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Seafarer Sleepiness and Fatigue What have we learned? What should we do? Professor Claire Pekcan Emeritus Professor Mike Barnett
Project”MARTHA”:ResearchDesign
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Datacollectedfromeachvessel:110volunteercrewmembers
• Backgroundques<onnaireforeachvolunteer• Weeklydiaries(includingKSSandMFI*)foreachvolunteer
• Ac<watchdatafortwoweeksatbeginningandendoftourforselectedvolunteers.
• Voyagereportsofvesseltocoverperiodofstudy• Officialhoursofwork/restforeachindividualvolunteer
*KSS=KarolinskaSleepinessScaleMFI=Mul<dimensionalFa<gueInventory
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! Healthy individuals ! Rapid onset
! Short duration
! Single cause ! Short-term effect on daily
activities
Distinguishing Sleepiness from Fatigue
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Short-term Sleepiness
! May cause health disorders (physical and mental)
! Insidious onset ! Persists over time ! Multi-factor causes ! Significantly affects
behaviour and wellbeing
Longer-term Fatigue
vs
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What have we learned?
Some results from the analysis of Weekly Diaries and Actigraphy*
*WithacknowledgementstoDrAnnePHillstromandGemmaHansonof
UniversityofSouthampton,CentreforVisionandCogni<on
Fa<gue:isithigherorlowerattheendofavoyage?
Acloserlookatthe3ranks(Thirdofficer,Captain,AB)forwhichthereisthehighestnumber(i.e.:n>10)
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Captain ThirdOfficer AB
Is Stress higher or lower at the end of a voyage?
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Highlevelsofsleepinessatall<mes
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Several other weekly diary items potentially increase with time at sea (including reduced motivation)
Example of Actiwatch data: A Bosun on Day work
Actigraph example of a Master – disturbed sleep?
Actigraphy: Example of a Master – disturbed sleep?
AverageSleepbyRank
Sleepovercourseofstudy
• Errorbarsrepresents1sem
• Significantwhenanchoredatstartofcontract
Theeffectofvoyage<meonwakebouts
What should we do? Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS)?
© March 2012 - European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/article/content/documents/nm/safety/safety-fatigueriskbrochureweb.pdf
Two Ways to Mitigate the Fatigue Risk:
“Hours of rest” – STCW and MLC Prescriptive Negotiated Contract Compliance culture: minimum standards Reactive Control Inspection and audit
FRMS within the IMO revised guidelines on fatigue Non-mandatory Goal-based approach Scientific basis: data driven “Best practice”: aspiring to excellence Custom-built to own company
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Three Core Elements of Fatigue Risk Management
1 Fatigue Awareness training and cultural change programmes; 2 Fatigue reporting system within a just culture; 3 ”Data-driven” predictive analysis for fatigue risk assessment, workload management and monitoring adequate sleep*
• *Tools may include subjective reporting, actigraphy, and fatigue prediction models
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Fa#gue Predic#on models
• Bio-mathema<calmodelling-nottobeconfusedwithfa<guemanagementso_warewhichshowscompliancewithhoursofrestregula<ons.
• Predictsfa<guelevelorriskoffallingasleepfordifferentworkhourpa`erns.
• Somealsoshowdecrementinperformanceagainstfa<gue
• ModelsincludeSAFTE/FAST(USA),FAID(AUS)andMARTHA(Sweden)
• ProjectHORIZONaddednovelinforma<ononoff-watchsleeppa`ernsandvalidatedtheMARTHAmodelforuseinshippingopera<ons
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Time of day
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s lev
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SS'
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S+C
-sleep-
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risk
www.warsashacademy.co.uk
A Vision for the Future…?
NOV13 Source: http://www.futurenautics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Cyb_feat2.png
Or crew “condition monitoring”? Measure physical health and mental wellbeing variables at a distance? Big data and predictive analytics? Ethics: “Big brother” or self-ownership?
Unmanned vessels? The Cyborg Crew?
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