Komunikasi Data
Konsep jaringan Selular dan Jaringan Komputer
SAP Komunikasi Data
Pendahuluan Protokol dan
Arsitektur
Transmisi Data dan Media
Transmisi
Pengkodean Data Komunikasi Data Digital
Data Link Control
Switching Multiplexing Jaringan selular dan Komputer
Spread Spectrum
Start
Finish
UTS
UU/UAS
Tugas 1
Tugas 2
Bagaimana apakah anda mengalami hal ini ?
Saat ini
• Seperi apa teknologi selular?
• Apakah identik Selalu berkaitan dengan HP?
Prinsip dan konsep jaringan selular
prinsip dasar adalah teknologi komunikasi radio
Jaringan selular berkembang dengan teknologi Semikondukor dan digital serta radio frekuensi
Penyebab lainya adalah perubahan gaya hidup dengan kebutuhan komunikasi bergerak.
Dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas yang tersedia untuk layanan telepon radio seluler
Radio selular support 25 kanal dan efektif dengan radius sekitar 80 km
Cellular Network Organization
• Teknologi untuk perangkat mobile
• Menggunakan low power transmitters
• Area dibagi kedalam sel-sel – Pada pattern memberikan full coverage
– Masing-masing sel memilki antena sendiri
– Masing-masing dialokasikan rentang frekuensi sendiri
– Dilayani oleh base station • Berupa transmitter, receiver, dan control unit
– Sel-sel yang berdekatan diberikan frekuensi yang berbeda untuk menghindari gangguan atau crosstalk • Sel yang cukup jauh satu sama lain dapat menggunakan pita
frekuensi yang sama
Konsep Hexagon?
Manakah yang implementasinya terbaik?
Mengapa Pattern yang digunakan Hexagon?
Prinsip Sarang lebah
Maka Konsep Hexagon?
√ X X X
Best implementation
Tidak overlap area Cakupan area 83%
overlap area Tidak overlap area Cakupan area 17.7 %
Tidak overlap area Cakupan area 63.7 %
d
Rdd
d
dd
d
d
d
d
1.414 d 1.41
4 d
1.41
4 d 1.414 d
(a) Square pattern (b) Hexagonal pattern
Figure 10.1 Cellular Geometries
Bagaimana Komunikasi Data Jaringan selular dengan Patter Hexaon?
Prinsip Frequency Reuse
• Mengizinkan beberapa percakapan simultan
• 10 hingga 50 frekuensi per sel
Objeknya adalah untuk membagikan
frekuensi sel terdekat tanpa mengganggu
satu sama lain
• Izinkan komunikasi di dalam sel pada frekuensi yang diberikan
• Batasi melarikan diri daya ke sel yang berdekatan
Power of base transceiver
dikendalikan
(c) Black cells indicate a frequency reuse for N = 19
Figure 10.2 Frequency Reuse Patterns
546
371
2
546
371
2
546
371
2546
371
25
46
37
1
2
546
371
2
546
371
2
(b) Frequency reuse pattern for N = 7
1
123
42
4
3
31
42
31
42
31
42
31
42
31
42
(a) Frequency reuse pattern for N = 4
circle with
radius D
Bagaimana Meningkatkan Kapasitas?
Menambahkan channel Tidak semua saluran digunakan untuk memulai
Pinjaman frekuensi (Frequency borrowing) Diambil dari sel yang berdekatan dengan sel yang
padat
Tetapkan frekuensi secara dinamis
Membelah cell (Cell splitting) Non-uniform topography and traffic distribution
Use smaller cells in high use areas
Figure 10.3 Cell Splitting with Cell Reduction Factor of F = 2
RR/2R/4
(b) Cell radius = 0.8 km(a) Cell radius = 1.6 km
Figure 10.4 Frequency Reuse Example
width = 21 0.8 = 16.8 km
hei
gh
t =
10 ¥
3
¥ 0
.8 =
13.9
km
width = 11 1.6 = 17.6 km
hei
gh
t =
5 ¥
3
¥ 1
.6 =
13.9
km
Base
station
controller
Mobile
telecommun-
ications
switching
office
Public
telecommunications
switching
network
Figure 10.5 Overview of Cellular System
Base
transceiver
station
Base
transceiver
station
Cellular System Channels
ua jenis saluran tersedia antara unit bergerak
(Mobile) dan base station (BS)
• Control Channels
• Mempetahankan komunikasi telepon tetap berjalan
• menjalin hubungan antar mobile unit dan base station terdekat.
• Traffic Channels
• Membawa suara dan data
(a) Monitor for strongest signal
(c) Paging (d) Call accepted
Figure 10.6 Example of Mobile Cellular Call
(b) Request for connection
MTSO
MTSO
MTSO
MTSO
(e) Ongoing call
MTSO
(f) Handoff
MTSO
Generasi Jaringan Nirkabel
Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Design began 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000
Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2012
Services Analog
voice
Digital
voice
Higher
capacity
packetized
data
Higher
capacity,
broadband
Completely
IP based
Data rate 1.9. kbps 14.4 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps 200 Mbps
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA OFDMA,
SC-FDMA
Core network PSTN PSTN PSTN,
packet
network
Packet
network
IP backbone
First Generation (1G)
Disebut sebagai awal jaringan telepon
Analog traffic channels
Dirancang untuk menjadi perpanjangan dari jaringan telepon umum yang diaktifkan
Sistem yang paling banyak digunakan Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
Umumnya di Amerika Selatan, Australia, dan Cina
Second Generation (2G)
• Dikembangkan untuk memberikan sinyal kualitas yang lebih tinggi, kecepatan data yang lebih tinggi untuk mendukung layanan digital, dan kapasitas yang lebih besar
• Perbedaan 1G and 2G :
– Trafik kanal digital
– enkripsi
– Error detection dan correction
– Akses kanal • Time division multiple access (TDMA)
• Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Third Generation (3G)
• Objective is to provide high-speed wireless communications to support multimedia, data, and video in addition to voice
CDMA
Teknologi yang dominan pada 3G
Chip rate
Bandwidth yang diberikan, kecepatan chip tergantung pada kecepatan data yang diinginkan, kebutuhan untuk kontrol kesalahan, dan batasan bandwidth
CDMA schemes:
• Bandwidth (terbatas channel to 5 MHz)
• 5 MHz Upper limit
• 5 MHz is mendukung data rate 144 dan 384 kHz
Fourth Generation (4G)
enyediakan akses Internet ultra-broadband untuk berbagai perangkat seluler termasuk laptop, smartphone, dan PC
tablet
Mendukung akses Web Seluler dan aplikasi
bandwidth tinggi seperti TV seluler definisi tinggi,
konferensi video seluler, dan layanan game
Dirancang untuk memaksimalkan bandwidth
dan throughput sekaligus memaksimalkan efisiensi
spektral
Kebutuhan Minimum:
• Berdasarka all-IP packet switched network
• Mendukung kecepatan data hingga 100 Mbps untuk perangkat mobile dan sekiitar 1 Gbps untuk perangkat low-mobility seperti wireless access
• Share dinamis dan mendukung penggunaan simulata tiap cell l
• Mendukung jaringan heterogen
• Mendukung layanan multimedia
LTE - Advanced
Berdasarkan penggunaan orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
Dua kandidat telah muncul untuk
standardisasi 4G:
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Dikembangkan oleh the Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP), sebuah
konsorsium organisasi standar telekomunikasi
Amerika Utara, Asia, dan Eropa
WiMax
(from the IEEE 802.16 committee)
System Performance LTE LTE-Advanced
Downlink 100 Mbps @20 MHz 1 Gbps @100 MHz Peak rate
Uplink 50 Mbps @20 MHz 500 Mbps @100 MHz
Idle to connected <100 ms < 50 ms Control plane delay
Dormant to active <50 ms < 10 ms
User plane delay < 5ms Lower than LTE
Downlink 5 bps/Hz @2´2 30 bps/Hz @8´8 Spectral efficiency
(peak) Uplink 2.5 bps/Hz @1´2 15 bps/Hz @4´4
Mobility Up to 350 km/h Up to 350—500 km/h
Table 10.2
Comparison of Performance Requirements for LTE and
LTE-Advanced
Figure 10.10 LTE-Advanced Configuration Elements
Donor
eNodeB
Evolved
Packet
Core MME
HSSSGW
PGW
UE
eNodeB = evolved NodeB
HSS = Home subscriber server
MME = Mobility Management Entity
PGW = Packet data network (PDN) gateway
RN = relay node
SGW = serving gateway
UE = user equipmentcontrol traffic
data traffic
RNUE
Internet
Femtocells
• BTS berdaya rendah, jarak pendek, dan lengkap
• Term telah berkembang untuk mencakup unit berkapasitas lebih tinggi untuk area perusahaan, pedesaan dan metropolitan
• Sejauh ini jenis sel kecil yang paling banyak
• Sekarang melebihi jumlah sel-sel makro
• Atribut utama meliputi:
– IP backhaul
– Self-optimization
– Low power consumption
– Ease of deployment
Figure 10.11 The Role of Femtocells
DSL/FTTH line
Base station
(radius: several km)
Femtocell
gateway
Femtocell
access point
(radius: several m)
Operator
macrocell
system
Internet
LTE-Advanced
• Relies on two key technologies to achieve high data rates and spectral efficiency:
– Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
• Signals have a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), requiring a linear power amplifier with overall low efficiency
• This is a poor quality for battery-operated handsets
– Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas
Table 10. 3
Characteristics of TDD and FDD
for LTE-Advanced
PARAMETER LTE-TDD LTE-FDD
Paired spectrum Does not require paired spectrum as
both transmit and receive occur on the
same channel.
Requires paired spectrum with
sufficient frequency separation to
allow simultaneous transmission
and reception.
Hardware cost Lower cost as no diplexer is needed to
isolate the transmitter and receiver. As
cost of the UEs is of major importance
because of the vast numbers that are
produced, this is a key aspect.
Diplexer is needed and cost is
higher.
Channel
reciprocity
Channel propagation is the same in
both directions which enables transmit
and receive to use one set of
parameters.
Channel characteristics are
different in the two directions as a
result of the use of different
frequencies.
UL / DL
asymmetry
It is possible to dynamically change the
UL and DL capacity ratio to match
demand.
UL / DL capacity is determined by
frequency allocation set out by the
regulatory authorities. It is
therefore not possible to make dynamic changes to match
capacity. Regulatory changes
would normally be required and
capacity is normally allocated so
that it is the same in either
direction.
Guard period /
guard band
Guard period required to ensure uplink
and downlink transmissions do not
clash. Large guard period will limit
capacity. Larger guard period normally
required if distances are increased to accommodate larger propagation times.
Guard band required to provide
sufficient isolation between uplink
and downlink. Large guard band
does not impact capacity.
Discontinuous
transmission
Discontinuous transmission is required
to allow both uplink and downlink transmissions. This can degrade the
performance of the RF power amplifier
in the transmitter.
Continuous transmission is
required.
Cross slot interference
Base stations need to be synchronized with respect to the uplink and downlink
transmission times. If neighboring base
stations use different uplink and
downlink assignments and share the
same channel, then interference may
occur between cells.
Not applicable
(Table can be found on page 349 in textbook)
Figure 10.12 Spectrum Allocation for FDD and TDD
(a) FDD
(b) TDD
U1
WU
D1 D2 D3 D4U2 U3 U4
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4
WU + WD
Guard band WGUplink band Downlink band
WD
Figure 10.13 Carrier Aggregation
Carrier
component
frequency
3G station
Carrier
component
Carrier
component
Carrier
component
Carrier
component
3G station
(a) Logical view of carrier aggregation
(b) Types of carrier aggregation
Band A
4G station
3G station
Carrier
component
Carrier
component
Band A
Intra-band
contiguous
Intra-band
non-contiguous
Inter-band
non-contiguousBand A Band B
Carrier
component
Carrier
component
Jaringan Cellular Berikutnya
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