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Debre Markos University
College of Technology
A SIMPLIFIED GUIDE T !"ITE TEC#$ICAL
"ESEA"C#
Pre%are& by'
Dr. Ruvel J. Cuasito, Sr.,
PECE and
Dr. Bimrew Tamrat
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Date:
23/0/20!
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Table of Contents
I. What Research Is...................................................1
1.1.Basic steps of a research project......................1
1.2.Selecting a Research Topic................................1
2. Developing Research Proposal..............................2
2.1.What is a research proposal?............................2
2.2.Where to start to develop a research proposal?3
2.3.What shold !e inclded in a research
proposal?.................................................................3
2.".#eneral pointers of research proposal..............$
2.%.What criteria are sed to revie& '( research
proposal?.................................................................$
3. Developing the )ll*Blo&n Research......................$
3.1.+hapter 1 , The Introdction.............................$
3.2 +hapter 1 -ctivities........................................1/
". +hapter 2 , Revie& of Related Stdies................10
%. +hapter 3 , ethodolog(....................................10
/. +hapter " , Reslts and Discssions...................2
0. Bi!liograph(........................................................23
$. -ppendices..........................................................23
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1......................................................+rricl' itae
23
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I( !hat "esearch Is
o "esearch is'
"#t$e s%stemati& 'ro&ess o( &olle&tin) and
anal%*in) in(ormation +data in order to in&rease
our understandin) o( t$e '$enomenon a-out
w$i&$ we are &on&erned or interested()
I.1. Basic steps of a research project
o )ind a topicWhat4 When
o )or'late 5estionsWhat4 Wh(
o De6ne poplationWho4 When
o Select design 7 'easre'ent8o&
o #ather evidence8o&
o Interpret evidenceWh(o Tell a!ot &hat (o did and fond ot
I.2. Selecting a Research Topic
o What are so'e considerations &hen selecting
a research topic?
I(*(+( Consi&erations in Selecting a To%ico Personal interest 9 Passion
o I'portance 9 +ontri!tion to the 6eld
o :e&ness 9 Relevance
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o )easi!ilit(
- Tradeo -etween ri)or and 'ra&ti&alit%
- Time &onstraints
-
Et$i&al &onstraints- r)ani*ational su''ort
- E&onomi& (a&tors
- vaila-ilit% o( Su-1e&ts
I.2.2. Sources of Research Topics
o Peerreviewed 1ournals in %our eld
o Personal e4'erien&es
o 5or6 settin) e4'erien&es
o E4istin) literature
"Re&ommendations (or (uture resear&$#7
I.2.3. Rening Your Topic
o Renement needed (or ee&tive and
e8&ient resear&$
- 9arrow %our to'i&
- denti(% a t$eoreti&al (ramewor6
- S'e&i&all% and unam-i)uousl% dene
terms
- State resear&$ ;uestions and
$%'ot$eses
o literature review will $el' %ou
- See i( %our idea $as -een tried
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• Wor< plan #antt +hart@
• Proposed !dget
2.2.Where to start to develop a research proposal
The preli'inar( point for developing a research
proposal is to identif( the research pro!le' or
5estions. Ideas for research can co'e fro' 'an(
sorces4 inclding isses arising fro' the e>periences4
and challenges encontered !( relevant practitioners
and enthsiasts and or 5estions arising fro' relevant
literatres and stdies. =nce an idea or research
concept is considered4 it is i'portant to start !(
nderta
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5estions or identif(ing varios stages &hich 'a( !e
inherent in ans&ering the research 5estions.
2.3.What should !e included in a research
proposal
The overall strctre of a research proposal is
generall( standard. 8o&ever4 fnding !odies and other
co''ittees 'a( have particlar re5ire'ents that it is
essential that this re5ire'ents shold !e read
carefll( for speci6c instrctions to sit the
fnda'ental re5ire'ents. The t(pical ele'ents of a
research proposal inclde
• ,ackgro-n& an& rationale of the st-&y , t$is
se&tion answers t$e ;uestion: 5$% is t$is resear&$needed< t in&ludes t$e detailed review o( relevant
resear&$es and t$e need (or (urt$er stud% in some
similar area o( interests. t s$ould stren)t$en t$e
ar)ument as to w$% t$e resear&$ is im'ortant to
-e underta6en.
"E4am'le:
=n(ortunatel%, wit$ t$e 'ro)ress o( t$e
stru&tured 'ro)rammin) te&$ni;ue, most
&om'uter 'ro)rammers $ave -e&ome ver%
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&on&erned wit$ 'ro)rammin) standards
re)ardin) (orm and stru&ture, and ver% little
attention seems to -e now )iven on $ow t$e
'ro)ram is a&tuall% &oded. lt$ou)$ t$ese
standards $ave &ontri-uted 'ositivel% to
redu&in) 'ro)ram &om'le4it%, t$ere are also
some disadvanta)es on t$eir a''li&ations. ne
o( t$ese is t$e over$ead in e4e&ution time and
memor% s'a&e used -% a 'arti&ular lan)ua)e to
ee&t t$e module &all +Stevens et al, >?>.
veruse o( t$ese modules or su-routine &alls
on a 'ro)ram ma% -e detrimental to its
e4e&ution e8&ien&% and t$is &an -loat t$e &ost
o( s%stems o'eration. n (a&t, t$ere are times
w$en t$e &ost o( runnin) a 'ro)ram ma% (ar e4&eeds writin) it. T$is is es'e&iall% true w$en
t$e 'ro)ram in ;uestion is to -e used man%
times, and i( man% o( t$e 'ro)ram runs are
)iven lar)e amounts o( in'ut +$o et al, >@3.
n t$is &ase, a (ast 'ro)ram is ne&essar%, and
some (orms o( over$ead, no matter $ow small
ma% need to -e avoided7
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• State.ent of %roble. an& ob/ectives of the
st-&y , t$is se&tion answer t$e ;uestion: 5$at do
%ou want to a&&om'lis$< T$e 'ur'ose o( an%
resear&$ stud% is to address a resear&$ 'ro-lem or ;uestion. t s$ould in&lude a &on&ise statement
a-out t$e desired out&omes t$at will -e a&$ieved
durin) t$e &ondu&t o( resear&$. 5$ile t$e stud%
s$ould $ave )eneral statement o( 'ur'ose, it is
also im'ortant to in&lude s'e&i& o-1e&tives t$at
must -e s'e&i&, measura-le, a&$ieva-le and
meritorious.
"E4am'le:
T$ere is a need to determine t$e ee&t o(
su-routine &alls and nd out i( it is indeeddetrimental on t$e e4e&ution e8&ien&% o( a
'ro)ram. B% &ondu&tin) 'er(orman&e evaluation
e4'eriments, it is $o'ed t$at t$e ;uestion
w$et$er dierent 'ro)ram &onstru&ts or
stru&tures reall% ae&t t$e e4e&ution s'eed o(
'ro)rams and $ow mu&$ t$e ee&ts o( t$e
su-routine &alls are s'e&i& to lan)ua)e o(
im'lementation &an -e answered.7
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• Signi0cance of the st-&y , t$is is -rie( se&tion
w$i&$ s$ould answer t$e ;uestion: 5$% is t$is
resear&$ needed< T$is se&tion s$ould des&ri-e t$e
im'ortan&e o( t$e resear&$ (or t$e (urt$eran&e o( learnin) and to t$e e&onom%. T$e resear&$ s$ould
'resent &om'ellin) ar)uments and &learl% s$ow its
si)ni&ant im'a&t to various sta6e$olders.
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AE4am'le:
5it$ t$e awareness on t$e ee&t o(
su-routine &alls on t$e e4e&ution 'er(orman&e o( a
'ro)ram, 'ro)rammers and students &an -e
)uided in t$e desi)n and a&tual &odin) o( t$eir
'ro)rams. T$is will )ive &om'uter 'ro)rammers
and students an idea o( t$e e4e&ution&osts, in
unit o( time, o( some 'ro)ram stru&tures as
&om'ared to t$e sim'le se;uential stru&ture. T$is
&an $el' t$em attain a )ood 'ro)ram desi)n to -e
a-le to save on t$e &ost o( 'ro)ram develo'ment
or im'lementation de'endin) on t$e nature o( t$e
so(tware a''li&ation. lso, reali*in) t$e 6ind o(
ee&t t$at su-routine &alls &an &ause to a
'ro)ramAs e4e&ution s'eed &an )ive idea to (uturestudies on $ow &om'ilers s$ould -e develo'ed to
&ounter w$atever t$ese ee&ts are, or $ow t$e
&osts o( t$ese su-routine &alls &an -e redu&ed
s$ould t$ese -e 'roved to -e ver% si)ni&ant.7
• b/ectives1
o The fnction of o-1e&tives is to give direction
to the research.
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o Its content incldes state'ents of reslts the
research is e>pected to achieve.
o -s a 'anner of presentation4 the follo&ing
are sall( o!serve -1e&tives are written in listed (orm usin)
num-ers, letters, or an% (orm o( se'arators
or identiers.
T$e innitive (orm o( ver-s s$ould -e used.
T$e 'resentation s$ould -e neutral.
-1e&tives ma% -e &lassied as )eneral or
s'e&i&.
( an o-1e&tive is de'endent on anot$er, &lear
'resentation and distin&tion s$ould -e made.
-1e&tives s$ould -e wit$in t$e s&o'e o( t$e
'ro-lem. nl% one to'i& s$ould -e addressed
-% an o-1e&tive.
A>a'ple
This std( ai's to deter'ine the eCects of
s!rotine calls on the e>ection speed of a
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progra'. Speci6call(4 the o!jectives of this std( are
to perfor' e>peri'ents to !e a!le to
. estimate t$e &ost o( a C (un&tion
2. estimate t$e &ost o( a Pas&al 'ro&edure
&all and to &om'are t$e 'er(orman&e o( t$e
Pas&al and C lan)ua)es in ee&tin) a sim'le
su-routine &all
3. estimate t$e &ost o( nested Pas&al
'ro&edure &alls and to &om'are t$is wit$ t$e
&ost o( 'ro&edure &alls (rom t$e main 'ro)ram
. determine t$e 'er(orman&e o( t$e
dierent t%'e o( Pas&al su-routines in
&om'arison wit$ t$e se;uential stru&ture7
!. &om'are t$e 'er(orman&e o( lo&al and
)lo-al varia-les w$en used in a Pas&al 'ro&edure
. investi)ate t$e 'er(orman&e o( some
sortin) al)orit$ms w$en im'lemented in Pas&al
wit$ and wit$out a swa' 'ro&edure and,
?. investi)ate t$e run time -e$avior o( a
&om-inatorial al)orit$m w$en im'lemented
wit$ dierent 'ro)ram stru&tures.
• Metho&ology 2
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o The section on ethodolog( presents the
'aterials and the steps to !e follo&ed in
condcting the research.
o
It sho&s the sondness and the appropriatenessof the 'aterials and 'ethods to 'eet the
research o!jectives.
o It 'a( contain an( of the follo&ing
resear&$ met$ods, desi)n, treatment/s,
te&$ni;ue/s, num-er o( re'li&ations
materials e4'erimental animals, 'lants,
solutions, &$emi&als, et&.
instruments and e;ui'ment test tu-es,
-ea6ers, &om'uters, et&.
ste'-%ste' 'ro&edure
statisti&al anal%sis to -e done
'o'ulation, sam'le si*e, sam'lin)
te&$ni;ues
o'erational denition o( terms
res'ondents
instruments ;uestionnaire, interview)uide, interview s&$edule
data to -e )at$ered/t$at were )at$ered
sour&es o( in(ormation
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detailed s&$edule o( a&tivities or wor6 'lan
o -s a 'anner of presentation4 a n'!ered list
for' is often sed4 so'eti'es in paragraph
for'4 or a co'!ination of !oth. Presentationses indicative 'ood4 passive voice4 and in
ftre tense.
A>a'ple
This std( is co'posed of e>peri'ents
designed to deter'ine the follo&ing
. 'er(orman&e o( t$e C (un&tion &all
2. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al 'ro&edure
&all
3. 'er(orman&e o( t$e nested Pas&al
'ro&edure &alls
. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al su-routine&alls wit$ 'arameter 'assin) +i.e.,
(un&tion and 'ro&edure
!. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al 'ro&edure
&all w$en lo&al and )lo-al varia-les are
used
. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al
im'lementations o( some sortin)
al)orit$ms wit$ and wit$out a swa'
'ro&edure and
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?. 'er(orman&e o( t$e Pas&al 'ro&edure
&alls as a''lied to a &om-inatorial
al)orit$m.7
• Fenerall%, t$is se&tion s$ould answer t$e
;uestion: 5$at is to -e done, on w$om, $ow and
w$ere< T$e met$ods &$osen s$ould -e relevant
to t$e ;uestions to -e answered, and s$ould -e
(easi-le. T$e met$ods s$ould &learl% e4'lain t$e
des&ri'tion a-out:
The design
The develop'ent process
The i'ple'entation
The evalation
t must -e noted t$at t$e met$ods used are ri)orous
enou)$ so t$at t$e% a&$ieve t$e o-1e&tives o( t$e
stud%. t is $el'(ul to 'rovide timeline and tar)et dates
(or ea&$ resear&$ sta)es.
• Wor" plan# Earl% in t$e t$esis 'ro&ess, &reate a
wor6 'lan to $el' %ou mana)e %our time, set
)oals, and wor6 'rodu&tivel% durin) t$e man%
sta)es o( t$e dissertation. s %our 'ro1e&t
evolves, assess and rene)otiate %our wor6 'lan
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as ne&essar%. Creatin) a wor6 'lan will $el' %ou
to:
Brea6 down t$e lar)e, overw$elmin) 'ro&ess o( writin) a resear&$ into
mana)ea-le ste's Gee' a Hdail% &ommitmentH wit$ %our
resear&$ Dis&over and ta6e advanta)e o( %our
most 'rodu&tive wor6 $a-its Set )oals and reward %oursel( (or
a&$ievin) t$em Balan&e resear&$ writin) wit$ t$e
ot$er as'e&ts o( %our li(e
Sample Work Plan
Iain &tivities
Time in 5ee6s +Iar&$ 20! to June 20!
Remar6
2 0 2 iteraturereviews
Iat$emati&al Iodelin)5or6 +Con&e'tualS%stemSimulationProtot%'eIanu(a&turin
)E4'eriment 5or6 5ritin) KCom'ilation
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• ,-&get 2 t$is se&tion s$ould answer t$e
;uestion: 5$at are t$e &osts asso&iated wit$
t$e stud%< -ud)et (or resear&$ &an in&lude
&ost o( 'ersonnel servi&es, &om'onents,
e;ui'ment, do&umentation, &ommuni&ations
and ot$ers in$erent to t$e &ondu&t o(
resear&$. t must -e insured t$at t$e -ud)et
allo&ation is su8&ient to a&$ieve t$e resear&$
o-1e&tives. T$e -ud)et 'resentation s$ould -e
1ustia-le and demonstrate a&&ounta-ilit%. (
in &ase t$e stud% re;uires resour&es -e%ond
w$at is -ein) oered -% a 'arti&ular (undin)
-od%, a 'ro'osal revision ma% -e underta6en
to address onl% to some s'e&i& &om'onent o(
t$e 'ro'osed stud%. Lowever, a detailed
strate)% ma% -e well 'resented as to $ow t$e
remainin) &ost re;uirement ma% -e a&;uired
and allo&ated (or t$e su&&ess(ul &om'letion o(
t$e resear&$ 'ro1e&t.
2.$.%eneral pointers of research proposal
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When others read (or research proposal4 the(
shold agree that it is
•
+lear• +oherent
• +onvincing
• +oncise
• +o'plete
2.&. What criteria are used to revie' ()research proposal
Revie&ers &ill generall( as< the follo&ing
5estions
• Is the research &ell planned?
• Is the research i'portant?
• Is the applicant a&are of other
research in the area?
• Does the applicant have the a!ilit(
to co'plete the project?
• Is the spport re5ested appropriate
for the project?
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3( Develo%ing the F-ll1,lo4n "esearch
3.1. *hapter 1 + The Introduction
The prpose of the introdction is to give a
solid !ac
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presents the vale of the project
i'pact@.
The afore'entioned 'a( !e &ell presented
sing the follo&ing se5ence
Brief latest evoltion of the technolog( ,
des&ri-es $ow t$e te&$nolo)% sur(a&ed
and its motivational (a&tors o( its
develo'ment.
E4am'le Ia% -e written usin) some
(undamental te&$ni&al denitions.
&&ordin) to t$e En&%&lo'aediaBritanni&a a ro-ot is Han% automati&all%
o'erated ma&$ine t$at re'la&es $uman
eort, t$ou)$ it ma% not resem-le
$uman -ein)s in a''earan&e or
'er(orm (un&tions in a $umanli6e
manner.H T$e word HRo-otH &omes
(rom t$e C*e&$ word HRo-ota,H w$i&$
means Hslaveli6e la-or H+ Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 2008). or H(or&ed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica
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wor6H. Ierriam5e-ster
+200@ des&ri-es a ro-ot as a Hma&$ine
t$at loo6s li6e a $uman -ein) and
'er(orms various &om'le4 a&ts +as
wal6in) or tal6in) o( a $uman -ein)H,
or a Hdevi&e t$at automati&all%
'er(orms &om'li&ated o(ten re'etitive
tas6sH, or a Hme&$anism )uided -%
automati& &ontrolsH.
The e>a'ple a!ove sed technical de6nitions
e>tracted fro' legiti'ate sorces to j'pstart the
fondation of the research s!ject ro!otics@.
Signicant i(pact of the technolog) ,des&ri-es t$e si)ni&ant im'a&t o( t$e te&$nolo)%
in terms o( e&onomi&, a&ademi& and so&ial im'a&t.
E4am'le write t$e reason w$% ro-oti&
te&$nolo)% is develo'ed.
Ro-ots are develo'ed to mimi& $uman
d%nami&s t$rou)$ mi&ro&ontroller-ased
&ontrol and 'ro)rammin). T$e a''li&ation o(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Websterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster
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ro-ots are sou)$t not 1ust to su-stitute $uman
la-or -ut also to sa(e)uard $umans (rom
$a*ardous environments.
T$e e4am'le a-ove is written 'er t$e aut$orAs
intelle&tual as&ent/idea/intuition $owever t$e
ideas 'resented ma% -e reen(or&ed t$rou)$
&olla-oratin) (a&ts and in(ormation (rom
various &redi-le sour&es wit$ 'ro'er &itation.
E4am'le Ro-ots are develo'ed to mimi&
$uman d%nami&s t$rou)$ mi&ro&ontroller
-ased &ontrol and 'ro)rammin). T$e
a''li&ation o( ro-ots are sou)$t not 1ust to
su-stitute $uman la-or -ut also to sa(e)uard
$umans (rom $a*ardous environments.Baudoin and La-i- +200 in t$eir -oo6 "=sin)
Ro-ots in La*ardous Environment: andmine
Dete&tion, Deminin) and ot$er ''li&ations7
review t$e develo'ment o( ro-oti& s%stems (or
deminin) and ot$er ris6% a&tivities and
dis&usses t$e develo'ment and a''li&ations o(
sensors (or mine dete&tion usin) dierent
ro-oti& s%stems. Teleo'eration and
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one o( t$e ma1or &$allen)es (a&in)
arti&ial intelli)en&e +Connell,
Ia$adevan, S$rid$ar, >>3. 6e% need
in ro-oti&s is relia-le 'redi&tion o( a&tions
involvin) intermittent &onta&t su&$ as
le))ed lo&omotion over rou)$ terrain,
)ras' a&;uisition, multiro-ot
mani'ulation, and assem-l% +Trin6le,
20. n t$e near (uture, it is e4'e&ted
t$at ro-oti& s%stems will s$are t$e $uman
livin) and wor6in) s'a&es. 5$ile movin)
+es'e&iall% at $i)$ s'eed, automated
ve$i&les, mo-ile mani'ulators and
$umanoid ro-ots &an -e 'otentiall%
dan)erous s$ould a &ollision o&&ur. t ist$ere(ore &riti&al to assert and
&$ara&teri*e t$eir motion sa(et%, i.e., t$eir
)uaranteed a-ilit% to avoid &ollision
+ )raichard4 Be
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areas of i'portant concerns learning tools inade5ac(4
training de6ciencies4 and 'aterial availa!ilit(.
Interventions and initiatives that 'itigate
challenges , des&ri-es some 'revailin)
interventions and initiatives im'osed -% ot$er
s&ientists to alleviate &$allen)es -ased on
te&$nolo)% innovations and/or te&$nolo)%-ased
treatment w$i&$ &an also -e in t$e (ollowin)
se;uen&e:
#lo!al scene
:ational scene
Eocal scene
T$is se&tion ma% $i)$li)$t some relevant studies
&ondu&ted so as to 'rovide -en&$mar6 in(ormation
to some miti)atin)
measures/a''roa&$es/strate)ies to arrest t$e
&$allen)es.
E4am'le Bro&6, Gat*, Glin)-eil, sentis6i
and Rusu +20 e4'lores new
a''roa&$es to mo-ile mani'ulation wit$
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an em'$asis on t$e relations$i' -etween
ma&$ine learnin) and su&&ess(ul
intera&tion in $uman environments.
utonomous mani'ulation in $uman
environments is &$allen)in) -e&ause o(
t$e asso&iated $i)$ dimensional state
s'a&e and its in$erent un&ertainties. t
re;uires 'er&e'tual and mani'ulation
s6ills w$i&$ are ro-ust a)ainst s'arse,
in&om'lete and nois% in(ormation. n su&$
environments, levera)in) 'ast
e4'erien&e, o(tentimes resultin) (rom t$e
ro-otMs own intera&tions, 'romises an
in&reased ro-ustness and relia-ilit%.
Proble. State.ent 2 t$is se&tion s$ould
re&o)ni*e and a&6nowled)e t$e a(orementioned
ar)uments 'resented as &$allen)es and
interventions t$at &an -e utili*ed as motivatin)
(a&tor (or some 'otent solution -ased on
te&$nolo)% innovations and or ot$er (orms o(
te&$nolo)%-ased treatment.
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Presentation of proposed soltion , 'resents t$at
t$rou)$ t$e desi)n, develo'ment, im'lementation
and evaluation o( t$e 'ro'osed 'ro1e&t/stud%, it
'rovides -etter solution and resolution tosta6e$olders. T$e stud% t$ere(ore s$ould see6 to
address some 'revailin) issues and or ;uestions
wit$ res'e&t to t$e desi)n, develo'ment,
im'lementation and evaluation o( t$e 'ro'osed
te&$nolo)%-ased treatment.
E4am'le T$e a(orementioned
ar)uments 'rovided &om'ellin)
motivation to underta6e t$e develo'ment
o( an edu&ational and entertainment
mo-ile ro-ot t$at 'er(orms intelli)ent navi)ation utili*in) an rduino
mi&ro&ontroller in Can)ua)e as a test
-ed in mi&ro&ontroller 'ro)rammin). T$e
desi)n and develo'ment o( t$is mo-ile
ro-ot will en$an&e learnin) a&ross -asi&
mo-ile ro-ot autonomous navi)ation and
&ontrol. T$e stud% t$ere(ore see6s to
address t$e (ollowin) ;uestions:
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.5$at desi)n 'arameters s$ould -e
&onsidered in t$e develo'ment o(
mo-ile ro-ot relative to its &ontrol
(un&tionalit%<
2.5$at &ontrol 'arameters s$ould
-e used to e8&ientl% navi)ate t$e
mo-ile ro-ot wit$ res'e&t to its
in'ut and out'ut relations$i'<
3.5$at are t$e evaluation
'arameters to -e used to measure
t$e 'er(orman&e, a&&e'ta-ilit%
and 'eda)o)i& &a'a-ilities o( t$e
mo-ile ro-ot<
"esearch b/ectives 5Main 6 S%eci0cb/ectives7
a( !e a state'ent of an otco'e of the
std( in ter's of varia!les4
a( contains i'plications for e'pirical testing
E4am'le T$e )eneral o-1e&tives o( t$e stud%
is to 'rovide miti)atin) measure to
instru&tional tool inade;ua&% in t$e a&ademe
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t$rou)$ t$e develo'ment o( edu&ational and
entertainment mo-ile ro-ot usin) indi)enous
materials as 'eda)o)i& intervention to
en$an&e learnin) interest a&ross s&ien&e and
te&$nolo)%. T$e s'e&i& o-1e&tives are:
. To desi)n an edu&ational and
entertainment mo-ile ro-ot usin) an
rduino/PC/Nilo)/C@0!O330D
mi&ro&ontroller in Can)ua)e.
2. To develo' a mo-ile ro-ot in
a&&ordan&e to esta-lis$ed desi)n
'arameters.
3.To im'lement t$e esta-lis$ed &ontrol
&on&e'ts relative to its &orres'ondin)in'ut and out'ut relations$i' and
&ontrol (ramewor6.
.To evaluate t$e 'er(orman&e o( t$e
mo-ile ro-ot a&&ordin) to esta-lis$ed
test instrument.
Sco%e an& Li.itation , des&ri-es t$e s'e&i&
&overa)e o( t$e stud% -earin) t$e ena-lin)
te&$nolo)ies involved, )eneral met$odolo)% and
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t$e 'ro1e&t settin). t$er te&$nolo)ies ma% -e
mentioned and &lassied under t$e limitation o(
t$e stud%. Relevant in(ormation w$i&$ is wit$$eld
ma% also -e &lassied under t$e limitation.
E4am'le: T$e 'remise o( t$e stud% &overs t$e
desi)n, develo'ment and evaluation o( a
'eda)o)i& mo-ile ro-ot utili*in) rduino/PC/Nilo)/
C@0!O330D/et&. mi&ro&ontroller in C
'ro)rammin) lan)ua)e. T$e (undamental &ontrol
(un&tion is an&$ored on t$e a-ilit% o( t$e ro-ot to
dete&t o-1e&t, evade o-sta&le, and line (ollowin)
&a'a-ilit%. Servo/DC motors are t$e 're(erred
drivers w$i&$ are de'endent on a''ro'riate
tri))erin) in'ut swit&$es/sensors. Ia&$ineelements &om'utational desi)n and ot$er
mat$emati&al (un&tionalit% model are not in&luded
in t$e stud%.
Theoretical Fra.e4ork or Conce%t-al
Fra.e4ork or rgani8ation of the St-&y 2
5in%-t 2 %rocess 2 o-t%-t 7 fra.e4ork
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E4am'le: T$e &ontrol (ramewor6 used in
t$e stud% (ollows t$e in'ut 'ro&ess
out'ut relations$i' as s$own in Ta!le 1.
Swit&$es and ot$er sensin) devi&es are
&onne&ted to t$e a''ro'riate in'ut module
o( t$e mi&ro&ontroller w$ile out'ut devi&es
are &onne&ted to t$e desi)nated out'ut
module o( t$e &ontroller. Ele&troni&
instru&tions via Clan)ua)e 'ro)rammin)
&ontri-ute to t$e mo-ile ro-ot arti&ial
intelli)en&e an&$ored in t$e s%stem trut$
ta-le s$own in Ta!le 2. T$e in'ut and
out'ut relations$i' and or a&tion o( t$e
'rotot%'e de'end on t$e desi)ned s%stem
trut$ ta-le. T$e stud% is an&$ored on t$es%stem (ramewor6 as s$own in ,igure 1
w$ere in'ut/out'ut devi&es are &onne&ted
to t$e mi&ro'ro&essor modules s%stem
'ro)rammin) in Clan)ua)e is
a&&om'lis$ed t$rou)$ an inter(a&in)
&ir&uit.
Table + The oBot Inpt9=tpt
+ontrol )ra'e&or
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S(ste'Processor
InptDevices
=tptDevices
S of t & ar e
P r o g
r a''
i n g an d
I nt er f a c i n g
Inpt Process =tptS&itches9sen
sors
icrocontroll
er
otors4 ED4
+a'era
Table * The )nda'ental S(ste'
Trth Ta!le
S(ste' Trth Ta!leInpt =tpt -ction
S&itches9sen
sors
EDs =n or
=C@4 otor
rotational
direction
reverse or
for&ard9stop
ove
for&ard or
reverse4
trn right or
left
Fig-re + +ontrol S(ste's
)ra'e&or
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De6nition of Ter's , te&$ni&al
terminolo)ies t$at are si)ni&antl% used in
t$e stud% are dened e4'li&itl% to 'rovide
t$e reader t$e (undamental understandin)o( t$e terms utili*ed.
3.2*hapter 1 -ctivities
3.2.1 -ctivit) /o. 1 2 Writing the
)nda'ental Introdction of
the Research
0!jectives -fter co'pleting this chapter
gide4 (o shold !e a!le to
Descri!e the fnda'ental content of the
!ac
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intitive ideas to corro!orate or in
conFict &ith the infor'ation at hand.
ethods
1. Develop a short introdction
descri!ing the fnda'ental de6nition
and or crrent evoltion of a particlar
technolog( of interest !( follo&ing the
sggestions9gidelines presented a!ove.
2. Gse relevant references to j'pstart
the essa( &ith proper citation.
3. >press in &riting (or intitive
nderstanding of the infor'ation at
hand and spple'ent the ideas that
have !een organi;ed so far.
3.2.2 -ctivit) /o. 2 , nhancing the
introdction throgh infor'ation
reinforce'ent.
0!jectives -fter co'pleting this activit(4
(o shold !e a!le to
nhance and e>pand e>isting essa( !(
incorporating other relevant and
colla!orating infor'ation
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>pand the essa( !( discssing the
signi6cant i'pact of the technolog( of
interest &ith proper citation.
Descri!e the 'ilestone and challengesof the technolog( of interest.
ethods
+( >pand and enhance (or initial
&rite*p !( incorporating additional
corro!orating infor'ation fro' other
references &ith proper citations.
*( Descri!e the signi6cant i'pact of the
technolog( in ter's of social4 econo'ic
and acade'ic inFence &ith proper
citation.
3( Write the signi6cant 'ilestone andchallenges 'et relative to the
technolog( tili;ation.
3.2.3 -ctivit) /o.3 , Writing transitional
sentences.
9(Cha%ter * 2 "evie4 of "elate& St-&ies
Brief crrent evoltion of the technolog(
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Signi6cant I'pact of the crrent technolog(
+hallenges of the crrent technolog(
o #lo!al scene
o :ational sceneo Eocal scene
Interventions and initiatives to 'itigate
challenges
o #lo!al scene
o :ational scene
o Eocal scene
:(Cha%ter 3 2 Metho&ology
• The 'ethod section is often the 'ost precisel(
&ritten part of a research report. Since
replication and anal(;ing 'ethods is so
i'portant4 a good deal of ti'e shold !e spent
anal(;ing this section. It is i'perative to
nderstand the fondation of each std( and !e
a!le to criticall( anal(;e ho& the data that &ill
lead to the reslts the section &as derived. The
'ethods section shold loo< for infor'ation
regarding the s!jects and the 'anner in &hich
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the s!jects &ere selected. The strengths and
&ea
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mi&ro&ontroller -oard
inter(a&in) &ir&uit
mi&ro&ontroller 'in assi)nments
ma&$ine elements motor mountin)
&ontrol desi)n +s%stem trut$
ta-le/a&tion ta-le
+Foo)le s6et&$es, s&$emati&
dia)rams, 3D models, et&., must -e
well 'resented and mar6ed as ,igure
. or Ta!le .
Develop'ent4
des&ri-es $ow t$e su-&om'onents
are to -e interlin6ed or inter&onne&ted
in a&&ordan&e to t$e 'reesta-lis$ed
s%stems desi)n +s%stemAs inte)ration.
nters%stem relations$i's are
e4'e&ted to -e e4'lained.
I'ple'entation
des&ri-es t$e 'reliminar% testin) andtrou-les$ootin) te&$ni;ues used and
t$e o-servations in$erent to s%stem
&ommissionin).
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valation
Des&ri-es $ow t$e 'ro1e&t out&ome
ma% -e tested and or evaluated in
terms o( 'er(orman&e, mo-ilit%, &ostand 'eda)o)i& &a'a-ilit%.
Per(orman&e &an -e measured
t$rou)$ (un&tionalit%, e8&ien&%,
&ontrolla-ilit%, o'era-ilit%, real
time sensin), s'eed, linear or
an)ular dis'la&ements a&&ura&%
and et&.
Des&ri'tive Statisti&s ma% -e used to
measure (re;uen&ies or 'er&enta)es
and t$e mean res'onses t$rou)$ t$e
ve 'oint ratin) s&ale +i6ert s&ale.
T$e ve Point Ratin) S&ale +i.e. i6ert
S&ale
d1e&tival Ratin) S&ale
Ran)e
9ot ''li&a-le .>
-elow
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2 Poor .!0
2.>
3 Oair 2.!0
3.>
Li)$ 3.!0
.>
! er% Li)$ .!0
a-ove
;(Cha%ter 9 2 "es-lts an& Disc-ssions
The reslts and discssions shold !e in conjnction
&ith the stiplated 'ethodolog(. Designed dra&ings
and acco'plished designs 'st !e &ell presented4
co'pared and discssed. Photos9pictres of
acco'plished protot(pes 'st !e &ell
presented9'arplained.
E4am'le 'resentation o( 'er&enta)es
Ran)e o( Ie&$atroni&s
ndustr% surve% su))ests t$at t$e ran)e
o( me&$atroni&s as 'resented -% Crai) +200>
is 'resent and is a&tuall% -ein) utili*ed -%
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industrial 'ra&titioners in Iindanao industrial
*one. Ta!le 3.3 s$ows t$e 'er&enta)e
summar% o( me&$atroni&s &ore &ourses
ada'ted -% t$e industries t$at indi&ate t$e
me&$atroni&s &ore &ourses a''li&ation in
Ro-oti& industries.
-'ong the core corses validated4 the se of
'echanics and 'icrocontroller are over&hel'ingl(
aHr'ed !( practitioners &ith $ rating. The se of
sensors4 soft&are and electronics received 0
aHr'ation of their seflness in their 6elds of
disciplines. 8o&ever4 there &ere respondents that are
not
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having ratings of "3.33 and 33.33 respectivel(
&hich 'a( !e attri!ted to their natre of assign'ent.
S(ste' 'odeling and si'lation are sall( perfor'ed
in the design or engineering depart'ent. The initial
6ndings points that the technical application of
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Table 9(3 sho&s the 'ean responses of applied
'echatronics range in the indstr(. -s sho&n in the
ta!le4 'ost respondents rated ver( high 'ari!le control and 'anage'ent of redndant
s(ste's. D+S and S+-D- operate eCectivel( throgh
'achine to 'achine co''nication net&or< s(ste'.
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