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His tor ica l , Indo-European ,
and Lexicographical Studies
WDEG
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Trends in Linguistics
Studies and Monographs 90
Editor
Werner Winter
Mouton de GruyterBerlin · New York
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Historical, Indo-European,
and Lexicographical StudiesA Festschrift for Ladislav Zgustaon the Occasion of his 70th Birthday
edited by
Hans Henrich Hock
Mouton de GruyterBerlin · New York 1997
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M o u t o n d e G r u y t e r ( f o r m er l y M o u t o n , T h e H ag u e )
is a Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Ber l in .
© Pr in ted on ac id - f r ee paper which f a l l s w i th in the gu idel ines
of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durab i l i ty .
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data
His to r ica l , Ind o-E urop ean , and lex icograph ica l s tud ies : a f es t-
schr if t for Ladislav Zgusta on the occasion of his 70th bir th-
day / ed i ted by Ha ns Henr ich Ho ck .
p. cm . - (Trends in l inguist ics . Stud ies and m on o-
graphs ; 90) .
Inc ludes b ib l iograph ica l r ef erences and index .
ISBN 3-11-012884-5
1. Ind o-E uro pea n languages . 2 . Lex icography . 3 . H is -
tor ical l inguist ics . I . Ho ck , Ha ns He nr ich , 1938—
II . Zg ust a, Ladislav . I I I . Ser ies .
P512 .Z47H57 1996
4 1 0 - d c2 0 9 6 - 1 0 5 8 1
C I P
Die Deutsche Bibliothek — Cataloging-in-Publication-Data
Historical, Indo-European, and lexicographical studies: a Fest-
schr if t for Ladislav Zgusta on the occasion of his 70th
b i r thday / ed . by Ha ns Hen r ich H ock . - Ber l in ; New York :
M outo n de Gruy ter , 1997
(Trends in l ingu is tics : S tud ies and m on ogr ap hs ; 90)
ISBN 3-11-012884-5
NE : Hock , Han s Henr ich [Hrsg .] ; Zgus ta , Lad is lav : Fes t schr i f t ;
Trends in l ingu is t ics / S tud ies and monographs
© Co pyr igh t 1996 by Wal ter de Gruy ter & Co. , D -10785 Ber l in
Al l r igh ts r eserved , inc lud ing those o f t r ans la t ion in to fo re ign languages . No par t o f th i s
book may be r eproduced or t r ansmi t ted in any fo rm or by any means , e lec t ron ic o r mechan-
ica l , inc lud ing pho tocopy , r ecord ing o r any in format ion s to rage and r e t r ieval sys tem, wi th -
ou t permiss ion in wr i t ing f rom the pub l i sher .
Diskconver s ion : Lewis & Leins GmbH, Ber l in .
Pr in t ing : Ger ike GmbH, Ber l in .
Bind ing : Lüder i tz & Bauer , Ber l in .
P r i n t ed i n G e r m an y .
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Contents
Introduction 1
Publications of Ladislav Zgusta 5
I. Indo-European and general historical l inguistic studies . . . 47
Nexus and 'extraclausality' in Vedic, or ' s a - f i g e ' all over aga in: A his-
torical (re)examinationHans Henrich Hock 49
Some archaisms in the Iliad
Henry M. Hoenigswald 79
The origin and evolu tion of prima ry deriva tive suffi xes in Drav idian
Bh. Krishnamurti 87
E x Oriente n o x
W. P. Lehmann 117
Indo-European religion
Edgar C. Polome 129
Archaism and innovation in Proto-Celtic?
Karl Horst Schmidt 147
On Old Persian hypocoristics in -iya-
Riidiger Schmitt 163
Some problems of Latin adverbs
Oswald Szemerenyi 171
Hittite telipuri- 'd istr ict , precinct '
Johann Tischler 179
Lexical archaisms in the Tocharian languages
Werner Winter 183
II. Papers on lexicography and history of linguistics 195
Corrections and additions to the Ossetic etymological dictionary
V. I. Abaev 197
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v i
More on the Diccionario Griego-Espanol
Francisco R. Adrados 221
Uphill with Dasypodius: On the lexicographic treatment of weak
nouns in German
Elmer H. Antonsen 233
The gnosiological and dianoetic aspects of language and the
limitedness of G. B. Vico's theory
Walter Belardi 253
Re-constructing ideology, Part one: Animadversions of John Home
Tooke on the origins of affixes and non-designative words
Fredric Dolezal 261
Greek maulisterion and its group: A lexicographical essay
Olivier Masson 283The vocabulary of culture: A potential method of contrastive
description
Oskar Reichmann 28 7
The lexical Semitisms of Septuagint Greek as a reflex of the history
of the Hebrew vocabulary: Implications concerning lexical diachrony
and historical lexicography
Haiim B. Rosen 30 1
Printed language dictionaries and their standardization: Notes on the
progress toward a general theory of lexicographyHerbert Ernst Wiegand 319
Indices 381
Author index 383
Langu age index 389
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Introduction1
As I was search ing fo r an ep igraph fo r the in t roduct ion to th is vo lume in
h o n o r o f L ad i s l av Z g u s ta I r ememb ered a f r ag men t f ro m H o mer s o f amo u s
that I knew i t even wh en Gree k was s t i ll 'Sp an ish ' to me - the beg inn ing o f
th e O d y s s ey :
" Α ν δ ρ α μ ο ι ε ν ν ε π ε , Μ ο ϋ σ α , π ο λ ύ τ ρ ο π ο ν . . .
The n ineteen th-cen tury ed i t ion o f L iddel l and Sco t t ' s Greek-Engl ish Lex i-
con which I ca l l my own refers to a con troversy as to the correct mean ing
of polutropos, t h e ad jec t iv e mo d i fy in g th e man ab o u t w h o m th e Mu s e i s
asked to repor t : Accord ing to some scho lars the meaning is 'mul tum iac-
ta tus ' , accord ing to o thers 'uersatus , uersat i l i s ' . In Lad is lav Zgus ta ' s case ,
the con troversy can end , because he i s bo th , multum iactatus ' m u c h t o s s e d
about ' and uersatus, uersatilis 'w e l l -v e r s ed , v e r s a t i l e ' .
Born in 1924 in what i s now the Czech Republ ic , he surv ived two d ic ta-
to rsh ips : F i rs t that o f Nazi Germany , under which he worked as a temporary
laborer in a cons t ru ct ion bus ine ss and in the ra i lway sys tem of the 'P ro te k-
to rat Bö h men u n d Mäh ren ' ; t h en th a t o f Co mmu n is m, f ro m w h ich , a f t e r t h e
'Prague Spr ing ' had been fo rcib ly crushed , he escaped wi th h is family in a
ver i tab le c loak-and-dagger ep isode worthy o f a movie - f i rs t to Ind ia , a t that
t ime a re luctan t hos t , and a lmos t imme diate ly on to the Un i ted S ta tes , wh ere
in a s ing le year he wa s in qu ick succe ss ion aff i l ia ted wi th th ree un ivers i -
t ies - Cornel l , Texas , and I l l ino is . At the Univers i ty o f I l l ino is we cons ider
ourselves fo r tunate that h is being tossed about the g lobe ended here .
E v en b e fo re h e es cap ed f ro m Czech o s lo v ak ia , h e h ad tr av e led ex ten s iv e ly ,
bu t les s d ramat ical ly , to Russ ia , Georg ia , and o ther repub l ics o f the then
USSR, to Germany (Eas t and Wes t) , Aus t r ia , and the Uni ted S ta tes (whereI caught a cu t t ing-edge lectu re o f h is on laryngeals a t Yale Univers i ty in
1965) . S ince jo in ing the Unive rs i ty o f I ll ino is , h is t ravels have ra nged even
1 I want to thank A m y Rep p, Sarah M ichae l , and Yasuk o Suzu ki for help in putting
the papers in this volu m e on compu ter disk. I ow e sp ecial gratitude to Yasuko
Suzuki for addi t ional ly proof ing a near-f ina l vers ion of the vo lume, for coding
the contributions for printing, and for help with the indices .
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2 Introduction
far ther , to Canada and Mexico on the North-American continent; to Austr ia,
Germany, Italy, and many other countries of Europe; and to India and the
Philippines in Asia.
The breadth of Ladislav Zgusta 's travels, travails , and peregrinations
through the world is more than matched by his versatility as a scholar. Un-
like most of us in academia, he was not satisfied with one Doctor's degree;
he earned two: one in 1949 from Prague University (in Classical Philology
and Indology, with a dissertation on the 'Lexicology of the Cypriot dialect ' ) ;
the second from the Prague Academy in 1964 ( in Philology of Asia Minor,
with a dissertation on 'Personal Names of Asia Minor'). In addition, in 1964
he earned his 'Dr. Habil. ' in Indo-European linguistics at the University of
Brno .
His two doctoral dissertations on onomastics and lexicography set the
tone for most of his nine authored monographs and seven edited volumes.
His publications in this area, especially his Manu al of lexicography, which
he is now preparing for a thoroughly revised edition, are well known and
would, by themselves, have been suff icient to establish his äphthiton kleos
' imperisha ble fa m e' . But his total range of publications is much broad er -
both in terms of volume (141 papers and articles and 574 reviews so far)
and in terms of the range of topics, interests, languages examined, languages
used, and languages read.
In addition to onomastics and lexicography, his papers and reviews cover
just about every aspect of the linguistic sciences. They range from the history
of linguistics (including the work of the Sanskrit grammarians) to language
contact and bilingualism; from linguistic theory ( including reviews of Chom-
sky ' s Aspects and Cartesian linguistics), to psycholinguistics, semantics, and
typology; from epigraphy ( including, I believe, epitaphs on tombstones in
Champaign and Urbana), to general historical linguistics; and they cover vir-
tually the entire range of the broad field of Indo-European studies (including
a bold attempt with Winfred P. Lehmann to bring Schleicher 's nineteenth-
century reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European fable up to the level of
late- twentieth-century Indo-European scholarship) .
Within the Indo-European language family he has paid special attention tothe Anatolian languages (not only Hittite, but also the lesser-known Luwian,
Lycian, and Lydian), the classical European languages Greek and Latin, and
the Iranian languages (especially the Scythian-Ossetic traditions). His inter-
ests have also included Sanskrit, the entire range of the Slavic languages, Ar-
menian, Tocharian, and a large number of the less well attested, 'minor' early
Indo-European languages, including I llyrian, Messapian, Phrygian, Thracian,
and Venetic.
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Introduction 3
As if this impressive breadth were not enough, he has also worked on
a vast variety of non-Indo-European languages, from nearly every conti-
nent - Etruscan and Lapp from Europe; Caucasic, Dravidian, Turkish, Semitic
languages (Ugaritic, Arabic, Hebrew), Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Tibetan,and Malay from Asia; Iban and Ngizim from Africa; Navajo, Nahuatl , and
Athabaskan from the Americas.
At least equally impressive is the wide range of languages in which he
has published and in which he converses and exchanges letters with his
numerous fr iends around the globe: The languages most commonly used in
his publications are Czech, his native language, German, English and one of
his great and abiding loves, Latin, in which - as if to single-handedly prove its
continued usability as a scholarly language - he has written on such diverse
topics as the linguistics and epigraphy of the Caucasus, onomastics, and even
modern grammatical theory.
Other languages include French, Hungarian, I talian, Russian, and Spanish.
A remarkable publication attests to his abiding love for the Greek language
as well as to his proficiency in using it - an exchange of letters between
Ladislav Zgusta and I. N. Kazazis. His strong interest in Sanskrit, the third
great classical Indo-European language, is reflected in the 'subtitles' of a
series of recent lexicographical articles.2
In addition he has reviewed publications written in Modern Armenian,
Afrikaans and Dutch, Georgian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Swedish, and Os-
setic.
Ladislav Zgusta 's impressively broad range of interests and publications
has received an equally impressive and broad range of recognition. He has
twice been invited to teach at Linguistic Institutes of the Linguistic Society of
America. He has presented invited talks at more than thirty different institu-
tions and academic meetings and has conducted seminars in Czechoslovakia,
the United States, Mexico, India, and the Philippines. He has been awarded
at least twenty major research awards, prizes, and consultantships, including
grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Guggenheim, the
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Czech Academy of Sciences. He
has been honored with membership in numerous learned societies, includ-
ing the Indogermanische Gesellschaft, the Austr ian Academy of Sciences,
the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Societä linguistica italiana, and most
recently the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has held off ices in
the Dictionary Society of North America, the Linguistic Society of America,
2 He a l so honored my wi fe , Zarina, and me at our wed ding by reci t ing a me dley
of Rig-Vedic verses that he had se lected for the occas ion.
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4 Introduction
the Indogermanische Gesel lschaf t , and the Lexicographica l Commiss ion of
t h e U N E S C O - C I P S H .
Last, but not least , his scholarship has been recognized by the University
of Il l inois on several occasions: Immediately upon his arrival he was named amember of the Univers i ty ' s pres t ig ious Center for Advanced Study, of which
he became Director in 1987; he presented the 1985 Humanities Lecture; and
in 1991 he was honored by his colleagues for his ' scholarship, humanity,
friendship, and for his impact on South Asian l inguistics by teaching and
research' at a special inauguration ceremony of the Thirteenth South Asian
Languages Analysis Roundtable, held at the University of Il l inois .
When several years back I realized that Ladislav Zgusta had turned sixty-
five I asked him whether he would mind my editing a festschrift in his honor
and whether he could suggest the names of possible contributors . Some of
those whom he mentioned were not able to participate in this volume. The
range of scholars who were able to do so; the range of their topics and
linguistic frameworks; the range of languages they cover, of native languages,
and of languages in which they communicate with Ladislav Zgusta - all
of these provide a splendid reflection of his breadth of interests . But more
than that, al l of the scholars whom I contacted, whether they were able
to participate or not, shared a deep and abiding respect and friendship for
Ladislav Zgusta. The papers in this volume are presented to him with that
feeling of respect and friendship.
I began this introduction with a reference to a passage in one of Ladislav
Zgusta 's favorite languages, Greek. Let me end with a verse composed in an-
other classical language that is dear to him, Sanskrit , containing a translation
of his given name and a 's lesa ' al lusion to his family name, both inspired by
his own Lat in ized Greek name, 'Archic les Apolochmius qui e t Ecgeumas ' : 3
« ^ l l f c H M r W U * ^ π : ISf t vO
3 For those not famil iar with Sanskrit , I add a (rough) translation: Ό Agry asravas
(= Archic les , Ladis lav) , po lymath, whose tas tes are not to be di sputed; Protected
by the Asv ins , indefat igable , l ive a com plete l i fe . '
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On O ld Persian hypocoristics in -iya-
Rüdiger Schmitt
1 The Indo-Iranian hypocoristic suffix *-iya-
In thei r mass ive t reatment o f the s tem-format ion o f Old Indo-Aryan nouns ,
W ackerna gel and De brun ner (1 954: 358 , § 228a ) rem ark on the suff ix - iya- :
-iya- kommt als selbständiges lebendiges Suffix nur in hypokoristischen Na-menformen vor, wo es anscheinend nach beliebigen Lauten stehen kann und
im übrigen den allgemeinen Gesetzen der Kurznamenbildung folgt [-iya- oc-
curs as independent, live suffix only in hypocoristic forms of names where it
apparently can appear after any sound and, for the rest, adheres to the general
laws of hypocoristic formation].
They refer in th is connect ion to the re levan t ru les in Pän in i ' s g rammar and
to several examples i l lus t ra t ing the p rocess o f der ivat ion : dev-iya- deva-
datta-, ydjn-iya- yajna-datta-, seval-iya- sevala-datta-, etc . Fur ther
examples are to be found in Hi lka 1910: 70 , includ ing Bhadr-iya-, Sen-iya-,
and Citr-iya-.
A suff ix -io- i s used in the same w ay in Greek . T he su ff ix i s p la in ly
reco g n izab le in H o mer ic p ro p er n ames l ik e Klut-ios Kluto-medes, Ekh-
ios <— Ekhe-klees/Ekhe-pölos, o r Menesth-ios *Mene-sthenes.1
T h e f o r m a l
an d s eman t i c co r res p o n d en ce s in th e fo rma n t s O IA r . -iya- = G k . -io- are fu l ly
suff ic ien t fo r es tab l ish ing thei r o r ig in in a Pro to -Indo -Eur opea n hypo cor is t ic
suff ix *-iyo-.
This very suff ix , P IE *-iyo- > H r. *-iya-, has con t inuan ts in Old I ra-
n ian fo rmat ions o f the same type. Th is i s the case wi th abso lu te cer ta in ty
in O P <b - r -d ' - i -y > /B rd iy a / , a h y p o co r i s t ic fo rm b e lo n g in g to co m p o u n d
names whose f i rs t e lement i s OP *brdi- (= A v. bdrgzi-) ' h i g h ' .2
Similar fo r-
mat io n s p ro b ab ly a re p res en t in O P <m-r -du-u -n - i -y > /Mrd u n iy a / , w h ich i s
based on I ran . *mrdu- ' so f t , mi ld ' (Mayrhofer 1979: I I : 24 , no . 40 ; Schmit t
1989a: 359), as well as in Av. Axtiia- (based on Av. axti- ' g r ie f , s o r r o w '3) and
Fräciia- (M ayrh ofer 1979:1 : 42 , no . 132) . As in Gre ek , the suff ix in ques t ion
seem s to be used fo r bo th the so-cal led one-s tem and tw o-s te m hypo cor is t ic
n a m e s .
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1 6 4 Rüdiger Schmitt
In the collateral tradit ion of Old Iranian dialects , too, formations of this
type have been detected repeatedly, even though in this f ield , of course, co-
g en cy an d p lau s ib i l i t y d ep en d o n d i f f e ren t s ch o la r s ' j u d g men t s . S o me fo rms
of I ran ian names , rendered in E lamite , fo r which the hypocor is t ic su ff ix *-iya-
has been made p laus ib le , are l i s ted in Mayrhofer 1973: 286 , § 11 .1 .7 .3 .13 .
Two names which in my op in ion c lear ly belong to th is g roup of fo rmat ions
a re ex am in ed mo re c lo s e ly in th e fo l lo w in g . T h es e a re O P <m -r - t - i -y > /Mar -
t iya/ (see §2) and OIran . *Dätiya, which is mirro red by Elam. hh . da - t i - ya
and Gk. Dätis (§ 3 ) .
2 Old Persian Martiya
In Dar ius I ' s g reat t r i l ingual rock inscr ip t ion a t Mt . Bisu tün there i s a t tes ted
several t imes (D B II 8 , 12-13 , IV 15, DB f 1 ) the na me of a rebel <m -r- t - i -y>
/Mart iya/ , who is sa id to have been a Pers ian (DB IV4
16), the son of
<c- i -c-x-r - i -> /Cincaxr i - / (DB II 9 ) , and who pretended to be ' Imani , k ing
i n E l a m ' .5
F o rmal ly th i s n ame , w h o s e S o g d ian eq u iv a len t mrty is at tes ted
as a personal name in the rock inscr ip t ions o f Shat ia l I ,6
is identical with
th e co m mo n n o u n < m -r - t - i - y -> /mar t iy a - / 'm an ' . Bu t th a t t h e p ro p er n ame
/Mart iya- / real ly shou ld be iden t ical to the word fo r 'man ' seems h igh ly
improbab le - even i f Humbach (1981: 90) th inks o f 'Adam' , the f i rs t man -
s ince such a fo rmal iden t i ty o f p roper name and gener ic noun would ra ther
s t rong ly det ract f rom the p roper funct ion o f a name, v iz . to iden t i fy a s ing le
ind iv idual . Th is ob ject ion is suppor ted by the non-ex is tence o r , a t any ra te ,
the u tmos t rar i ty o f such fo rmat ions in the o lder cognate Indo-European
lan g u ag es .7
I t i s th is fact that has s t imulated the a l ternat ive in terpreta t ion , favored e .g .
by Mayrhofer 1979: I I : 25 , no . 418
and Schmit t 1989b , accord ing to which
Martiya i s s h o r t en ed f ro m a co mp o u n d n ame co n ta in in g martiya- 'man ' a s
one o f i ts e lemen ts . But th is in terpreta t ion , too , su ffe rs f ro m a g reat p rob lem ,s ince, as far as I know, compound names wi th the e lement I l r . *martiya-
'man ' are a t tes ted nei ther in the Aves tan corpus nor in Old Indo-Aryan (Vedic
and later) texts , let alone in the Old Pers ian inscriptions .
A d mi t t ed ly , s o me n ames co n ta in in g martiya- have been sought in (and re-
cons t ructed f rom) fo rms of the co l la tera l E lamite t rad i t ion o r in la ter , Midd le
Iran ian con t inuan ts ;9
but no t a s ing le compound name recons t ructed in th is
way seems fu l ly incon tes tab le and accep tab le . For ins tance, E lam. hh . ύ -ma r-
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On Old Persian hypocoristics in - i y a - 1 6 5
ti-ya10 may just as well (I believe, even better) render Olran. *U-vardiya-
'doing good' ;1 1
the case is similar for all the other forms listed in Justi 1895:
195b-196b, which Mayrhofer (1979: II: 25, no. 41) refers to. And since
the Middle Iranian names that Back (1978: 231, 275) derives from Olran.*martiya- may likewise be better explained differently (see below), the as-
sumption that Martiya is a shortened form of a name containing *martiya-
is highly improbable.
Under these circumstances we must seriously entertain the idea that /Mar-
tiya/ is morphologically composite and contains the hypocoristic suff ix I lr .
*-iya-. Such an interpretation of /Martiya/ as Mart-iya- opens up the pos-
sibility of closely connecting the name to an ancient word inherited from
Proto-Indo-European, viz. Olran. *marta- (= OAv . marota-) — Ved. mdrta-
= Gk. morto-, all descended from PIE *morto- 'mor ta l ; man ' . OIAr . mdrta-
is found very often in the Rigveda. Its Avestan counterpart margta- obvi-
ously differs as to the accent 12 and is attested only three times in the Gathas.
Nevertheless, the equation is beyond any shadow of a doubt.
The third form, Gk. mortos, whose accent seems to be in agreement with
that required for Avestan, occurs only once in the extant Greek literature, viz.
in a Callimachean fragment, which cannot be attr ibuted to a particular poem
(fr. 467 Pf. edeimam en dstea mortoi 'we mortals built cities ' ) . Apart from
that we find a second attestation in the lexicon of Hesychius (no. M-1688
L.), where it is glossed by änthröpos, thnetos 'man, mortal ' . But even if
the appellative is attested exceptionally rarely ( the Hesychian gloss perhaps
stemming from the Callimachean passage), i t seems to have been a quite
common word in earlier t imes, since one encounters in Greek dialect inscrip-
tions a quantity of personal names which either contain morto- as the first
or second element (M ort -on äso s; Age-mortos, Kleo-mortos, Mnäsi-mortos,
Khari-mortos), or are derived fro m that stem by a suffix (Mort-ulos like
Aisch-ülos or Krat-ülos)}3
It is this rich onomastic use of the stem morto- in Greek which is a strong
argument in support of the analysis of OP /Mart- iya/ proposed here,1 4
in
spite of the lack of such names in our Old Iranian sources. But as a kind of
compensation for that shortage we f ind several personal names in YOUNGER
Iranian languages which are based on the stem Olran. *marta-. Even if we
disregard MP <mlt(y)> /Mard/ and co l locat ions l ike <mlt 'n ( ' )ws> /Mard-
anös/ or <m ltb w t> /M ard-büd/ ,1 5 an unquestionable example is encountered
in <mrtky> /Mardag/, which without doubt is a hypocoristic formation based
on *marta-.
Two names which occur in King Shabuhr 's great tr i l ingual inscription at
the Ka'ba-i Zardusht are likewise to be interpreted as containing the stem
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1 6 6 Rüdiger Schmitt
OIran. *marta-, and not the OIran. *märtiya- postulated by Back (1978: 231,
275) and Mayrhofer (1979: II: 25, no. 41). 1 6
The f irst of these two names is the patronymic form Parth. <mrtynkn>
/MardTn(a)gän/ (line 22), based on which we can restore the Middle Persian
form <mlt(ynk 'n)> /Mardln(a)gän/ ( l ine 28) , the Greek vers ion Merdigan
(line 54) obviously being shortened in some way or other. The name of
Puhrag 's father thus was /Mardln/. That form does not, however, originate
in OIran. "*martiyana(ka)-", as Bac k (1978: 231) has needless ly propo sed,
but simply is to be traced back to OIran. *Martina-, i.e. *Mart-ina-, which
is nothing else but a hypocoristic formation with the common ancient suff ix
-ina- being added to the stem *marta- 'mor ta l ; man ' .
The other alleged continuation of Iran, martiya-, which has been postulated
by Back (1978: 275), occurs in the very same inscription, viz. the name
MP < yw dm lty > /Jöymard/ (l ine 33) = Par th . <y w dm rt> /Jöymard/ (l ine
27) = Gk. Diömerd-ou (line 65; formally a genitive in -ou). In my opinion,
the fact that, contrary to Back, the form /Jöymard/ is not to be derived from
OIran. *yauda-martiya- is shown convincingly by the Parthian writing of
the name without f inal <-y>. For this reason alone an original form OIran.
*Yauda-marta- has to be preferred by necessity;17
and that name may be
interpreted as a variation of OIran. *Yauda-vira-, mirrored in Elam. hh.ya-u-
da-mi-ra, with substitution of the synonym *marta- for vlra- ' m a n ' .
3 Old Iranian *Dätiya
A quantity of ancient Greek (and Roman) sources, from Herodotus onward,
mention 'Dät is , the Mede' (thus e.g. Herodotus 6: 94: 2), principally in his
capacity as the Persian commander of the large expeditionary forces sent
against Greece by Darius I in 490 B.C. The historical questions concern-
ing Datis need not detain us in the present context, nor does the proverbial
expression to Ddtidos melos 'Datis 's song' (Aristophanes, Pax 289), whichis commonly interpreted as an allusion to his use of the Greek language.18
What is relevant, however, is that the Greek proverbial expression furnishes
decisive proof for long quantity of the name's first vowel.
Usually, the name has been simply regarded as ref lecting a form shortened
from names whose f irst element is OIran. *Däta-, such as *Däta-farnah-
(= Gk . Dataphernes in Arrianus 3: 29: 6; 3: 30: 1; 3: 30: 5). 1 9 Undoubtedly
it would be more satisfactory, however, to trace the form back to an original
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On Old Persian hypocoristics in - i y a - 16 7
OIran. *Däti-20 (with which Gk. Dätis would be in full agreement) and to
interpret it as a shortened form derived from a name with the first element
OIran. *Däti-, as in all probability it is attested in *Däti-farnah- (= E lam.
hh . da- tub-bar -na) 'bestowing splendor ' . According to that proposal (Schmitt1984: 468), OIran. *däti- would be a verbal noun, and the entire compound
OIran. *däti-farnah- an example of the so-called terpsimbrotos ' g laddening-
men' type. For such a shortened form based on a terpsimbrotos compound ,
the Greek name Zeuxis would be a typological parallel, s ince we know from
Plato {Prot. 318 B-C) that the full name of the famous painter Zeuxis was
Zeux-ippos 'harnessing horses ' .
But that view has to be given up, too, since Lewis 1980 has recognized the
same person in an Elamite tablet from Persepolis. He realized that the man
named hh .da-ti-ya in Fort. Q-1809: 2-3 (a tablet first quoted only briefly 21 by
Hallock (1978: 115) and then published in full in Lewis 1980: 194b) must
have been a high-ranking personage, since he received a rather high ration
of beer (70 quarts). He is said to be on the way 'from Sardis to the king at
Persepolis ' ( l ines 5-9) in the eleventh month of Darius 's twenty-seventh year
(i.e. January-February 494 B.C.). From the fact that 'he carried a sealed doc-
ument of the king' (lines 4-5), Lewis (1980: 195a) correctly concludes that
he was on his return journey. I am fully convinced by Lewis 's identif ication
of Datiya with the Greeks' Dätis and his view that we see him here on a
kind of inspection tour to Asia Minor during the Ionian Revolt, obviously a
mission of coordinating the final campaigns against the rebels early that year.
The onomastic consequences of this treatment have not been touched by
Lewis. But if there is prosopographical identity between Elam. bh.da-ti-ya
and Gk. Dätis, there must with absolute necessity be onomastic identity, too.
That means that both forms must be traced back to an original form OIran.
*Dätiya.22 Moreover, there is independent evidence that Old Iranian names
in *-iya- were rendered in Greek by forms in -is; cf. the close parallel in the
equation OP Brd-iya = Gk. Smerd-is.23
The form OIran. *Dätiya- no doubt is to be understood as being derived by
means of the hypocoristic suffix *-iya- from the well-attested, though quite
ambiguous stem *däta- in the same way as OP /Mart-iya1 above (§ 2) . Onemay even go fu rther and point to the parallelism of hypocoristic form ations in
Iran. *Mart-iya- (OP /Martiya/) beside *Mart-ina- (MP /MardTn/; see § 2) on
one hand, and Iran. *Dät-iya- (as discussed in this section) beside *Dät-ina-24
on the other.
To complete the discussion, let me mention that Justi (1895: 81b) also
subsumed under the heading 'Dät i s ' (sic) the Armenian name Dat (and its
various bearers) as well as others. I have excluded these forms, which are
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1 6 8 Rüdiger Schmitt
attested later, from the discussion, since I am of the opinion that they do not
belong to OIran. *Dätiya. The main evidence to support my conclusion is
that the stem Arm. Dat appears to be inflected as an α - s te m (g en . Dat-ay in
Moses Khorenats'i 2: 11), as if it resulted from an Old Iranian form *Däta-.
Notes
1. Cf. e.g. Risch 1974: 118-119, § 41d; Ka mp tz 1982: 116-117, § 39c2.
2. Cf. M ayr hof er 1979: II: 16-17, no. 20.
3. M ayr hof er 1979: I: 28, no. 63.
4 . ΊΙ 16' is a misprint in Schmitt 1989b: 433a.
5. For the mos t recen t general discuss ion see Schm itt 1989b.
6. Cf. Hu mb ach 1980: 207, no. 10; 220, nos. 109a-b; 226 b s.v. ; and Sim s-W ill iams1989: 26b, nos. 36: 96-97.
7. In such a richly docu me nted langu age as Gre ek, for instance, a m an 's na m e
Anthröpos (änthröpos being the ordinary word for 'man') is at tested only once
(Aris to te les , EN 1147 B35).
8. Includin g a refe renc e to the al l too imag inative view of W üst 1966: 274.
9. See M ayr ho fer 1979: II: 25, no. 41.
10 . The formal ident i ty wi th the adject ive OP <u-m-r- t - i -y-> /umart iya-/ 'possessed
by good men' is misleading, since this is used as epithet only of countries, not
of persons.
11. I regard this nam e as a close parallel to O P <a -r- t-v- r-d '-i-y > /Rta-v ardiya / (cf.
Mayrhofer 1979: II: 13, no. 10).12. OAv. marata- with i ts preserved /rt / seems to be the result of an original *martd-;
cf . Hoffmann 1986: 171.
13. A detai led analysis of Gk. mortos and the names belonging to i t is given in
Masson 1963: 218-222 (= 1990: 43-47).
14. This suggestion is adumbrated in Schmitt 1991a: 56 (ad l ine 8) and 1991b: 132-
133, note 4.
15. For these names (and others) see Gignoux 1986: 116-118, nos. 569, 573, 575;
cf. also his reverse index, p. 208b.
16. C f. mos t recently Huys e 1991.
17. Cf. Huyse 1991: 342, § 65.1.
18. This matter has been elucidated by Raubitschek (1957: 234-237).
19. This is the argument in Schmitt 1967: 134.
20. Thus Hinz 1975: 86 (but with an untenable etymological connection).
21. Based only on this brief quotation, the name was entered in Hinz & Koch
1987: 299.
22. Thu s, ul t imately , Keiper (1878: 256) was right at least in recon structing 'Da ti-y a' .
23. See Schmitt 1984: 468, note 38a.
24. See Schmitt 1973: 293, § 11.1.8.5.2.
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On Old Persian hypocoristics in - i ya - 169
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1 7 0 Rüdiger Schmitt
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