Mediating factors of agroforestry changes in Vietnam: implications for agroforestry
development
Nguyen Thi Hoa, Delia Catacutan, Nguyen Mai Phuong
The 3rd World Agroforestry CongressNew Delhi, India, 10-14 February 2014
Background• Agroforestry has been practiced in Viet Nam since early
1960s--- garden/fish pond/livestock and forest/garden/fish pond/livestock models in upland regions.
• Other AF practices were then adopted at landscape, farm and field levels, including integrated AF systems.
• The literature on transition of agroforestry and its drivers is very limited; main focus on perennial trees.
Observations:• Apparent change in agroforestry over the past
decades • Decreasing trend in AF since the government
launched its national forest protection and development programmes
• No information on how government reforestation and forest expansion programmes affected areas under AF
Objectives and study sitesThrough a mixed-method approach, the study examined: • The spatial and temporal changes of agroforestry in Vietnam• The drivers of these changes• Agroforestry’s contribution to people’s livelihoods
Bac Kan
Dac Nong
Ha Tinh
2000 2010 2020 -
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
124,556
72,912
2,026
38,668 23,265
9,951
102,861
210,675 218,197
Bac KanHa TinhDac Nong
Area (ha)
Changes in agroforestry areas in 3 provinces (2000 to 2020)
Perennial tree based AF
Parkland AF
Parkland AF, perennial tree based AF, fruit tree based AF
Pathway analysis of AF land in Bac Kan province
5%
5.6%
2%
0%
1%
1%
15%
Conversion of AF to other land uses Conversion of other land uses to AF
1.8%
2%
0.14%
0%
0.13%
0.02%
26%11 %
Natural forest
Planted forest
Agroforestry
Annual crops
Settlement & Built up
Bare land
Water surface
0.6%
6.4%
5.9%
0.04%
1.6%
0.44%
0.42%
0.03%
0.09%
0.05%
0.01%
0.05%
0.06%
0.13 %
2000 2010 2020
Changes in other land uses Peason’s correlations with decrease in agroforestry area (2000-2010)
Increase in natural forest 0.094Increase in planted forest 0.511**Increase in shifting cultivation area -0.007Increase in paddy area 0.528**
Increase in other land uses (bare land and settlement area) 0.0061
*p<0.05, ** p< 0.01 and ***p<0.001.
Decrease in upland crop ~ Increase in AF: Peason’s R: 0.498, p<0.001
Pathway analysis of AF land in Ha Tinh province
0.24%
0.17%
3.3%
0%
1.3%
0.03%
3.9%
Conversion of AF to other land uses Conversion of other land uses to AF
0.00%
1.24%
0.24%
0.00%
0.29%
0.00%
6.54%1.4 %
Natural forest
Planted forest
Agroforestry
Annual crops
Settlement & Built up
Bare land
Water surface
0.06%
1.9%
0.87%
0.06%
0.07%
0.35%
1.66%
0.04%
0.05%
0.92%
0.01%
0.03%
0.04%
0.57 %
2000 2010 2020
Changes in other land uses Peason’s correlations with increase in parkland AF area
Decrease in natural forest 0.721**
Increase in planted forest 0.711*** (spurious as correlating with decrease in natural forest)
Increase in upland crop area 0.462**
Decrease in paddy area 0.023
Decrease in other land uses (bare land and settlement area) -0.083
*p<0.05, ** p< 0.01 and ***p<0.001.
Pathway analysis of agroforestry land in Dac Nong province
0.28%
1%
1%
0.18%
2.2%
0.8%
32.3%
Conversion of AF to other land uses Conversion of other land uses to AF
2.47%
8.75%
0.57%
0.28%
1.2%
8.74%
15.8%10.3 %
Natural forest
Planted forest
Agroforestry
Annual crops
Settlement & Built up
Bare land
Water surface
0.42%
1.8%
0.8%
0.46%
3.5%
3%
33.5%
0.7%
2.4%
1.95%
0.08%
5.1%
0.8%
22.3 %
2000 2010 2020
Drivers of agroforestry transition (2000-2010)
Parkland agroforestry conversion to natural forest took place mainly on community natural forests.
But, not in Ha Tinh and Dac Nong• Government incentives is insufficiently
attractive to farmers• Other economically lucrative land uses are
preferred (e.g., timber, perennial tree plantations)
http://baogialai.com.vn/channel/722/201310/loi-ich-tu-giao-khoan-quan-ly-bao-ve-rung-2270233/
Forest regeneration policies facilitated conversion of parkland agroforestry to natural forest
---Allocated forest land for households and communities for forest regeneration---Provided financial support for forest regeneration and protection---Prohibited slash-and-burn on hillsides
Government reforestation: conversion of parkland agroforestry to plantation forest
---Reforestation programmes (327, 661 and 147) provided technical and material support
Rapid and expansive conversion in Ha Tinh province: • Initial technical and financial supports before 2000 for forest plantation• Favorable market conditions for timber tree plantation
Ha Tinh province Peason’s R with decrease in parkland AF
Number of seedlings supported for reforestation 0.012
Amount of money provided for reforestation -0.087 Bac Kan provinceNumber of seedlings supported for reforestation 0.040
Amount of money provided for reforestation 0.193**p<0.05, ** p< 0.01 and ***p<0.001.
Less popular in Bac Kan province: • Limited market for
timberFinancial support required
Small conversion in Dac Nong: • High competition with perennial
trees http://citinews.net/kinh-doanh/bach-thong--cap-hon-2-trieu-cay-giong-cho-nien-vu-trong-rung-2013-5IG4TYQ/
National poverty alleviation programmes’ support for fruit and perennial tree plantation
High expansion of fruit tree-based agroforestry within settlement areas in Ha Tinh• Poverty reduction programmes (134, 135)• Free fruit tree seedlings and trainings on fruit
tree plantation
In Dac Nong• Home lots distributed• Technical and financial supports provided for
the establishment of perennial tree farms.
http://dienbientv.vn/tin-tuc-su-kien/kinh-te/201206/Xoa-doi-giam-ngheo-tu-mo-hinh-trong-cay-an-qua-2163643/
Government policies and local programmes on the development of perennial tree plantations
National strategy on expansion of perennial tree plantations (ex. rubber)Support and programs localized, some cases with mis-implementation of the government’s policy Ha Tinh: rubber expansion on both community/allocated natural forest land, plantation forest • Rubber allowed (regardless of type of land
use) in areas between 15 and 25 degree slopes. + financial support
• Linkage between farmers, local government and rubber companies facilitated
• Increase farmers’ knowledge on rubber and emerging market
Dac Nong: develop market access for perennial trees (coffee, cacao) in the area; technical training on perennial trees• Mostly occurred on community-managed
natural forest lands, since these have not been allocated to households
• Home gardens
http://caphesach.vn/news/Trong-trot/Dak-Lak-toan-tinh-co-5-lien-minh-san-xuat-ca-phe-ben-vung-853/
http://wasi.org.vn/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=386%3Ak-lk-ci-to-li-cac-vn-ca-phe-bng-cac-ging-chn-lc-cht-lng-cao&catid=90%3Atin-hoat-dong-nganh&Itemid=199&lang=en
• Timber tree seedlings mainly bought from nurseries in Bac Kan• Seeds or seedlings directly from local traders at a reasonable price
than from nurseries in other areas• Rubber seedlings may be freely supplied or delivered by rubber
companies in Ha Tinh
Availability of markets for cash crops• Improved markets for cash crops• Shorter proximity to market for cash crop facilitated conversion
of parkland AF to cash crop production (farmers have to transfer products to collection points in Bac Kan)
• In Ha Tinh, farmers are able to sell cassava directly to local traders
Peason’s correlationsProximity to tree nurseries ~ increase in parkland AF -0.244* (Bac Kan)
Proximity to markets for cash crop (tobacco) ~ decrease in parkland AF -0.199* (Bac Kan)
Proximity to cassava market ~decrease in parkland AF -0.032 (Ha Tinh)
*p<0.05, ** p< 0.01 and ***p<0.001.
http://petrotimes.vn/news/vn/kinh-te/chan-dung-doanh-nghiep/ngan-hang-chinh-sach-xa-hoi-10-nam-vi-nguoi-ngheo.html
Proximity to tree nurseries facilitated conversion of upland crop cultivation areas to park land AF
In Bac Kan, but not in Ha Tinh and Dac Nong province
Market availability for timber and price increase: conversion of parkland AF to plantation forest in Bac Kan and Ha Tinh provinces
Ha Tinh: Emerging market for Acacia timber pushed expansion of Acacia plantations into parkland areas
Distance to timber market
Peason’s correlation with decrease of parkland AF
Bac Kan 0.257 (p: 0.225)
Ha Tinh -0.06 (p: 0.826)Farmers are able to directly sell their timber to local traders
http://baoquangngai.vn/channel/2023/201012/tra-bong-chuyen-bien-tu-cuoc-van-dong-hoc-tap-va-lam-theo-tam-guong-dao-duc-ho-chi-minh-1969990/
Bac Kan: • Increase in Melia timber price strongly
correlates with the decrease in agroforestry area during 2000-2010 (Peason’s R: 0.094, p<0.001).
• Farmers are able to sell Melia timber (main species on parkland AF; not a regulated species).
• Price boom for Melia timber farmers converted their agroforestry areas into Melia plantation forest.
Infrastructure development and market for perennial tree products
Increasing markets for cashew and
coffee
Improved proximity to markets for perennial tree products and
urban centres
Peason’s R with increase in perennial tree AF
Proximity to the market for perennial tree products
-0.154; p: 0.032
Proximity to urban area -0.157; p: 0.029
• Local traders collect products• Products to collection points
by farmers• Inputs easily accessible
http://www.tintaynguyen.com/dak-lak-nong-dan-han-che-ban-ca-phe-de-cho-tang-gia/17510/http://giacaphe.com/6964/phoi-tron-phan-don-de-bon-
cho-ca-phe/
http://www.dulichsingapore.com/video-clip/366-ngan-ngo-voi-nui-doi-dak-nong.html
Expansion of perennial tree- based AF in natural forests
and settlement areas in Dac Nong
Population increase: expansion of AF area (where AF can be an economically viable option)
Fruit market availability and proximity• Proximity to market--- not significantly correlated with the increase in fruit tree-based
agroforestry area in Ha Tinh province (Peason’s R: 0.191; p: 0.355)• Good access and increasing market demand, farmers able to sell fruit to local traders
Natural population growth In-migration
Greater demand for land for agricultural production
Encroach natural forest land or buy land to convert to perennial tree based AF in Dac Nong
Peason’s R with increase in perennial tree AF
The area of lands bought by migrant families
0.916 (p<0.001)
Household size 0.401 (p< 0.001)
http://danviet.vn/kinh-te/tich-cuc-tai-canh-va-giam-dien-tich-ca-phe/20130806113451275p1c25.htm
Household economy: increase income from paddy fields
Increase in the share of income from paddy fields, in total HH income
Increase in paddy area in 2000-2010
Decrease of parkland AF in Bac Kan province
In Bac Kan province Peason’s R with increase in the share of income from paddy fields per total household income in 2000-2010
Decrease in parkland agroforestry area
0.155*,
increase in paddy area 0.468*(*) p<0.05
• More resources to invest in converting parkland AF to plantation forest
• Household economy more focus on paddy fields
Linking household economic factors with the area under agroforestry
Peason’s correlation with total area under AFBac Kan Ha Tinh
Income from upland crops 0.201* 0.161* (spurious, with the area of planted forest)
Income from paddy field 0.064 0.106Income from livestock raising 0.525*** 0.047Off-farm income -0.123 0.301Total household income 0.195* 0.111Total number of cattles (buffalo, cow and goat) by 2012
0.404*** (spurious, with income from livestock) 0.189*
Number of deer NA 0.416****p<0.05, ** p< 0.01 and ***p<0.001.
• AF significantly contributes to the household’s economy
• Richer households are more incline to adopt AF
• More resources from upland crops or livestocks AF adoption
• Households who owned a number of animals are better off, and invest more on AF.
Dac NongArea of perennial tree-based AF ~ household income: significantly correlated (Peason’s R: 0.562***), but not with any other income sources.
Conclusions and implicationsAF development in Vietnam is largely based on reinforcing factors such as government support, market creation for agroforestry products, local capacity development, and availability of, or access to financial capital.
• Parkland AF areas were mainly converted to natural forest in Bac Kan province and to planted forest in Ha Tinh province. Conversely, in Dak Nong province, natural forest and settlement areas were converted to agroforestry.
• Agroforestry change in Bac kan province was largely driven by government forest regeneration and reforestation programmes and creation of markets for cash crops; whereas, improved physical and market infrastructure, as well as steady increases in timber prices and perennial tree crops were key drivers in Ha Tinh and Dak Nong provinces.
• Richer households tend to increase their agroforestry areas from surplus incomes than accept minimal government incentives for reforestation or forest regeneration.
Therefore,• The development of agroforestry in Vietnam will likely take place in areas where no land
use option is economically superior to it. • The decision to adopt agroforestry is largely attributed to the economic value of AF
products.• The economic value of environmental services derived must be accounted to increase the
profitability of agroforestry.
Thank you for your attention
The authors would like to thank Vietnam Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) for providing spatial data, the District People Committees and local authorities in the six study districts, and the 900 farmer-respondents who willingly collaborated us in this study, and to Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Thuy from Ho Chi Minh Nong Lam University for his supervision of the survey in Dac Nong province. The authors also acknowledged the assistance from Ms. Doan Thi Luyen, Ms. Dang Thi Thu Thuy, Ms. Nguyen Thi Toan, Ms. Pham Thanh Loan, Ms. Le Thi Tam and Ms. Tran Thi Sang.
For more information, please contact: [email protected]
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