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APTITUDE TRAINING
APTITUDE TRAINING
VERBAL REASONING - STUDENTS’ COPY
• Syllogisms
• Course of Action
• Definitely/Probably True/ False
• Cause and Effect
• Strong and Weak Arguments
• Critical Reasoning
• Implicit Stateme nts
• Argument and Counter Argument
Structure of the Class Sheet:
Sr. No. Section Description Time
1 VR StatA look at the distribution of VR
questions that appear in papers5 minutes
2Concept Refresher
and Strategies
Discussion of Concepts and Strategies
for solving VR questions70 minutes
3 Get Set Go Practice Test Based on Concepts 10 minutes
4 Discussion Explanatory Answers of Get Set Go 30 minutes
5 Doubt Solving Resolving the queries of students 5 minutes
6 Home Assignment Practice Tests to be Attempted at Home
Using this sheet:
1. You will be made more comfortable with the Verbal Reasoning questions in the placement test.
2. You have to solve the questions within some time constraints because any test is an assessment
of speed and accuracy.
VR Stat
Typically, the reasoning questions test one's reasoning skills through the inferential questions.
The placement test can have anything from 5 to 25 VR questions. Observing the trends of placement papers,
it can be said that the papers include questions on the following
• Course of Action
• Defini tely/Probably True/ False
• Cause and Effect
• St ron g and Wea k A rgum ents
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APTITUDE TRAINING
• Critica l Reasoning
• Implicit Sta tements
• Arg um en t an d Cou nter Arg umen t
• Para jum bled Statement s
Concept RefresherSyllogisms
Golden Rules:
All X is Y
Y
X
X, Y
Only X is Y
X
Y
X, Y
Some X is Y
X Y
No X is Y
X Y
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CONCEPT CHECK (2 Questions)
1. If rose is red, then it is a flower.
a] Rose i s red b] Rose is a flower
c] Rose is not red
d] Rose is not a flower
(i) a, b(ii) b, a
(iii) c, d
(iv) All of these
(v) None of these
2. Only if rose is red, then rose is a flower.
a] Rose i s red
b] Rose is a flower
c] Rose is not red
d] Rose is not a flower (i) a, b
(ii) b, a(iii) d, c
(iv) c, d
(v) ii and iv
CONCEPT CHECK (6 Questions)
3. Which two statements taken together lead to
the conclusion that ‘Metals are good for health’?
(a) Metals are gold.
(b) Metals are good sources of minerals.
(c) All sources of minerals are good for health.(d) Some metals are good for health.
(e) All gold is good for health.(f) Gold is like silver.
1] a, e 2] b, c 3] b, d4] a, f 5] 1 and 2
DIRECTIONS for question 4: Three statements are
followed by three conc lusions. State whic h of the
conclusion/s follow/s from all the three given
statements.
4. All cakes are breads. Breads are chapathis. Somechapathis are dosas.
1) Some breads are dosas.2) Some cakes may be dosas
3) Some cakes may be chapathis.1] Only 1 follows
2] 2 and 3 follow
3] Only 3 follows
4] Only 2 follows5] All follow
DIRECTIONS for questions 5 to 8: A main statement
is followed by four statements. Mark the pair of state-
ments which logically follows from the main statement.
5. Whenever I compose verses, peacocks dance.
A. I composed verses
B. Peacocks dancedC. Peacocks did not dance
D. I did not compose verses
1] AC 2] BD 3] AD
4] CD 5] DC
6. Rani’s cat becomes remorseful, if Rani cries
over spilt milk.
A. Rani’s cat became remorsefulB. Rani cried over spilt milk
C. Rani’s cat did not become remorseful
D. Rani did not cry over spilt milk 1] CD 2] DC 3] BA
4] AB 5] Both (1) and (3)
7. Either he is a spouse, or he is a mouse.
A. He is a spouseB. He is a mouse
C. He is not a spouse
D. He is not a mouse
1] AD 2] BD 3] CB
4] BC 5] (1), (3) and (4)
8. Either Caesar is a t it le or Julius is Caesar .
A. Caesar is a title
B. Caesar is not a titleC. Julius is not Caesar.
D. Julius is Caesar.
1] AB 2] BA 3] CA
4] CD 5] DC
Definitely/Probably True/False
Pointers:
• R ead the q ues tions ve ry ca ref ul ly.
• Do not rely on external information that is not
mentioned or hinted at in the passage to deriveyour answer.
CONCEPT CHECK (6 Questions)
DIRECTIONS for ques tions 9 to 14: Given below
is a passage followed by several possible inferences
that can be drawn from the facts stated in the
passage. You have to exam ine each inference sepa-
rately in the context of the passage and decide upon
its degree of truth or falsity, and
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Mark [1], if the inference is ‘definitely true’, i.e .,
it directly follows from the statement of facts given.
Mark [2], if the inference is ‘probably true’, though
not ‘definitely true’, in the light of the facts given.
Mark [3], if the ‘data is inadequate’, i.e ., from the
facts given, you cannot draw any conclusion.
Mark [4], if the inference is ‘probably false’, though
not ‘definitely false’, in the light of the facts given.
Mark [5], if the inference is ‘definitely false’, i.e .,
it contradicts the given facts.
Broccoli is a member of the cabbage family, and is
closely related to cauliflower. Its cultivation origi-
nated in Italy. Brocco lo , its Italian name, means
“cabbage sprout.” Because of its different compo-
nents, broccoli provides a range of tastes and tex-
tures, from soft and flowery (the floret) to fibrous
and crunchy (the stem and stalk). Do not let the smell
of the sulphur compounds that are released while
cooking, keep you away from this highly nutritious
vegetable.
Human population as well as animal studies consis-
tently show that diets high in cruciferous vegetables,
such as broccoli, kale, cabbage and cauliflower, are
associated with lower incidence of certain cancers,
including lung, colon, breast and ovarian cancer. Now,
research published in the International Journal of
Cancer (Zhao H, Lin J) suggests that bladder cancer
can join the list. Crucifers’ well known cancer-fighting
propert ies are thought to result from their high levelsof active phytochemicals called glucosinolates, which
our bodies metabolize into powerful anti-carcinogens
called isothiocyanates.
9. Crucifers’ cancer fighting abilities result from
glucosinolates.
10. Studies have been conducted on humans for
assessing the benefits of a diet rich in broccoliand similar vegetables.
11. Broccoli grows in I taly the most.
12. People genera l ly do no t like the smel l of
broccol i.
13. Broccol i i s fibrous.
14. Cabbage and cauliflower do not belong to thesame family of vegetables.
Strong and Weak Arguments
A strong argument is one that is
• Relevant• C overs al l t he mos t impor tant asp ect s
• Not vague
• Direct ly related to the main argument
• An argument for or against the statement but
is relevant
A weak argument is one that
• Has li tt le or no fou nda tion in fact s
• Covers only a part of t he is sue
• Seems rela ted but is not relevant
• Is irrelevant
• Repeats or paraphrases the statement (depends
on the options given as well)
• Is vague
• Is merely an exemplification of the statement
• Part ia ll y add resses t he given s ta tem ent
• Generalizes the issue focused on in the state-
ment
CONCEPT CHECK (4 Questions)
DIRECTIONS for questions 15 and 16: Each ques-
tion below is followed by three arguments, I, II and
III. You are to classify them into strong and weak
arguments. Strong arguments must be both impor-
tant and directly related to the statement. Weak
arguments may not be directly related or may be
related to only trivial aspects of the statement and may be of minor importance.
15. Western perceptions about Indian culture and
practices have had a considerable influence onthe self-perception of Indians themselves.
I. Yes: ‘Yoga’, the age-old Indian practice, became more popular in India after it created
waves in the foreign shores.
II. No: Indians are known to have an affinitytowards their culture and traditions.
III. Yes: Westerners believed that India is a landof snake charmers and beggars.
1] Only I is strong
2] Only II is strong
3] I and III are strong
4] Only III is strong
5] All are strong
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APTITUDE TRAINING
16. An atheist does not put his trust in any formof theory.
I. Yes: Buddha was an atheist.
II. No: An atheist believes in the theory of non-
existence of a supreme power.
III. Yes: An atheist believes in God.
1] I and III are strong
2] I and II are strong
3] Only III is strong
4] Only II is strong
5] II and III are strong
DIRECTIONS for ques tions 17 and 18: A strong
argument is one that is both important and directly
related to the statement. A weak argument is un-
important and not related directly or indirectly tothe statement. A statement is given followed by two
arguments, I and II. Classify them into strong or
weak arguments.
Mark [1], if only argument I is strong.
Mark [2], if only argument II is strong.
Mark [3], if either I or II is strong.
Mark [4], if neither I nor II is strong.
Mark [5], if both I and II are str ong.
17. If love is based on the qualities of a person,
then that love is not stable.
I.No:
Love permeates every being on the planet
II. Yes: After some time when the qualitieschange, love becomes shaky.
18. Mexico was enslaved by cruel superstition.
I. Yes: In Mexico, the warring tribes sacrificed
their prisoners to please the gods.
II. No: Mexicans were rational people and
shunned blind obedience to meaningless
rituals.
Implicit Statements
Pointers:
• R ead the given senten ce ve ry ca refu lly• Avoid relying on information that you may have
access to but is not mentioned or alluded toin the statement.
• A mere repeti tion of the statement is not to be considered an implied assumption or infer-ence.
• Pay attention to use of synonymous words or phra ses used as substitu tes in the inferential
statements given.
CONCEPT CHECK (2 Questions)
DIRECTIONS for ques tion 19: Identify which of the
following assumptions is implicit in the main state-
ment.
19. ‘Everyone should have life insurance’, saysan LIC official.
1] The moment a child is born it should be
insured.
2] It does not matter whether you are rich or
poor when it comes to insurance.
3] A life insurance policy benefits the insured.
4] LIC wants to increase the number of itscustomers.
5] Death can strike at any time and one shouldtake care of one’s dependents.
DIRECTIONS for question 20: A main statem ent
is followed by three statements. You have to find
which of these statements is/are assumption/s im-
plic it in the main statement, and mark the correct
option.
20. Although some films are declared tax free, their
tickets are sold at rates that are at par with
other taxed films.
I. Ticket rates for films are not based on taxes
that have to be paid for the films.
II. Tickets for tax free films should be cheaper
than other films.
III. Filmmakers and cinema house owners are
only interested in their profits.
1] Only I 2] Only II 3] Only III
4] II and III 5] I and III
Courses of Action
Pointers:
• The cor rec t op tion should focus on the im-
mediate redressal of the issue at hand.• It should be logical and direct, not inferential.
• Pay a tten tion to the sequence of act ions, if
both are app licable.
• Review, if the course of action is contradictory
in nature or if neither of the actions is animmediate solution.
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CONCEPT CHECK (4 QUESTIONS)
DIRECTIONS for questions 21 to 24: Each state-
ment is followed by 2 other statements.
Mark [1], if only (a) is the course of act ion.
Mark [2], if only (b) is the course of act ion.
Mark [3], if either (a) or (b) is the course of action.
Mark [4], if neither (a) nor (b) is the course of act ion.
Mark [5], if both (a) and (b) are the courses of act ion.
21. Many doctors do not serve in rural India for
the mandatory two year term after their course.
(a) Their medical certification should be revoked
if they fail to do so.
(b) They should be adequately compensated
for their service
22. Blood donation needs to be encouraged.
(a) Blood donation campaigns must increase
to attract more donors.
(b) Blood banks should improve their storage
capacities.
23. Hotels’ kitchens are unhygienic and need to
be improved.
(a) Periodic training in hygiene maintenance
should be given to the kitchen staff of all
hotels.
(b) Those kitchen staff following unhygienic
practices should be immediately sacked.
24. The Internet is a useful source of informationthat has now become the bane of every teacher
who are often asked to verify the originalityof ideas that students present as their own
in a particular project. Various measures have
been suggested to ease the burd en on teach-
ers.
(a) Students should be asked to cite their sourceand then awarded certificates of honesty
for this effort.
(b) Teachers should be provided with softwarethat will help trace the source of the matter
used in a project
Cause and Effect
Pointers:
• R ead the given st at em en ts ca refu lly.• At t im es , t hou gh a comm on top ic or them e
prevai ls in both the statements, the ideas are
actually unrelated to each other.
• Both are independent causes when the focusof the sentence is on the cause, i.e., it is an
action, phenomenon, event or condition andthe effect is implied.
• Generally, when the statements have two parts,
one the cause and the other the effect, then
the two statements would be independent
effects. If merely the effects are given and itcan be easily inferred that they have a common
cause then the corresponding option must be
tick marked.
CONCEPT CHECK (4 QUESTIONS)
DIRECTIONS for ques tions 25 to 28: Given below
are two statements (A) and (B). Read each statement
and decide which of the following answer choices
correctly depicts the relationship between these two
statements.
Mark [1], if statement (A) is the cause and statement
(B) is its effect.
Mark [2], if statement (B) is the cause and statement
(A) is its effect.
Mar k [3], if both the stat ements are independent
causes.
Mark [4], if both the statements are effects of in-
dependent causes.
Mar k [5], if both the sta tem ents are effects of a
common cause.
25. (A) Football is becoming more popular in India.
(B) Cricket is losing its popularity in India.
26. (A) Water-logging has caused trains to run late.
(B) Fog has played havoc with airline sched-ules.
27. (A) Over the years, an increase in global tem-
perature has caused the sea levels to rise.
(B) There has been continuous retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice.
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28. (A) Mercury is an excellent conductor of elec-tricity.
(B) Mercury is used in batteries.
Critical Reasoning
Pointers:
• Read the question first
• Id en ti fy t he a rg umen t of t he p assag e
• For mula te an answer in your m in d
• Then review the given options and select the
appropriate one
CONCEPT CHECK (4 QUESTIONS)
DIRECTIONS for questions 29 to 32: Read the short
passage and answer the questions that fol low.
29. Mercury can be absorbed through the skin.Workers in the industries that use or produce
mercury and its compounds (mercury mines and
refineries, chemical manufacturing, dental/health
fields, metal smelters) are at risk of exposure.
Workers in fossil fuel power plants and in cement
manufacturing may be exposed to mercury com- pounds if they are exposed to gaseous process
emissions. Consumers can be exposed to mercuryand its compounds by exposure to air from
pr oduc ti on an d pr ocessin g faci li ti es us in g
mercury and its compounds, and by eating fish
or shellfish contaminated with methyl mercury.
People can also be exposed to mercury from
dental work and medical treatments.
Which of the following can be inferred to be
a valid course of action in the above scenario?
1] One should not stay near factories process-
ing mercury or its compounds.
2] Fish, especially shellfish, should not be
consumed if they are caught from mercury
infested water.
3] Dentists should immediately stop adminis-
tering drugs that have high mercury contentto patients.
4] Workers in factories that use mercury or its
compounds in their production should be
given adequate protection clothing includ-ing masks.
5] Exposure to mercury is not as dangerousas it is made out to be, so no precaution
is required.
30. New Zealand is a popular destination for anumber of countries in Asia and worldwide.
New Zealand was also named the best over-
seas holiday destination in a The Daily Tele- graph poll, the United Kingdom’s largest poll.
Since the start of an advertising campaign by
Tourism New Zealand in 2000, there has been
61% increase in the number of Britons coming
to New Zealand. Tourism New Zealand, thecountry’s official tourism agency, is actively
promoting the country as a destination world-wide. Recent activities include a NZ$7 million
campaign in China, concentrating on Shanghai,
and coop for Google Earth, the first country
to receive such a treatment.
Which of the following is the assumption behind
the whole tourism promotion activity in NewZealand?
1] Actively promoting tourism in New Zealand
will help its tourist industry grow.
2] Of all the Europeans, Britons are the most
interested in New Zealand.
3] Tourism New Zealand is an aggressive
campaigner.
4] The Daily Telegraph received a lot of ads
from New Zealand based companies.
5] If an advertising campaign succeeds inShanghai then it will filter down to other
parts of China as well .
31. There’s a lot of talk these days about the decline
of marriage rates in America. Social conser-
vatives claim that the traditional family is under assault largely from Hollywood movies and gay
pride parades. Liberals point to the economic
factors – from stagnating wages to inadequate
day care – that have put families under increas-ing duress. Nothing seems settled as it was
in the past; our roles and relationships all feelup for grabs.
Which of the following, if true, would mostundermine the claim of the social conserva-
tives?
1] It is certainly true that marriage rates havedeclined steadily since the 1950s in America.
2] In America, 60 percent of all divorces in-
volve children, 33 percent of all children are
born out of wedlock, and 34 percen t of children don’t live with their biological
fathers.
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3] Empirical evidence suggests that there has been a tremendous increase in the wages
of an average American.
4] The decline in marriage rates in America isa result of more Americans delaying mar-
riage to pursue an education or establish
a career.
5] Research suggests that on an average,
married couples have healthier, wealthier
and happier lives.
32. The nature of the Indian identity is significantfor those who live in India. But it is also
important for the very large Indian Diaspora
across the world – estimated to be 20 million
or more in number. They see, rightly, nocontradiction between being loyal citizens of
the country in which they are settled and wherethey are socially and politically integrated
(Britain or the U.S. or Malaysia or wherever),
and still retaining a sense of affiliation and
companionship with India and Indians.
Which of the following inferences can be made
on the basis of the above mentioned paragraph?
1] Most Westerners have a strong sense of kinship with India and Indians.
2] A large number of Indians across the worldare keener on retaining their Indian identity
than the Indians living in India.
3] A majority of Indians live in Britain, the U.S.
and Malaysia.
4] It is important that Indians in India and
abroad preserve their national identity.
5] Indians living abroad need not renounce
their sense of identification with India in
order to be good citizens of the countriesthey are settled in.
Argument and Counter Argument
Pointers:
• Understand the difference between argument,
assertion and counter-argument as given in thequestion itself.
• An argument is a statement meant to convinceanother person about your point of view.
• A n a ss ertion is a point of view .
• A counter-argument con ta ins log ic opposing
the assertion.
• An irrelevant argument would be a statementthat is not at all related.
CONCEPT CHECK (2 QUESTIONS)
DIRECTIONS for ques tions 33 and 34: Read the
following instructions and categorize the statements given below according ly:
An ar gum ent is a statem ent meant to convince
another person about your point of view.
An asser tion is a point of view.
A counter -ar gum ent contains logic oppos ing the
assertion.
An irre levant argument is not related to the situ-
ation.
Based on the above definitions, classify each of the
given se t of statements into :
I. Ass ert ion
II. Support ing reason
III . Counter-argument IV. Irr elevant argument
33.
A. Those who don’t like to watch ‘Sach KaSamna’ can watch ‘Rakhee Ka Swayamvar’.
B. Only those who don’t mind offending their
friends and families should take part in theshow ‘Sach Ka Samna’.
C. To be a participant in the show ‘Sach KaSamna’ is to be prepared to face unpleas-
antness in your personal as well as profes-sional life.
D. The questions force the participants toreveal very personal, hitherto well-hidden
thoughts regarding their families and friends.
1] II, I, III, IV 2] III, II, I, II
3] III, I, II, IV 4] IV, I, I, II
5] IV, II , I, III
34.
A. Schools should make it mandatory for stu-
dents to come neatly dressed as neatness
breeds overall well being.
B. There are many children who cannot play
any sport as they don’t have the stamina.
C. Lack of sports in school would certainlymake a child dull and inactive.
D. Sports should be an integral part of the
school curriculum.1] I, II, II, I 2] III, IV, II, I
3] I, II, IV, III 4] III, III, II, I
5] IV, III, II, I
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Jumbled Paragraphs
These questions test the students’ verbal ability and
their reasoning skills. Rules governing tenses, pro-
noun usage, etc; along with vocabulary and structural
organization of ideas within a paragraph are the areas
that one must be familiar with to perform well in this
question type. It also tests one’s organizational skills.
Organizing a paragraph is a left brain activity that
tests logical reasoning and association making skills.
This section will be aided by exposure to a variety
of RC passages wherein thoughts are organized in
different ways.
Jumbled Paragraphs are represented in various ways:
a. Four Sentences Type – Four sent ences of a
paragraph are jumb led up and the student isexpected to identify the correct sequence from
the given options.b. Five Sentences Type – Similar to the four
sentences type except that five sentences are
jumbled up in this insta nce.
c. First and Last Sentences Fixed Type – There
are six sentences in all, but the first and last
of these are fixed and the four sentences in between must be rearranged to form a coherent
paragraph in tandem with the fixed sentences.
Pointers:
1) Read the ent ire sequence fi rs t.
2) Link two sentences at a time.
a. Pay attention to repetitions, use of pro-nouns and the tenses to identify the se-
quence.3) Once you have tentatively identified the se-
quence, eliminate the options one by one.
b. Most IMPORTANT: Read the paragraph
once you have established the sequenceto verify your choice.
CONCEPT CHECK (6 QUESTIONS)
DIRECTIONS for questions 35 to 40: The given
sentences are jumbled. Rearrange them in a logical
sequence and answer the questions that follow it.
A. Mus ic , dance an d pu pp et ry, i nc lu ding the
uniquely Vietnamese water puppetry, are alsomainstays of the country’s culture.
B. Beyond nature, the curious and open-mindedvisitor will find in Vietnam a feast of culture
and history.
C. Also folk art, which flourished before French
colonization, has experienced a resurgence in beautiful woodcuts, village painting, and block
printing .
D. Topographically, Vietnam is a verdant tapestryof soaring mountains, fertile deltas, primeval
forests inhabited by exotic fauna, sinuous rivers,
mysterious caves, otherworldly rock formations,and heavenly waterfalls and beaches.
E. As a language, Vietnamese is exceptionally
flexible and lyrical, and poetry plays a strongrole in both literature and the performing arts.
F. Vie tnamese lacquer a rt , another t radi tional
medium, is commonly held to be the most
original and sophisticated in the world.
G. Vietnam’s climate is as complex as its topog-
raphy.
35. What is the first sentence of the passage?
1] A 2] E 3] G 4] B 5] D
36. What is the third sentence of the passage?
1] E 2] G 3] B 4] C 5] F
37. What is the fourth sentence of the passage?
1] F 2] A 3] C 4] E 5] B
38. What is the fifth sentence of the passage?
1] C 2] D 3] A 4] F 5] E
39. What is the sixth sentence of the passage?1] G 2] F 3] A 4] C 5] D
40. What is the last sentence of the passage?
1] D 2] C 3] F 4] A 5] E
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DIRECTIONS for questions 1 and 2: There are three
statements in each question, followed by three
conclusions, I, II and III. Mark the option where
the conclusion/s logically follow/s from all the three
statements combined.
1.
All penguins are coats.
All coats are white.
All white are pigeons.
I. A ll coa ts a re p ig eon s.
II. All penguins are pigeons.III. All coats are penguins.
1] Only I
2] Only I and II3] Only II and III
4] Only II
5] None of these
2.
No caramel is spi cy.
Chocolate is spicy.
Chocolate is Apple-pie.
I. Some caramel is chocolate.
II. No chocolate is caramel.
III. Some caramel may be Apple-pie.
1] Only I and III2] Only II
3] Only III4] Only II and III
5] None of these.
DIRECTIONS for quest ion 3: Read the passage
below and answer the question that follow.
3. I want to turn now to some foundational issuesabout the role of global interconnections and
human progress. Globalization is a complex phe-nomenon. Some of the fears expressed about
globalization make it sound like an animal -
analogous to the big shark in Jaws - that gobbles
up unsuspecting innocents in a dark andmysterious way. We must have a good look
at this alleged beast, rather than just learn to
shun it.
GET SET GO
CLASS TESTQUESTIONS: 8 TIME: 20 mins.
Which of the following exemplifies the argu-
ment presented in the above paragraph?
1] The subject of genetically modified food is
a contentious one. People who have res-
ervations about GM food should not side
line its potential benefits to the humanityat large.
2] Not much is known about the behaviour of
sharks. Proponents claim that sharks can
be domes ticated like dolphins .
3] Spirituality is an abstract and intricate con-
cept. Some link it to exorcism and wish itaway. However, a careful analysis is neededin this respect
4] Psychology is certainly a difficult subject.The students have to pore over the boring
theories for relentless hours to acquire a
grasp over this subject.
5] Wikipedia is an exhaustive encyclopedia.
People seem to have accepted it despite itsflaws.
DIRECTIONS for question 4: Each ques tion below
is followed by three arguments, I, II and III. You
are to classify them into strong and weak arguments.
Stro ng ar guments mus t be both im po rtant and
directly related to the statement. Weak arguments
may not be directly related or may be related to
only trivial aspects of the statement and may be
of minor importance.
4. Hybrid cars should be used on a mass-scaleto safeguard the environment from harmful pol-
lutants.
I. No: It is not a cost-effective mode of trans-
port.
II. Yes: Hybrid cars use ethanol and solar power,
which do not cause much pollution.
III. Yes: Brazil is the first country that startedusing ethanol as a fuel.
1] Only II is strong
2] Both II and III are strong
3] Only I is strong
4] All are strong5] Only III is weak
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DIRECTIONS for ques tion 5: A main statement is
followed by three statements . You have to find which
of these statements is/are assumption/s implicit in
the main statement, and mark the correct option.
5. I t seem s tha t th e g ov er nm en t’ s effo rt s incontaining swine flu have paid dividends.
People can be seen walking on the roads
fearlessly.
I. Only the government can help eradicate
swine flu
II. The government had an ulterior motive
behind its efforts as it was expecting somedividends.
III. Lack of fear among the masses is an indi-cator of the regulation of swine flu.
1] Only I 2] II and III3] I and III 4] Only III
5] All are implied
DIRECTIONS for question 6: Below are given two
statements (A) and (B). Read each statement and
decide which of the following answer choices
correctly depicts the relationship between these two
statements.
Mark [1], if statement A is the cause and statement
B is its effect .
Mark [2], if statement B is the cause and statement
A is its effect .
Mark [3], if both statements are independent causes. Mark [4], if both statements are effects of indepen-
dent causes.
Mark [5], if both statements are effects of a com mon
cause.
6. A. N ow ad ays , s he h as st ar te d goi ng for
morning walks.
B. She follows a strict dietary regime
DIRECTIONS for que stion 7: Each statement is
fol low ed by two other sta tements.
Mark [1], if only A is the course of act ion.
Mark [2], if only B is the course of act ion.
Mark [3], if either A or B is the course of action.
Mark [4], if neither A nor B is the cours e of action.
Mark [5], if both A and B are the courses of action.
7. Excessive T.V. viewing is resulting in attention
deficit disorder in many children.
A. Parents should not allow the children towatch television.
B. Children should be made aware of the harmful
effects of watching T.V.
DIRECTIONS for question 8: Read the following instructions and categorize the statements given
below accordingly:
An ar gum ent is a statem ent meant to convince
another person about your point of view.
An asser tion is a point of view.
A counter -ar gum ent contains logic oppos ing the
assertion.
An irrelevant argument is not related to the situ-
ation.
Based on the above definitions, classify each of the
given set of statements into :
I. Ass ert ion
II. Support ing reason
III . Counter-argument
IV. Irr elevant argument
8. A. Seeing how people live in different placesand cultures helps one understand and ap-
preciate human nature .
B. Not everyone can afford to travel exten-sively.
C. Travel broadens the mind.
D. People who travel a lot tend to enjoy new
experiences.
1] II, III, I, IV 2] I, IV, I, III3] IV, III, II, I 4] II, IV, I, IV
5] II, III, II , I
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DIRECTIONS for question 1: There are three state-
ments given followed by three conclusions. Choose
the alternative that follows from all the given state-
ments.
1. All flats are buildings. All buildings are bun-galows.
All bungalows are apartments.
1. Some buildings are flats.
2. All flats are apartments.
3. All buildings are apartments.
1] 1 and 3 follow 2] Only 3 follows
3] Only 2 follows 4] Only 1 follows
5] All follow
DIRECTIONS for ques tions 2 to 6: Give n below is
a passage followed by several possible inferences
that can be drawn from the facts stated in the
passage. You have to exam ine each inference sepa-
rately in the context of the passage and decide upon
its degree of truth or falsity, and
Mark [1], if the inference is ‘definitely true’, i.e .,
it directly follows from the statement of facts given.
Mark [2], if the inference is ‘probably true’, though
not ‘definitely true’, in the light of the facts given.
Mark [3], if the ‘data is inadequate’, i.e ., from the facts given, you cannot draw any conclusion.
Mark [4], if the inference is ‘probably false’, though
not ‘definitely false’, in the light of the facts given.
Mark [5], if the inference is ‘definitely false’, i.e .,
it contradicts the given facts.
Sub-Saharan Africa, whose GDP grew at less than
3% a year through the entire 1990s, grew at 5.1%
in 2004, 5.2% in 2005 and is projected to grow by
5.6% in the fiscal year ending 2006. In other words,
India is growing about 1.5% a year faster than sub-
Saharan Africa. If India is merely doing somewhat
better than the worst performing region in the world,why get euphoric? The fragments of the former Soviet
Union that splintered in 1990 often fared worse than
even Africa. Why is the world economy faring so
well that the worst historical performers are suddenly
looking good? Africans and the fragments of the
HOME ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS: 20 TIME: 20 mins.
former Soviet Union are patting themselves on the
back for reforming and becoming so effici ent . But
this is an illusion. The world economy has hit a golden
patch, and a ris ing global tide has lifted all boat s,
even the most pitiful ones. India has benefited from
this rising tide, like others. But it is illusory to think
that our policies and projects have suddenly improved
dramatically and solved our growth problems. When
the global tide falls, so will our growth.
2. India’s GDP grew 6% in the year 2005.
3. That Sub-Saharan Africa and the former Soviet
Union are doing well is an illusion.
4. India’s growth pattern is unlikely to be sus-
tained against a global economic meltdown.
5. The a uthor is eup horic.
6. India’s economic policies have not had anyimpact on India’s economic rise.
DIRECTIONS for questions 7 and 8: Each question
has a statement followed by two courses of action.
A course of action is an administ rative decision to
be taken for improvement, follow-up, or further
action in regard to the problem, policy, etc. Read
the statements and mark:
Mark [1], if only I fol lows as a valid course of action.
Mark [2], if only II follows as a val id course of
action.
Mark [3], if either I or II follows as valid course
of action.
Mark [4], if neither I nor I I follows as a valid course
of action.
Mark [5], if both I and II follow as a valid course
of action.
7. Terrorist activities in the city have been con-tinuously increasing in the last few years.
I. The government should alert the policedepartment to deploy more security checks
at all entries into the city.
II. People should be cautioned and advised
against staying outdoors late at night.
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8. Cricketers are more attracted to glamour thanthe game they pursue.
I. Cricketers should not be allowed to do brand
endorsements.
II. Cricketers should be compensated highly.
DIRECTIONS for ques tions 9 and 10: Given below
are two statements (A) and (B). Read each statement
and decide which of the following answer choices
correctly depicts the relationship between these two
statements.
Mark [1], if statement A is the cause and statement
B is its effect .
Mark [2], if statement B is the cause and statement
A is its effect .
Mar k [3], if both the statem ents are independent
causes.
Mark [4], if both the statements are effects of in-
dependent causes.
Mar k [5], if both the sta tem ents are effects of a
common cause.
9. A. There was a huge crowd of buyers at various
shopping outlets in the city.
B. Prices of most of the commodities have gone
up substantially in the recent past.
10. A. Wor ldwide recession has caused uncer -tainty in the private sector job market.
B. Many people are opting for a change to
the public sector.
DIRECTIONS for question 11: Four statements are
followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and
IV. You have to take the given statements to be true
even if they seem to be at variance with commonly
known facts. Read all the conclusions and then
decide which of the given conclusions logically
fol lows from the given statem ents.
11. A. Some mar kets ar e bazaars .
B. Some bazaars are retail.
C. Some retail are carts.D. Some carts are roadside.
I. Some roadside may be bazaars.II. Some retail would be bazaars.
III. Some carts are not bazaars.
IV. Some markets could be roadside.
1] Only II follows
2] I, II and IV follow
3] None follow
4] All follow
5] II and III follow
DIRECTIONS for question 12: Read the following
statements and pick the option in which the third
statement logically follows from the first two state-
ments.
12. A. Sparky is a dog. Some dogs are smart. Sparky
may be smart.
B. Large men are aggressive. Lot is a large
man. Lot is aggressive.
C. Colours are vibrant. Only red is vibrant.
Some red is a colour.D. Some BBC is radio. Some radio is broad-
cast. Some BBC is broadcast.
E. Creatures have veins. Some veins contain blood. All creatu res have blood.
1] Only A and B
2] A, C , D and E3] Only B, C and D
4] All of the above
5] Only A, B and C
DIRECTIONS for question 13: A main statem ent
is followed by three statements. You have to find
which of these statements is/are assumption/s im- plic it in the main statement, and mark the correct
option.
13. Books now need to be sold online.
I. More and more people are purchasing online.
II. People no longer go to bookstores.
III. There are plenty of people using the internetwho are interested in buying books.
1] Only I 2] Only II
3] Only III 4] I and II
5] II and III
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DIRECTIONS for questions 14 to 18: Given below
is a passage followed by several possible inferences
that can be drawn from the facts stated in the
passage. You have to exam ine each inference sepa-rately in the context of the passage and decide upon
its degree of truth or falsity, and
Mark [1], if the inference is ‘definitely true’, i.e .,
it directly follows from the statement of facts given.
Mark [2], if the inference is ‘probably true’, though
not ‘definitely true’, in the light of the facts given.
Mark [3], if the ‘data is inadequate’, i.e ., from the
facts given, you cannot draw any conclusion.
Mark [4], if the inference is ‘probably false’, though
not ‘definitely false’, in the light of the facts given.
Mark [5], if the inference is ‘definitely false’, i.e .,
it contradicts the given facts.
A serious accident in which a person was run down
by a car yesterday has aga in focus ed att ent ion on
the most unsatisfactory state of street lighting. No
one expects side roads to be provided with the same
standard of lighting as a main road but unless the
council is prepared to make good its promise as regards
road lighting, it will only be a question of time before
there are further and perhaps more fatal accidents.
14. The accident that occurred was quite serious.
15. The accident occurred at night
16. I t seems tha t the council has p romised to
improve the state of lighting on side roads.
17. There will not be a single accident on the roads
if they are satisfactorily illuminated.
18. Several acciden ts have so far taken place
because of unsatis fac tory ligh ting .
DIRECTIONS for question 19: Read the passage
below and answer the question that follows.
To be able to know yourself or to judge your actions,
you need to understand tarka, vitarka and kutarka.
Kutarka is wrong logic. Most people use this logic
and get caught up in ignorance. For example, God
is love. Love is blind. Therefore, God is blind. Tarkais sequential logical understanding which increases
scientific knowledge. When sequential logical under-
standing changes, the scientific conclusions change.
For example, pesticides and antibiotics were consid-
ered very useful and harmless, but they are now proven
to be harmful. Vitarka is asking questions such as
“Who am I?” “What do I really want?” to which there
are no evident answers.
19. Identify the thought flow of the above para-graph.
1] The author presents certain concepts and
then describes them in descending order.
2] First a problem statement is mentioned and
then three probable solutions are presented.
3] The author defines three concepts and then
provides a compara tive analysis of the three
4] A question is raised and then some answers
are provided with relevant examples.
5] The author enumerates certain concepts,
defines them and then elaborates on the
definitions through relevant examples.
DIRECTIONS for question 20: Each stat ement is
followed by two other sta tements.
Mark [1], if only A is the course of act ion.
Mark [2], if only B is the course of act ion.
Mark [3], if eithe r A or B is the course of action.
Mark [4], if neithe r A nor B is the cours e of action.
Mark [5], if both A and B are the courses of action.
20. Recession has largely affected the stock-market,
because of which the investors witnessed huge
losses.A. Stock markets must be closed.
B. Investors must wait for at least a year before
making future investments.
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1.
Apartments
Bangalows
Buildings
Flats
The questions demands that all the three statements
be considered when arr iving at the answer. Thus , the
first conclusion is ruled out as it merely requires thefirst premise to deduce it. The third premise requires
merely the last two premises to arrive at the con-
clusion.
Only the second conclusion can be deduced by
considering all the three given statements. Hence,
[3].
2. The first two sentences of the passage clearly state
that the Sub-Saharan Africa’s GDP grew at 5.2% in
2005, while India’s GDP grew 1.5% a year faster.
Thus, it grew at 6.7%. So the inference is definitely
false. Hence, [5].
3. The sixth and seventh sentences of the passage clearly
state that the notion that Africa and the former Soviet
Union have reformed and become efficient is anillusion. So the inference is definitely true. Hence,
[1 ]
4. Read the last three sentences of the passage. The
last sentence states that India’s growth pattern will
be advers ely affected by the glob al mel tdown of
economy. Hence, [1].
5. The tone of the passage clearly indicates that the
author is warning the readers against being euphoric.
Read the third sentence of the passage: the author
questions the need for euphoria. Hence, [5].
6. The impact of India’s economic policies have not
been ment ioned. It is merely stated tha t there has
been no dramatic improvemen t, which does not imply
the lack of any effect of economic policy. Hence,
[3].
7. Terrorist activities could be the result of not scru-
tinizing those who enter the city and thus A is a
valid course of action leading to a decrease in the
terrorist activities in the city. However, advising people
to not to go out late in the night is not relevant
becau se ther e could be emergencies. Hence, [1].
8. The given statements do not offer a solution to wean
the cricketers from glamour to make them focus on
cricket or to glamourise cricket. Hence, [4].
9. Both statements A and B are actually contradictory
in nature as an increase in prices will not lead to
a profusion of buyers in the market. A may be the
result of some promotional activity going on in the
shop. B may be an effect of overall inflation. Thus
both are effects of independen t causes. Hence, [4] .
10. Uncertainty in the job market worldwide could lead
to a distrust in the private sector that is known for awarding pink slips when its economy is not healthy,
unlike the public sector that is concerned about the
job security of its employees and thus may lead to
a shift in sector preferences. Hence, [1].
11 .
Roadside
Carts
Retails
Bazaars
Markets
or
Roadside
Carts
Retails
Bazaars
Markets
The above figures illustrate that the given statements
I, II and IV are valid. Hence, [2].
Home Assignment - Explanatory Answers
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12 . Le t u s consider ea ch se t:
A.
Smart
Dog
Sparky
Or
Dog
Smart
Sparky
As is seen, there are two possible Venn diagrams.
While the first one indicates that Sparky is smart,
the second indicates that he is not. Hence, [A] is
valid as it only indicates the possibility of Sparky
being smar t.
B.
Lot
Large men
Aggressive
Since all large men are aggressive and Lot is a large
man, we can conclude that Lot is also aggressive.
So [B] is valid.
C.
Colours
Vibrant
Red
As can be seen, some red is definitely colour. Hence,
[C] is valid.
D.
BBC Radio
Broadcast
Or
BBC Radio
Broad cast
As can be seen, some BBC may or may not be broadcast.
Hence, [D] is not valid.
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E.
BloodVeins
Creatures
Or
Blood
Veins
Creatures
There are two possible diagrams and while the second
one indicates that all creatures have blood, the
poss ibility of the first interpret ation renders E invalid.
Hence, [5].
13. Statement I is too vague. Even if people indulge in
online transactions, they may not be interested in
buying books. Stat ement II also does not give the
reason why books should be sold online. If statement
III is true, then it provides the reason as to why
books should be sold onlin e. Hence, [3] .
14. In the first sentence, the passage states that the
accident was serious. The last sentence goes on to
state that the accidents in future may prove to be
fatal. So the statement is definitely true. Hence, [1].
15. The accident was a result of inadequate street lighting
which is a concern for night travellers. Hence, [1].
16. Refer to the last sentence, The council had promised
to improve the lighting on the side roads. Hence,
[1].
17. The passage focuses on the cause of accidents as
lighting, but does not make any claims as to the
effectiveness of lighting as the solution to all road
accidents. So the data is inadequate. Hence, [3].
18. Refer to the first sentence: the use of the word ‘again’
indicates that this statement is true. But we do not
know whether there were several accidents or just
two or three. So the inference is probably true. Hence,
[2].
19. The author does not describe the concepts in de-
scending order. Thus, [1] is ousted. The author does
not seek to present any probable solutions for a given
problem. So, [2] is invalid. [3] is incorrect as nocomparative analysis is presented. The author does
not raise any question. So, [4] is negated. Only [5]
captures the thought flow of the passa ge as the concepts
of tarka, vitarka and kutarka are enumerated, and
then, definitions along with some examples are given.
Hence, [5].
20. A would further aggravate the situation and is not
a feasible solution. B seems plausible at first glance
but it sha ll not help the inves tors who’ve alrea dy
incurred losses. Hence, [4].
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