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LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT5A Topical Approach to
John W. Santrock
Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development
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Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development
• Motor Development
• Sensory and Perceptual Development
• Perceptual-Motor Coupling
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Dynamic Systems View
• Seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting
• Motivation leads to new motor behavior; a convergence of– Nervous system development
– Body’s physical properties
– Child’s motivation to reach goal
– Environmental support for the skill
Motor Development
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Sample Reflexes
Motor Development
Moro reflex
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Startle response in reaction to sudden, intense noise or movement
Reaction when infant’s cheek is stroked or side of mouth touched
Automatic sucking object placed in newborn’s mouth
Grasping reflexOccurs when something touches infant’s palms; infant response
is to grasp tightly
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Gross Motor Skills
• Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities– Infancy
• Development of posture• Locomotion and crawling • Learning to walk• No set sequence of development; help of caregivers important• more skilled and mobile in second year
Motor Development
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Milestones inGross Motor Development
Motor Development
Fig. 5.3
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Gross Motor Skills
– Childhood• Improved walking, running, jumping, climbing, learn organized sports’ skills• Positive and negative sport outcomes
– Adolescence - Skills continue to improve
– Adulthood • Peak performance of most sports before 30• Biological functions decline with age
Motor Development
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Guidelines for Parents and Coaches of Children in Sports
Motor Development
The Don’ts– Yell or scream at child– Continue condemning– Point out errors in
front of others– Expect instant learning– Expect child to be pro– Make fun of child– Compare child to other– Make sports all work
The Dos– make sports fun– mistakes are okay– Allow questions,
show calm manner– Respect child’s
participation– Be positive role model – Be supportive
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Movement and Aging
Motor Development
Fig. 5.4
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Fine Motor Skills
• Involves more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
– Infancy: Reaching and grasping• Size and shape of object matters• Experience affects perceptions and vision
– Early Childhood: Pick up small objects• Some difficulty building towers• Age 5: hand, arm, fingers move together
Motor Development
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Fine Motor Skills
– Childhood and adolescence • Writing and drawing skills emerge, improve• Steadier at age 7; more precise movements• By 10-12, can do quality crafts, master difficult piece on musical instrument
– Adulthood — speed may decline in middle and late adulthood, but most use compensation strategies
• Older adults can still learn new motor tasks
Motor Development
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Origin and Development of Handedness
• Genetic inheritance
• Right-handedness dominant in all cultures
• Right hand preference in thumb-sucking begins in the womb
– Head-turning preference in newborns
– Preference later leads to handedness
Motor Development
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Handedness and Other Characteristics
• 85 to 95 percent of right-handed primarily process speech in left hemisphere
• Left handed
– Are more likely to have reading problems
– Show more variation
– Have better spatial skills– More common among mathematicians, musicians, artists, and architects
Motor Development
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What Are Sensation and Perception?
• Sensation — occurs when information contacts sensory receptors
• Perception — interpretation of sensation
Sensory and Perceptual Development
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The Ecological View
• People directly perceive information in the world around them
– Perception brings people in contact with the environment to interact with it and adapt to it
– All objects have affordances; opportunities for interaction offered by objects necessary to perform activities
Sensory and Perceptual Development
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Studying Infant Perception
• Visual preference method — to determine if infants can distinguish between various stimuli
• Habituation and Dishabituation– Habituation — decreased responsiveness to stimulus– Dishabituation — recovery of habituated response
• Tracking — moving eyes and/or head to follow moving objects
• Videotape equipment, high-speed computers
Sensory and Perceptual Development
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Infants’ Visual Perception
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Visual Acuity
Color
Perceiving Patterns
Depth Perception
Visual Expectations
20/600 at birth, near adult levels by 1 year
Sees green and red at birth, all colors by 2 months
Prefer patterns at birth; face scanning improves by 2 months
Developed by 7-8 months
Begins by 4 months;
expect gravity by 6-8 months
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Perceptual Constancy
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Size constancy
Recognition that object remains the same even though the retinal image changes
Shape constancy
Recognition that object remains the same even though its orientation changes
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Vision in Childhood
• Improved color detection, visual expectations, controlling eye movements (for reading)
• Preschoolers may be farsighted
• Signs of vision problems– Rubbing eyes, blinking, squinting
– Irritability at games requiring distance vision– Closing one eye, tilting head to see, thrusting head forward to see
Sensory and Perceptual Development
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Aging Vision In Adulthood
• Loss of Accommodation — presbyopia
• Decreased blood supply to eye — smaller visual field, increased blind spot
• Slower dark adaptation
• Declining color vision: greens, blues, violets
• Declining depth perception — problems with steps or curbs
Sensory and Perceptual Development
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Glare Vision and Aging
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Fig. 5.12
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Diseases of the Eye
• Cataracts — thickening eye lens that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, distorted
• Glaucoma — damage to optic nerve because of pressure created by buildup of fluid in eye
• Macular degeneration — involves deterioration of retina
Sensory and Perceptual Development
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Hearing
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Prenatal • Can hear before birth
Infancy • Improve sensitivity to soft sounds, pitches • Ability to localize
Childhood• Hearing usually fine • Danger of otitis media
Adolescence• Most have excellent hearing• Danger from loud music
Adulthood• Few changes until middle adulthood• Hearing impairment increases with age
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Hearing
Sensory and Perceptual Development
• Fetus hears in last 2 months of pregnancy• Newborns
– cannot hear soft sounds well– display auditory preferences – sensitive to human speech
• Infants less sensitive to sound pitch• Most children’s hearing is inadequate
– otitis media: middle ear infection
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Hearing
Sensory and Perceptual Development
• Adolescence– Most have excellent hearing
• Adulthood – Decline begins about age 40– Males lose sensitivity to high-pitched sounds sooner than females– Gender differences may be due to occupation
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Other Senses
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Sense Infants Older Adults
Touch and Pain
Smell
Taste
Newborns feel pain; by 6 mos., can coordinate vision and touch
Can differentiate odors at birth; shows some preferences
May prefer sweet tastes before birth; likes salty at 4 months
Less sensitive to pain and touch in lower extremities
Loss of some sense of smell around age 60
Decline in taste of begins in 60s
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Intermodal Perception
• Ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing
• Exists in newborns
Sensory and Perceptual Development
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The End
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