„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
IFOAM OSEA Project II
Scoping study on organic aquaculture
in 5 East African countries
Study conducted by Udo Censkowsky and Albert Altena
Organic Services/AquaDc Blue
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„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
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§ Assessment of the development potenDal for organic aquaculture in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.
§ Assessment to what extent exisDng standards and cerDficaDon requirements for organic aquaculture are applicable in East African countries.
Main objecDves of the scoping study
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
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What is organic aquaculture? § Private standards for aquaculture developed by
organic food standard seSng organizaDons: like Naturland, Soil AssociaDon, Debio, Biosuisse etc.
§ NaDonal regulaDons for organic aquaculture exist in the following countries: in Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, Hong Kong, India…
§ Scope: finfish, crustacean (shrimp), algae/seaweed, bivalve mollusks
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
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Major principles of organic aquaculture § Careful choice of farm sites and species § ProtecDon of water quality and surrounding eco-‐
systems due to site appropriate management § Low stocking densiDes, animal welfare aspects § CerDfied organic feed, only organic ferDlizer (no
chem.-‐synth. ferDlizer like urea or highly solulable phosphate)
§ Origin and quanDty of fish meal and fish oil § ProhibDon of geneDc engineering § No growth sDmulants, hormones, anDbioDcs § Limited number of disinfectants § Uninterrupted monitoring and inspecDon of supply
and processing chain
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
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Global organic aquaculture produc9on in 2009 (in t/a)*
Data from Organic Services and Naturland Associa7on
In 2010 world‘s aquaculture produc5on is 59.9 million tons thereof about 0,167 % organic
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
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Global Organic Aquaculture Produc9on 2012/2013
§ Global producDon approximately 150.000 tons § Comercially most important: salmon and shrimp § Shrimp (Penaid shrimp and Macrobrachium): around 25.000 tons (increasing trend) § Carp, trout, sea bream, sea bass, pangasius, sturgeon, Dlapia § New trend: organic mussels § One shrimp project in Africa (Madagascar) § Average Price Premium (between 20% to 40% on retail price) § Global turnover (retail prices) is esDmated to have exceeded > 1 billion EUR in 2012 § EU-‐27 is largest importer of organic seafood, Germany biggest single market for organic seafood
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
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Development of organic aquaculture in La9n America, Africa and Asia § Export driven
§ European buyers (e.g. COOP Switzerland), development organizaDons and private cerDficaDon bodies iniDated first organic aquaculture projects in LaDn America, Asia and Africa
§ InternaDonal development organizaDons like SECO, GIZ, CFC/Infofish, FAO and others wanted to open premium markets for small scale fish farmers and their low input aquaculture systems with organic cerDficaDon.
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
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OSO Organic Shrimps (P. monodon) from Madagascar
Focus on Gastronomy / R&O Seafood Company
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Burundi Ø Main waterbodies
ü Lake Tanganyika (95%) ü Lake Rweru, Lake Cohoa, Rivers
Ø Total fish production 14,000 tonnes ü Aquaculture production 200 tonnes ü Tilapia and African catfish are the main products
Ø Infrastructure for aquaculture insufficient ü No Feed production ü Hatchery for Tilapia and Catfish fingerlings is planned
Ø Per capita consumption is 2 kg per year only! ü Export??
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Kenya Ø Main waterbodies
ü Lake Turkana, Lake Victoria, ü Tana River (with hydroelectric power dams) ü Athi/Galana River
Ø Total fish production 149,000 tonnes ü Aquaculture production 22,000 tonnes ü Tilapia and African catfish are the main products
Ø Infrastructure for aquaculture insufficient but improving ü Due to Economic Stimulus Program (since 2009) ü Feed production limited
• 1 – 2 commercial feed producers (very expensive) ü Several hatcheries for Tilapia and Catfish, but not sufficient
Ø Per capita consumption decreasing from 7 to 3.5 kg p. a.! ü Demand for fish 132,000 t p.a.
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Rwanda Ø Main waterbodies
ü Lake Kivu, Lake Burera, Lake Ruhondo ü Other Lakes and Dams ü River Mwogo
Ø Total fish production 12,600 tonnes ü Aquaculture production 600 (4,000?) tonnes ü Tilapia and African catfish are the main products
• Tilapia cage culture has been established! Ø Infrastructure for aquaculture insufficient
ü No Feed production, but community pellet production ü 5 hatcheries for Tilapia and catfish fingerlings
Ø Per capita consumption is 1.5 kg per year only! ü Export??
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Tanzania Ø Main waterbodies
ü Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, ü Lake Malawi , ü Dams: Nyumba ya Mungu & Mtera ü Rivers
Ø Total fish production 350,000 tonnes ü Aquaculture production 1,200 (1,891?) tonnes
• Macro-algae (651 t) • Tilapia and African catfish (1,240 t), main “food fish” products
Ø Infrastructure for aquaculture insufficient ü No commercial feeds, but “home made” feed production ü 6 hatcheries for Tilapia and catfish, 3 hatcheries for shrimp
Ø Per capita consumption is 6 – 8 kg per year. ü Demand for 70,000 to 100,000 t of fish
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Uganda Ø Main waterbodies
ü Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga ü River Nile
Ø Total fish production >600,000 tonnes ü Aquaculture production 85,000 (!?) tonnes ü Tilapia & Catfish (domestically preferred) main products (90 %)
• Tilapia cage culture has been established! • 1 intensive cage farming operation in LV, 100 small scale cage operations
Ø Infrastructure for aquaculture is improving ü Commercial feed available (but expensive) ü 50 hatcheries for Tilapia and Catfish but supply still insufficient
Ø Per capita consumption is 5.7 kg per year only! ü Deficiency for fish of about 150,000 t
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Aquaculture in East Africa General aspects
Dominated by Tilapia and African catfish production 1. Semi intensive Tilapia production in monoculture
Ø Use of external fertilizer (inorganic or livestock manure) Ø Use of (supplemental) feed Ø Use of all male or mixed sex tilapia
2. Extensive Tilapia production in monoculture Ø No feeding
3. Extensive Tilapia & African catfish production Ø Use of African catfish as predator to control tilapia population
4. Semi-intensive & intensive (?) Catfish production Ø Use of feed
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Extensive Tilapia Production in Monoculture
Ø System relies on: ü Use of fertilizers
• Manure from extensive rural livestock à status in organic aquaculture? ü Use of all male fingerlings
• Normally produced through hormones à not allowed in organic aquaculture!
Ø Possibilities ü If use of manure from extensive livestock can be allowed in organic
aquaculture than organic production is technically feasible ü Production of all male fingerlings through hand sexing possible
• But expensive (labour intensive) and not fully reliable
Perspectives for organic aquaculture
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Extensive Tilapia & Catfish in Polyculture
Ø System relies on: ü Use of fertilizers
• Manure from extensive rural livestock à status in organic aquaculture? ü Use of mixed sex tilapia fingerlings ü “Population control” through the use of African catfish (predator)
• Induced spawning through hormones in female catfish à Problematic in organic aquaculture
Ø Possibilities ü If induced spawning with pituitary-gland-hormone from African
catfish is used? • Alternatively only tilapia gets organic status (Catfish remains “conventional”)
ü If manure from extensive rural livestock can be used?
Perspectives for organic Aquaculture
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Intensive Tilapia Production in Cages Ø System relies on:
ü Use of external feeds • Commercial, high class, extruded, pelletized tilapia feed • Organic quality feed has to be imported (Israel, UK, Norway)
ü Use of all male fingerlings • But mixed sex tilapia in cages possible
Ø Possibilities ü If use of imported, high class feed is possible and economic feasible ü All male tilapia not necessary
• But use of mixed sex will add up production cost
Perspectives for organic aquaculture
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Seaweed Production in Tanzania & Kenya
Ø System relies on: ü Use of algae offshoots
• From the wild • Branches from previous plant
ü Use of ropes to fix algae offshoots • Normally plastic ropes are used
Ø Possibilities ü If algae from the wild are not used ü If the use of ropes can be changed from plastic to sisal ü But export market has to be found as local market might be too small
Perspectives for organic aquaculture
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project
Conclusions Ø The following systems are possible:
ü Extensive Tilapia production in monoculture ü Extensive Tilapia and catfish production in polyculture ü Intensive tilapia production in cages
Ø Under the pre-condition that an East African standard for organic aquaculture allows the use of ü Use of conventional manure from extensive rural livestock production ü Use of species own pituitary-gland-hormone to induce spawning in
African catfish
Ø Organic Algae production might be possible immediately ü Without any changes or adjustment of organic regulations
Perspectives for organic aquaculture
„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project 22
SWOT Analyses: potenDal for OA in East Africa
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