank you for your attention
Questions&Answers
Thank you for your attention
Questions&Answers
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