RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
EUROCONTROLPROCEDURE DESIGN PROCEDURE DESIGN MASTER CLASSMASTER CLASS
• James (Jim) W Gregory• Civil Aviation Inspector and ATPL
pilot with Transport Canada AIS and Airspace Standards
• Chair of ICAO OCP• Participant at many RNAV related
forums (RTCA SC-181, ATA FMS Task Force, FMS SID/STAR WG)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
EUROCONTROLPROCEDURE DESIGN PROCEDURE DESIGN MASTER CLASSMASTER CLASS
• History of RNAV
• History of ARINC 424
• Problems related to existing procedures
• Reason for limited ARINC 424 set
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAVHISTORY OF RNAV(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Area Navigation (RNAV)• a method of navigation that permits
aircraft operation on any desired course within the coverage of station-referenced navigation signals or within the limits of a self contained system capability, or a combination of these.
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAVHISTORY OF RNAV(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• RNAV developed to provide more lateral freedom
• Better use of airspace
• Route not tied to fly-over navigation aids
• Initially RNAV commonly meant VOR based rho-theta RNAV systems
• Expanded to also include INS/IRS, OMEGA, LORAN C, Doppler, DME/DME and GNSS
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAVHISTORY OF RNAV(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Use of RNAV began in late 1960’s• Most were VOR/DME RNAV systems (for GA
types; INS for large air carriers)• 1st commercial RNAV system (course/track
line computer) NARCO CLC-60 in mid 1968• System used waypoints based on radial/DME
from VOR/DME facilities• Maximum distance WP from facility was
approximately 40 NM
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAVHISTORY OF RNAV(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Early VOR/DME RNAV system (KNS 80) track line computer
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAVHISTORY OF RNAV(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Rho-Theta RNAV Route Haines to Belgrade
No database support required yet!
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAVHISTORY OF RNAV(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Other agencies began exploring RNAV systems
• KLM/SwissAir/SAS/UTA had a co-operative effort
• SwissAir became responsible for the development of a database to support this effort
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAVHISTORY OF RNAV(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• 1972 (?) LITTON INS had database of facilities
• June 1973, National Air DC-10 equipped with Collins ANS-70 conducted RNAV operation, including approaches in VMC, with database
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• 1973 - avionics manufacturer’s requirement for databases became more critical
• Each manufacturer had their own unique requirements for data
• Aug 1973 - Jeppesen invites avionics manufacturers to meet
• Meeting described as cautious
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) approached to broker industry standards for databases for navigation
• Sep 1973 - AEEC Area Navigation Subcommittee established working group to standardize RNAV system reference data format and encoding characteristics
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Committee noted:• different RNAV manufacturers taking
divergent paths with respect to reference data organization
• unless trend was halted, airline industry would face very high costs of supporting the production of data files in several different formats
• economic benefits would result if resolution could be established
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• WG met Jan 74
• examined ways different manufacturers dealt with reference data organization
• meeting described as “interesting” as attendees were engineers whose interests were not specifically Aeronautical Information Services
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Subsequent WG meetings in Mar and May 74 concentrated on defining characteristics for data elements
• AEEC RNAV subcommittee reviewed WG’s first draft “Project Paper 424” Sep 74
• RNAV subcommittee endorsed principles established by WG
• RNAV subcommittee took on work itself and disbanded the WG
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Second draft document developed in Jan 75
• additional amendments constituted 3rd draft
• 3rd draft “Project Paper 424 - Area Navigation System Data Base Specification” approved by AEEC in Spring 75
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• ARINC Specification 424, adopted by AEEC, first published 21 May 75
• Spec amended regularly
• each amendment following first publication identified as 424-1, 424-2, 424-3, etc
• information up to ARINC 424-3 only included point-to-point-to-point navigation
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• ARINC 424-3, published 4 Nov 82, introduced concept of “path and terminator”
• “path and terminator” concept created by Sperry
• concept permits coding of terminal area procedures, SIDs, STARs and approaches
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Concept established “rules” of coding• Concept includes a set of defined
codes known as “path terminators” or “leg type”
• Path Terminator “rules” contained in ARINC 424 Attachment 5
• Currently there are 23 different “leg types”
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Track to Fix (TF)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Initial Fix (IF)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Hold to Fix (HF), Hold to Altitude (HA), Hold to Manual termination (HM)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Direct to Fix (DF)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Fix to Altitude (FA)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Course to Fix (CF)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Procedure turn to Intercept (PI)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Course to Altitude (CA)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Course to Intercept (CI)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Course to DME termination (CD)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Course to Radial interception (CR)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Fix to distance on Course (FC)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Fix to DME termination (FD)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
EUROCONTROL
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Fix to Manual termination (FM)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Arc to a Fix (AF)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to DME distance (VD)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to Altitude (VA)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to Manual termination (VM)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to next leg Intercept (VI)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to Radial termination (VR)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Radius to a Fix (RF)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
Certain path terminator assumptions are made to accommodate aircraft
performance:• speed - 210 K ground speed used to
compute distance based upon 3.5 NM per min
• on course reversal - max distance of 4.3 NM used before turn inbound if no distance or time specified
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Max 25 degree bank angle used to compute turn radius
• climb rate of 500 feet per NM used in computations
• intercept angles - no specified, 30 degrees for intercept of localizer based and 30 - 45 degrees for all others
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Path terminator concept developed to code existing conventional instrument procedures
• However, not all conventional procedures easily coded
• “conditional” procedures, easy for pilot to interpret, are difficult for computer to describe
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Industry made representation to ICAO OCP RNAV WG in Jun 91 regarding problems with coding conventional procedures
• OCP 10 Nov 94 proposed amendment 9 to PANS-OPS Vol I regarding use of FMS/RNAV on conventional procedures:
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• “FMS/RNAV…may be used…provided:• procedure is monitored using basic display
normally associated with that procedure; and• tolerances for flight using raw data on the
basic display are complied with.”
• “Lead radials are for non-RNAV equipped aircraft and are not intended to restrict the use of turn anticipation by the FMS”
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Furthermore, agreement to have FMS-equipped aircraft fly tracks instead of procedural headings provided heading not required for ATC separation
• Industry requesting that design of terminal area procedures be compatible with increasing number of FMS equipped aircraft
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• New criteria introduced into PANS-OPS to cater to the needs of the modern aircraft navigation databases• VOR/DME RNAV (Chap 31)• GNSS “basic receiver” criteria (Chap 33)• DME/DME RNAV (Chap 32)• RNP (Chap 35)• BARO-VNAV (Chap 34)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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• When developing RNAV procedures, following path terminators accommodate all procedures:
• IF, TF, DF, FA, CF, HF, HA, and HM
• When developing RNP RNAV procedures, the following path terminators are only used:
• IF, TF, RF, (DF and FA -discouraged), (CF - to be phased out), HF, HA and HM
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• OCP 12 introduced material for PANS-OPS Vol II and Procedure Design Manual concerning path terminators, their definitions, and their application
• Encourage procedure designers to become more knowledgeable about path terminator
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• On a personal note:• aircraft operation is becoming more reliant
upon computer technology rather than pilot skill
• computers are smart - but cannot think - yet!
• the days of decision making with regard to navigation is being replaced by “monitoring”
• crowded skies dictate clearly defined airspace structure and procedures
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)
• Hence, the reason for procedure designers to clearly understand the airborne technology
• You are the people who have the greatest influence on the success (or failure) of RNAV and RNP RNAV implementation
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
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HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINCHISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC(According to Gregory!!)(According to Gregory!!)