8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
1/20
MAGNEGAS
SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by
SUMESH.S.R
REG NO: 15093450
To
Cochin University Of Science & Technology
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Department of mechanical Engineering
Sarabhai Institute of science & Technology, Vellanad
Thiruvananthapuram- 695573
July -2011
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
2/20
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Sarabhai Institute of Science & Technology,
Vellanad, Thiruvananthapuram- 695573
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this seminar report entitled MAGNEGAS is a bonafide record
of the work done by SUMESH.S.R under our guidance in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
of Cochin university of Science & Technology.
Seminar coordinators
Head of Department
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
3/20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly I thank God almighty for his abundant grace on preparing this seminar. I express
my sincere gratitude to the head of the department, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, Sarabhai Institute of Science & Technology, Vellanad, Thiruvananthapuram
for his valuable suggestion, advice, guidance & encouragement in carrying out the seminar.
I especially thank my seminar guide, for his guidance & help rendered for the successful
completion of my seminar. We also thank the department for providing necessary facilities for
the presentation of the seminar.
I also express my gratitude to all the staff members, my parents and my friends who were
very co-operative for the successful completion of this seminar report.
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
4/20
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The focus of this seminar is to explore some of the direction that have been taken to
develop less emission and non exhaustable fuels for personal transportation vehicles to be used in
next generation.
Today, millions of people use the automobile as their main source of transportation.
Automobiles are the most efficient and convenient way to travel compared to walking or
running. Unfortunately, most of the automobiles use fossil fuel such as oil. After the internal
combustion engine consumes the gasoline it releases carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrogen carbons, and carbon dioxide. The chemicals cause air pollution, acid rain and the
buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Many alternatives have been considered out of which the use of hydrogen as fuel did
resolve the environmental problems of fossil fuels due to excessive emissions of carcinogenic
substances and carbon dioxide. However, the combustion of hydrogen originating from
regeneration processes (e.g., from natural gas) implies the permanent removal of oxygen from
our atmosphere in a directly usable form, creating a serious environmental problem called
Oxygen depletion, since the combustion turns hydrogen and oxygen into water whose separation
to restore the original oxygen balance is prohibitive due to cost. We then show that a conceivable
global use of hydrogen from the indicated regeneration origin in complete replacement of fossil
fuels would imply the permanent removal of 2.8875 x 107 metric tons of O2 /day from our
atmosphere, with consequential termination of all life forms in our planet in a few years.
To resolve these problems, we propose the upgrading of hydrogen into the new
combustible fuel called Magnegas, which is essentially a magnetically upgraded form of
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
5/20
hydrogen into new clusters called Magnecules. The new Magnegas technology permits the
processing of crude oil in the reactors, by producing a fuel dramatically cleaner than gasoline, at
a cost visibly smaller than that due to refineries. Magnegas is produce as a byproduct in the
recycling of liquid waste or from processing of carbon rich liquids. Its production is cheaper than
other fuels. Its exhaust has no toxic substances, a positive balance of oxygen & less CO2 as
compared to gasoline exhaust. Thus Magnegas may be the permissible alternative for the present
conventional fuels.
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
6/20
CHAPTER 2
THE MAGNEGAS-CONCEPT
1.THE BIRTH OF THE MAGNEGAS TECHNOLOGY:
The MagneGas technology has been developed by the Italian-American scientist
Dr. Ruggero Maria Santilli following mathematics, physical ,chemical and then industrial
research conducted over the past three decades
.During the last years of President Carter's Administration, when at the Department of
Mathematics of Harvard University, Dr. Santilli was invited by the DOE to apply for a research
grant to study the foundations for possible new energies and fuels. Dr. Santilli indicated his
willingness to accept the grant under the condition he would be allowed to search for basically
new mathematics, physics and chemistry because available disciplines of the time were invariant
under the reversal of the direction of time, while all energy releasing processes are irreversible
over time. Therefore, reversible theories (such as special relativity, quantum mechanics and
quantum chemistry) are indeed exact for reversible systems (such as the atomic structure,
particles in accelerators, and many more) but, when applied to irreversible systems (such as coal
combustion) lead to serious inconsistencies (the prediction that smoke and ashes reconstruct the
original coal in violation of causality, energy conservation, and other basic laws)
INSUFFICIENCIES TO PRODUCE A COMBUSTIBLE GAS
Despite 150 years of development, by the late 20th century no technology for the production and
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
7/20
sale of combustible gases produced by underwater electric arcs had reached industrial maturity.
The reasons were discovered by the Italian-American Physicist Dr. Ruggero Maria Santilli.
The first insufficiency of stationary submerged electric arc is a very low
efficiency,namely, the ratio between the volume of gas produced and the used electric every is
small, thus causing an excessive cost of the produced gas. The arc is one of the most effective
means for the separation of liquid molecules. Consequently, a stationary submerged electric arc
creates a plasma around the tips of the electrodes very rich of Hydrogen and Oxygen. But such a
plasma is traversed by the arc itself. Therefore, most of the separated Hydrogen and Oxygen
ignite via an implosion by reproducing in this way the original liquid state. Dr. Santilli
states: The beautiful glow of an underwater arc is partially due to the combustion within the
plasma around the tips of the electrodes of Hydrogen and Oxygen into water caused by the arc
itself, with a consequential dramatic reduction of efficiency.
An additional insufficiency of the gas produced by conventional stationary submerged
electric arcs is the high content of the green house gas CO2 that was measured by Dr. Santilli as
being up to 18% prior to combustion, with up to 27% percent CO2 content in the combustion
exhaust. Due to the expectation of substantial fines and charged for any release in the atmosphere
of CO2, such a feature, alone, prevented the industrial development of a combustible gas
produced with a submerged electric arc.
the origin of the latter insufficiency was also identified by Dr. Santilli and consists in the fact that
the plasma caused by an underwater electric arc around the tips of graphite electrodes is
generally composed of mostly ionized atoms of Hydrogen H, Oxygen O and Carbon C. Due to
the great affinity between Carbon and Oxygen (at the origin of life on Earth), Carbon and
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
8/20
Oxygen combine by forming (the triple bonded, gaseous) Carbon Monoxide CO. But CO is
combustible and, when traversed by an arc in the presence of Oxygen, burns by forming CO 2.
thus explaining the indicate major environmental insufficiency. Additional insufficiencies
discovered by Dr. Santilli are technical and are treated in the specialized literature
2.MATHEMATICAL RESEARCH:
To initiate his studies under DOE support, Dr. Santilli recognized that there
cannot be really new, irreversible physical and chemical theories without a really new
mathematics, because all pre-existing mathematics had no time arrow, thus being itself reversible
over time. Additionally, Dr. Santilli stressed that there cannot be really new irreversible
mathematics without really new numbers. These studies alone required more than a decade of
research of purely mathematical character, and resulted in new mathematics today technically
known as santilli-geno- and hyper-mathematics, or generically hashadronic
mathematics meaning a new mathematics conceived for the structure of strongly interacting
particles such as protons and neutrons called "hadrons", although also applicable to the interior
of any physical medium. It should be noted that hadronic mathematics consists of new numbers,
new space time, new differential calculus, new algebras, new groups, new symmetries, etc.
Mathematical maturity was reach in 1996 when a purely mathematics journal (Rendiconti
Circolo Matematico Palermo) dedicated one entire issue to Santilli new mathematics.
3.PHYSICAL RESEARCH:
Following the discovery of the appropriate irreversible covering of the 20th
century mathematics, Dr. Santilli passed to the construction of corresponding coverings of
physical theories such as special relativity and quantum mechanics, as well as their verification,
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
9/20
when applicable, in particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics and cosmology. This
additional research also required decades. The new disciplines are today known under the name
of hadronic relativity and mechanics and includes a step-by-step lifting of all aspects of
conventional theories into broader scientific vistas.
4.CHEMICAL RESEARCH:
Only following such a vast prior research, Dr. Santilli was finally in a position to
construct the discipline truly needed for energy releasing processes, an irreversible covering of
quantum chemistry, today known as Santilli hadronic chemistry, and also consists in a step-by-
step irreversible covering of all various aspects of quantum chemistry, with impressive
experimental verifications, such as the first numerically exact representation from un -adulterated
first principle of the binding energy and other features of the Hydrogen, Water and other
molecules. By comparison, conventional chemistry had missed these goals for about one century.
In fact, quantum chemistry missed a historical 2% of experimental data on molecular binding
energy for the hydrogen and was unable to get the sign let alone the value of the electric and
magnetic moment of the water molecule. The so-called "screened Coulomb potentials" did
improve the representation but rendered the words *quantum chemistry" equivocal since they no
longer admit conventional quantized orbits and have other problems shown in the technical
literature.
5.THE DISCOVERY OF MAGNEGAS:
Back in the late 1970s, Dr. Santilli indicated to the DOE that he had no intention of
searching for new fuels with the conventional molecular structure (that is, atoms bonded together
by the conventional valence force) because the origin of environmental problems caused by
fossil fuels s the impossibility of achieving a full combustion due to the strength of the valence
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
10/20
bond. By contrast, Dr. Santilli indicated to the DOE his intent of searching for fuels with
a new chemical com position other than that of molecular character, subject to the condition of
allowing a full combustion, as an evident pre-requisite to achieve true improvement in
combustion.
Following the above indicated research in pure mathematics, physics and chemistry, Dr. Santilli
finally achieved in 1998 his intended goal with the discovery of a new chemical species today
known as Santilli magnecules,consisting of isolated atoms H, C, O, etc., dimers HO, CH, etc. and
ordinary molecules H2, CO, etc. bonded together by opposing magnetic polarities in toroidal
deformations of atomic orbitals. In fact, magnetic bonds, even though stable at ambient
temperature, are known to be weaker then valence bonds, and they are known to disappear at a
sufficient high temperature. Therefore, all fuels with Santilli magnecular structure do have
indeed full combustion because the bond of their clusters is destroyed by the combustion itself.
Additionally, the energy output of fuels with magnecular structure is bigger than that of fuels
with molecular structure under the same atomic constituents because of the availability in the
former case of free atoms such as H and O ready to combust into H2O, while in the latter case
energy is lost for the separation of H2 and O2 into H and O as a premise for their combustion
into H2O.
Only following the above vast preparatory research, Dr. Santilli was finally able to search for a
basically new class of fuels he called MagneFuelsTM
(patented and international patents
pending), the prefix "Magne" indicating the new magnecular structure as opposed to the
conventional molecular composition. At that time (1998), Dr. Santilli initiated comprehensive
industrial research on the selection of the most effective means for the cost competitive
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
11/20
production of his new fuels with magnecular structure. The result was one an d only one: the use
of submerged electric arcs for the gasification of liquids since no other process can compare,
even partially, in efficiency. That identification signaled the birth ofMagneGases that is, of
various gases with Santilli magnecular structure. Industrial maturity for the cost competitive
production of clean burning MagneGases requires large investments over one additional decades
of industrial research and the construction of dozens of Magnegas Refineries scientifically also
known as Santilli hadronic reactors to indicate that they are conceived and designed via the use
of hadronic mathematics, physics and chemistry.
Following the achievement of clean burning, cost competitive fuels with the new magnecular
structure, Santilli is currently completing his commitment with the DOE of the late 1970s: the
search for much needed, environmentally acceptable new energies namely, energies that cannot
be even conceived, let a,one treated with the 20th century sciences. SAt any rate, all energies that
could be conceived via special relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry were fully
identified by the middle of the 20th century and they all resulted to have environmental
shortcomings. Therefore, the only serious hope for mankind to achieve the much needed new
clean energy is to surpass special relativity, quantum mechanics s and quantum, chemistry
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
12/20
MAJOR DRAWBACKS OF USING HYDROGEN AS A FUEL
The use of hydrogen does avoid the release carcinogenic substances and carbon
dioxide in the exhaust, but causes an alarming oxygen depletion which is considerably
bigger than that caused by fossil fuel combustion under the same energy output. This
depletion is due to the fact that gasoline combustion turns atmospheric oxygen into
CO2 part of which is recycled by plants into O2, while hydrogen combustion turns as
atmospheric oxygen into H2O. This process permanently removes oxygen from our
atmosphere in a directly usable form due to the excessive cost of water separation to
restore the original oxygen balance .Further, H2O produced is certainly a greenhouse gas.
Also Hydrogen fuel typically takes up about four times as much space as gasoline to
deliver the same energy content and to keep the fuel at -273C requires expensive tanks
made of 70 layers of fiberglass and aluminum. Another major problem faced was that
hydrogen tends to leak more than petroleum, and hydrogen can embrittle some metals.
Therefore, in short problems faced using H2 as fuel can be summarized as
1 Production
2. Transportation
3. Storage of liquid hydrogen.
4. Oxygen depletion.
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
13/20
A REVOLUTIONARY BREAKTHROUGH: CREATION OF MAGNEGAS
What is Magnegas
Upgrading hydrogen into a new combustible gas called as Magnegas. It is named so
because of its unique property of inducing atomic polarization between the atoms and molecules
which bond together like magnets, resulting in clusters which are stable at ordinary conditions.
These clusters are called magnecules because of the dominance of magnetic over the other
effects in their creation. Fig. 2.1 shows the production process of the Magnegas.
Fig. 2.1:PRODUCTION OF MAGNEGAS
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
14/20
CHAPTER 3
THE MAGNEGAS-PRODUCTION
A new kind of reactors called Hardonic Reactor, are used for processing crude oil
and liquid wastes into Magnegas and giving heat as by product .These reactors are also
called as Plasma Arc Flow recyclers .These reactors are called Hardonic because they are
based on concept of Hardonic Chemistry rather than Quantum Chemistry. In these
reactors Magnegas is produced by Plasma Arc Flow process in which an electric arc is
passed through the liquid at about 10,000F which decomposes molecules into plasma
state and the H, C and O recombine to form the clusters of individual atoms of H, C and
O plus ordinary molecules H2, CO and O2.
Figure 3.1 below shown is US Magnegas Total Recycler whose all operations are
computer controlled. It uses inch electrodes for producing arc. The extensive tests have
established that the reactor uses in average 100W of electricity for an average hourly production
of 500m3 of Magnegas plus heat. The reactor has been certified for total recycling of any type of
non-radioactive liquid waste, including: antifreeze and engine oil wastes etc. The biggest
efficiency is obtained by using crude oil which is converted into a fuel cleaner and less expensive
than gasoline when compared to the cost of current refineries. Hardronic reactors with 1, 2
and 5 coal rods, which produce up to three million units of the clean burning Magnegas per
hour suitable for the large scale automotive uses.
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
15/20
PLASMA ARC FLOW RECYCLERS:
The PLASMA ARC FLOW(TM) process gasifies a number of liquid wastes into
usable byproducts. These byproducts include: a gaseous fuel knownasMagneGas(TM), heat,
carbon precipitates and sterile effluent liquid that is under development for organic liquid
fertilizer or irrigation water. MagneGas is a cost competitive and clean burning fuel that is
essentially interchangeable with Natural Gas or it can be mixed with Natural Gas. It has
the lowest Green House gas emissions when compared to fossil fuel. The refinery has no odor
or noise pollution as it runs quietly in a completely sealed environment. The fuel can be used for
metal cutting, cooking, heating, or powering natural gas bi fuel automobiles.
The technology is called Plasma Arc Flow(TM) (patents and numerous international
patents pending) and it is based in flowing the liquid waste through a submerged electric arc
between coal electrodes. The arc decomposes the liquid molecules into atoms and forms a
plasma around the tips of the electrodes at about 10,000F. The Plasma Arc Flow moves the
plasma away from the electrodes and controls the formation of MagneGas that bubbles to the
surface for collection. In this way the liquid waste is converted into MagneGas, sterile liquid
effluent and carbonaceous precipitates collected in a strainer for periodical removal.
The revolutionary Plasma Arc Flow(TM) recycler creates this natural gas alternative, which can
power cars, cooking grills, industrial equipment, and homes. The machine uses a patented
electrical process to decompose the liquid waste molecules into atoms, and the atoms are then
recombined into MagneGas.
MagneGas exhaust has been certified by an automotive laboratory accredited with the E.P.A. to
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
16/20
surpass all E.P.A. requirements without a catalytic converter, and is the only fuel that produces
oxygen when it burns, making it dramatically cleaner than gasoline, diesel, and natural gas.
MagneGas is composed of hydrogen (55-65%), carbon monoxide (30-35%), carbon dioxide (1-
2%), water vapor (2%), and trace gases (0.5-1%).
The technology is based on specially designed reactors, commercially referred to as
"PlasmaArcFlow(TM) Recyclers." These reactors are capable of recycling water-base liquid
waste (such as city, farm or ship sewage and sludge, used antifreeze etc.) or certain oil-base
liquid waste into a new clean burning fuel called "MagneGas(TM)".
The recyclers are divided into three different types:
I) "Total Recyclers" that are intended for the maximum conversion of liquid to fuel. The waste
is converted into MagneGas and a carbon deposit that is under development for the production of
electrodes or other uses.
II) "Linear Recyclers" that are intended for the sterilization of bio-contaminated liquid wastes
(such as city or ship sewage) via its single passage through one or more electric arcs. This results
in the production of MagneGas, carbon precipitates, plus sterilized liquid that can be processed
further via industrially available filters and other systems to produce final effluent as clean as
requested by local environmental requirements.
III) "Total-Linear Recyclers" for the processing of farm manure and ship or city sludge via
their treatment in the Total Mode until the entire liquid is sterilized and its solid content is
carbonized. The liquid is then processed in the Linear Mode for the removal of carbonized solids
and completes other processes as may be required by local environmental authorities. This
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
17/20
process results in MagneGas, carbon precipitants plus sterilized liquid that can be processed
further via industrially available filters and other systems to produce final effluent to meet local
environmental requirements.
CERTIFICATION OF THE MAGNEGAS EXHAUST
Magnegas(TM) fuel was shown by EPA accredited laboratory analysis results to be suitable for
use as automotive fuel without catalytic converters while surpassing all current EPA
requirements for combustion exhaust emissions, as shown below.
Element MagneGas (MG) Natural Gas Gasoline EPA Standards
Hydro-carbons 0.026 gm/mi 0.380 gm/mi
2460% of MG
emission
0.234 gm/mi
900% of MG
emission
0.41 gm/mi
Carbon Monoxide 0.262 gm/mi 5.494 gm/mi
2096% of MG
emission
1.965 gm/mi
750% of MG
emission
3.40 gm/mi
Nitrogen Oxides 0.281 gm/mi .732 gm/mi
260% of MG
emission
0.247 gm/mi
80% of MG
emission
1.00 gm/mi
Carbon Dioxide 235 gm/mi 646.503 gm/mi
275% of MG
emission
458.655 gm/mi
195% of MG
emission
No EPA standard
exists for Carbon
Dioxide
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
18/20
Oxygen 9%-12% 0.5%-0.7%
0.04% of MG
emission
0.5%-0.7%
0.04% of MG
emission
No EPA standard
exists for Oxygen
PROPERTIES AND TEST RESULTS:
Many tests and researches are being done till now which brought to light the
following characteristics of Magnegas.
1.Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) and Infra Red Detectorsshowed that it
consists of large cluster which cannot be all symmetric and havingunconventional type of
bonding which does not give conventional signature.
2.Magnegas has three different energy storage levels: magnecules, molecules and newinternal
molecular bonds and thus its combustion may referred as burning of amultistage rocket.
3.In Magnegas under a sufficient magnetic polarization, hydrogen acquires thenecessary energy
density to avoid liquefaction as fuel and when tested it gave energyoutput equivalent to that of
gasoline (proved by us Magnegas Inc)
4.Combustion of Magnegas has positive balance i.e. the oxygen produced in the
exhaust is bigger than that used in combustion.
5.The exhaust emission of an Automobile converted to run on magnegas had
following composition.
Water vapour6570%
O210%
CO2 - 6% - 8%
CO - 0.00% - 0.01%
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
19/20
WHY MAGNEGAS?
Recycles liquid sludge
Pollution Free
On-site production
Limitless quantities
Transportable plant
A cleaner ,better planet
.
8/4/2019 SEMINAR TITLE (2) (1)
20/20
Top Related