Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Introduction
Background
• What did the Renaissance do? – The Renaissance sparked interest and curiosity about many things, allowing people to start to think for themselves
• What did the Reformation question? – The Reformation led people to question and challenge the original views of God, the church, and salvation
• At the same time as the Reformation… – Individuals began to challenge the way people viewed their place in the Universe. This became known as the Scientific Revolution.
What was the Scientific Revolution?
• The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world.
• Based on: – careful observation of nature – a willingness to question widely accepted beliefs
– Reason • Result: the expansion of scientific knowledge
How did they come up with these ideas?
• Scientific Method – Created by Aristotle – A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Scientists of the Scientific Revolution
• Need to know for the SOLs
• Isaac Newton • Nicolas Copernicus • Johannes Kepler • Galileo Galilei • William Harvey • Aristotle • Rene Descartes
Processing
• What was the Scientific Revolution?
• What are two things the Scientific Revolution is based on?
The Enlightenment
• What was the Enlightenment? – An intellectual movement where enlightenment thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific methods to the HUMAN world as well as to the rest of the natural world
– People wanted to build a society around the ideas of the Scientific Revolution
Examples of Enlightenment Ideas
• Freedom of speech • Separation of powers: government should be divided on different levels so that no one level has all the power – Example: England has a monarch and a Parliament
• Natural rights: life, liberty, property • Freedom of religion
How did the movement spread?
• Salons—wealthy women and men would gather to discuss ideas
• Encyclopedias published many Enlightenment ideas
• Pamphlets and newspapers helped to spread the word about new ideas
Enlightenment Thinkers • Need to know for the SOLs
• John Locke • Montesquieu • Voltaire • Beccaria • Thomas Hobbes • Jean-‐Jacques Rousseau • Thomas Jefferson • Mary Wollstonecraft
Results of the Enlightenment
• Stimulated religious tolerance • Helped to start democratic revolutions around the world
• Rise of individualism—thinking for yourself
• Rise of a more secular or worldly outlook
Speed Dating
• Starting next class, we are going to be researching for our speed-‐dating activity
• You and a partner will research and then become one of the individuals from either the Scientific Revolution or the Enlightenment
• Each of you will be responsible for being that person in a round of speed dating—why would someone want to choose you to be the best influence on their country? J
Bellringer
• Sit at the tables in the center of the classroom. • Take out your notes from last class • Complete the Processing questions from your sheet.
• BJOTD: Why did the bank robber go see a chiropractor?
Leaders of the Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus—1500s
• Did not agree with the geocentric model of the universe
• First to study the idea that the sun was at the center of the universe
• After 25 years, Copernicus proved that the sun was in the center of the stars and other planets
• Called the heliocentric theory—sun-‐centered
Johannes Kepler—1600s
• Kepler expanded on Copernicus’ ideas—he wanted to know why and how the planets orbit the way they do
• Proved that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of perfect circles
Galileo Galilei—1500-‐1600 • 1609—he used a telescope to study the heavens
• 1610—wrote Starry Messenger, which described his observations – Confirmed Copernicus’ theory of a heliocentric universe
Galileo Tidbits • Galileo's ideas went
against the church, so he was “encouraged” not to publish his book
• Taken to court by the Church and put to torture – Under torture, he lied and claimed that Copernicus’ ideas were wrong
• Jailed until his death, but his ideas still spread.
Isaac Newton
• By 24, Newton was certain all physical objects on Earth and in space were equally affected by the same forces
• His big idea: linking motion in the heaven with motion on earth – Called the Law of Universal Gravitation
• Every object in the Universe attracts every other object. The amount of attraction depends on the mass of the object and the distance between them.
William Harvey—1600s
• Wrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals
• Showed the heart acts as a pump to circulate the blood throughout the body
• Described the function of blood vessels
Other Important Inventions
• Microscope • Edward Jenner invented a vaccine for Smallpox
• First Fahrenheit Thermometer
Processing
• Which innovation do you feel was the most important, and why?
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