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Basic Measurement Tools
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OVERVIEW
Tools for Analyzing ProblemsFlowchartCause and Effect Diagram
Pareto Chart Tools for Analyzing Data
Scatter DiagramHistogramRun Chart
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FLOWCHART
DefinitionA Picture Which Describes The Main
Steps, Branches, and Eventual Outputs of
a ProcessWhen To Use It
At Steps 1, 2, And 6 Of The CIP
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FLOWCHART EXAMPLE
DORMITORY OUTPROCESSING
3X5 Room
Discrepancy CardsLeave On Desk
For Lower-Class
SQ Maint Mobility
Officer
Start
Consolidate,
Pack, Ship,
or Discard
All Unneeded
Room Items
Clean Baggage,Computer, and
Chapel Room
Both SquadronCCs
Inspect
AreRooms
Clean?
Ensure
Room is
Neat & Orderly
Remove AllItems From
Room Before
Graduation
Place
Linen &Blanket
Outside Door
For Pickup
Squadron CCsPerform
Walk Through
Prior to FTO
FTO Inspects
Room
After Parade
Is Room
Clean?
FTO Locks RoomEnd
NO
YES
YES
NO
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Interpreting ResultsCompare Actual Flow To Ideal Flow To
Identify Deviations In The Process
Examine Those Noted Differences ToIdentify Possible Areas To Reduce
Variation In The Process
FLOWCHART
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FLOWCHART EXERCISE
Marching to the Dining Hall
Enter the Dining Hall
Leave the BldgStart
End
???
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CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
DefinitionDiagram That Illustrates The
Relationship Between An Outcome And
The Factors That Affect It.When To Use It
At Step 3 Of The CIP
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Lost Control
of Car
Mechanical
Personal Weather
Distribution Obstacles
Brakes
Tires
Kids
Spouse
Drugs
Alcohol
Sleepy
Snow
Rain
Sun
Causes Effect
Steering
Pothole
Animal
Construction
Fighting
Other Cars
BlindSpot
Wrong
TiresIce
CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
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Interpreting ResultsIdentify Possible Root CausesPrioritize List Of Causes
Look For Large Groupings Of Causes
CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
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Scenario:
There have been 4 security violations
in you squadron in the first three weeksof training. The Squadron Commander
wants to know what could be causing
these security violations.
CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
EXERCISE
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PARETO CHART
DefinitionBar Graph That Helps Determine The
Relative Importance Of Process
Problems. Pareto PrincipleWhen To Use It
At Steps 2, 3, And 5 Of The CIP
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PARETO CHART EXAMPLE
CATEGORIES
COST QUANTITY TASTE OTHER 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
POOR
SERVICE
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Interpreting ResultsBe CriticalLook At Problems Not Symptoms
Use Common Sense
PARETO CHART
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PARETO CHART EXERCISE
1. Unexcused Tardiness
2. Security Violation
3. Improper Wear ofUniform
4. Personal Hygiene
5. Disrespect to a
Commissioned Officer6. Dorm Maintenance
3
1
15
2
5
6
5
5
2
4
5
2
ITEM
Num of
Demerits TOTALFrequency
8
6
17
6
10
8
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
PARETO CHART EXERCISE
Frequency Per Category
WEAR OF
UNIFORM
DIS-
RESPECT
TARDYDORM
MAINT
PERS
HYG
SECURITY
Frequency
CATEGORIES
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CHECK THE DATA!!
CHECK IT AGAIN!!
BREAK, BREAK, BREAK
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SCATTER DIAGRAM
DefinitionA Picture Representation Of Possible
Relationships Between Two Variables In
A Process.When To Use It
At Steps 3 And 5 Of The CIP
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SCATTER DIAGRAM EXAMPLE
Average Workload versus worker-hours
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 50 100 150
Average Workload (cause variable)(monthly item records loaded; thousands)
Work hours(effect Variable)
data
point
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Interpreting ResultsLook For A General Pattern Of Plotted
Points
Tightness Of Grouping Indicates RelativeCorrelation
SCATTER DIAGRAM
POSITIVE
CORRELATION
NEGATIVE
CORRELATION
NO
CORRELATION
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Plot the possible relationship of the
travel time to work versus distance
from job.
TIME
DISTANCE
SCATTER DIAGRAM EXERCISE
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HISTOGRAM
DefinitionA Bar Graph Representing The Amount
Of Variation Within A Process.When To Use ItAt Steps 2, 3 And 5 Of The CIP
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Weights Of 80 Officers
0
5
10
15
20
109 133.8 158.6 183.4
Weight (lbs)
# of
Officers
(Frequency)
HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
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Determine The Intervals:
this manyIf you have
data points:< 5050 - 99100 - 249
> 250
Use thisnumber of
intervals (K):5 -76 - 107 - 12
10 - 20
for this example K = 8
HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
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Determine The Range:
where R = range:
R = X largest - X smallest
Example:
R = 208 - 109 = 99
HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
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Determine The Starting Point ForEach Interval:
Interval Lower
Boundary
1 109
2 121.4
3 133.8
4 146.2
5 158.66 171.0
7 183.4
8 195.8
HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
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Plot The Data:Interval Tally (Frequency) Total
109 under 121.4 II 2
121.4 under 133.8 IIIII II 7
133.8 under 146.2 IIIII III 8
146.2 under 158.6 IIIII IIIII IIIII 15
158.6 under 171.0 IIIII IIIII IIIII III 18
171.0 under 183.4 IIIII IIIII IIII 14
183.4 under 195.8 IIIII IIIII 10195.8 under 208.2 IIIII I 6
HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
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WEIGHTS OF 80 OFFICERS
0
5
10
15
20
109 133.8 158.6 183.4
Weight (lbs)
# of
Officers
(Frequency)
HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
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Interpreting ResultsLook For Normal Distributions
Investigate Abnormalities
HISTOGRAM
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RUN CHART
DefinitionGraphically Represents Changes In A
Process Over Time (Trends)
When To Use ItAt Steps 1, 2, And 5 Of The CIP
0
10
20
30
40
50
6070
80
90
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
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#of
people
TDY
avg. = 6.8
RUN CHART EXAMPLE
Number of People TDY per Week
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Week
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Use the data listed below to construct a Run ChartWEEK OF TRAINING
2
4
6
8
10
1214
16
DEMERITS
400
450
300
200
350
300150
50
AVERAGE = 275AVERAGE = 275
RUN CHART EXERCISE
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RUN CHART EXERCISE (ANSWER)
AVG = 275
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
WEEK OF TRAINING
DEMERITS
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FlowchartPicture Of Process Use It To Analyze Problems Compare Current And Ideal Process
Cause And Effect Diagram Shows Relationship Between Causes And Outcomes In Process
Used To Analyze ProblemsIdentify Possible Root Causes
Pareto ChartBar Chart Of Major Problems Pareto Principle Used To Analyze Problems
Identify Possible Root Causes
SUMMARY
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SUMMARY
Scatter DiagramId Possible Relationships Use At Step 3 Of CIP Tighter Groups--strong Relationship
Histogram
Shows Variation In Process Comprehend Total VariabilityInvestigate Abnormalities
Run Chart Graphically Represents Trends
Recognize Abnormal BehaviorInvestigate Points Away From Average
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