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Respiratory System #2
Transport of gases !!!PO2, PCO2, H+ conc, t°C, DPG, Hb saturation!!Bhor, Haldane, respiratory acidosis / alkalosis!
Neural control of ventilation !!!Rhythmical breathing, PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc.!!Exercise, other ventilatory responses!
Hypoxia and non-respiratory functions of lungs)!!Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!!Non-respiratory functions of the lungs!
!
12 The goal of these lectures is to discuss basic respiratory physiology. This lecture will discuss gas transport, control, hypoxia and non-respiratory functions of lungs. !!The sections for this lecture are:!
Life is a series of chemical reactions occurring in compartmentalized environments. The main purpose of life is to keep itself alive Physiology, the study of how life works, is based on the simultaneous occurrence of the following three concepts:
levels of organization structure / function relationship homeostatic regulation
(start kidney)
FROM YOUR FACEBOOK SITE
receptor S
∑
E Dr. Advis Class Help!
(a Facebook site developed and !run by undergraduate students)!
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Topic #! Topic lecture! Silverthorn!
Week 1 to week 2! Topic #1! Introduction (pre-requisite material)! 1 - 5! Pre-requisite!Material!(chapter # 5)!!!lectures, recitations, office hours, review, exam1 !(chapter # 8)!
Topic #2! Membranes (pre-requisite material)!!
1 - 5!
Topic #3! Homeostasis and Signal Transduction! 6!
Topic #4! Endocrine Communication and the Endocrine System! 7!
Topic #5! Neural Communication and the Sensory System! 8 - 11!
Topic #6! Muscle, Muscle Contraction and their Regulation! 12 - 13!
REVIEW #1 material from topic #01 – #06 !EXAM #1 material from topic #01 – #06 (33%)!!
1 - 13!1 - 13!
Week 3 to week 4! Topic #7! Basic Physiology of the Cardiovascular System! 14 - 17! lectures, recitations, review, exam2!(chapter # 7) !
Topic #8! Basic Physiology of the Respiratory System! 18!
Topic #9! Basic Physiology of the Renal System! 19 - 20!
REVIEW #2 material from topic #01 – #09 !EXAM #2 material from topic #01 – #09 (33%)!!
1 - 20!1 - 20!
Week 5 to week 6! Topic #10! Basic Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System! 21 ! lectures, recitations, review, exam3!(chapter # 6)!
Topic #11! Food Intake, Metabolism, Energy Balance and Exercise! 23 - 25!
Topic #12! From Sexual Differentiation to Adult Reproduction! 26!
REVIEW #3 material from topic #01 – #12 !EXAM #3 material from topic #01 – #12 (33%)!!
1 - 26!1 - 26!!
Course Outline
(all tests are cumulative)
neural CV center
heart
lung periphery
cardio + cardio -
vasoconstriction
PCO2 PO2 pH Pa
extrinsic
intrinsic
(local control) (local control)
baroreceptor mechanism (e.g. carotid sinus)
chemo & baroreceptors
inputs output
where we would like to be at the end!of the cardiovascular and respiratory!
sections, by the end of this week!
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Respiratory System (“lectures”) Introduction (lecture #11)!
!Structure / function, gas laws, lungs / chest wall relations, pressures / forces!
Lung mechanics (lecture #11)!
!Ventilation, inspiration / expiration, complience / resitance!
!Lung volume /capacities, alveolar ventilation / dead space!
!Partial pressures of gases and their diffusion in liquids!
!Alveolar gas pressures and alveolar - blood exchange!
!Matching alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow!
!Gas exchange in tissues!
Transport of O2, CO2 & H ions in blood (lecture #12)!Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C, DPG on Hb saturation!Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase!Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect!Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis!
Control of respiration (lecture #12)!Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!Control of ventilation during exercise!Other ventilatory responses!
Hypoxia and non-respiratory functions of lungs (lecture #12)!Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!Non-respiratory functions of the lungs!!
Transport of gases (“Hb role”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of
PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
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Transport of gases (“Hb role”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of
PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
Transport of gases (“Hb role”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of
PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
6/4/14
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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!
!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
Transport of gases (“Hb role”)
Gas exchange as function of capillary length
Transport of gases (“Hb role”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of
PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
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Transport of gases (“O2 diffusion”)
Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!
!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
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Transport of gases (“O2 diffusion”)
pH = pK + log
HCO3
base acid
pH = pK + log H2CO3
pH = pK + log HCO3 PCO2
Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!
!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
Bohr!effect!
(increased affinity)
(decreased affinity)
Transport of gases (“O2 diffusion”)
HCO3 pH = pK + log
H2CO3 pH = pK + log
HCO3 PCO2
Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!
!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
In the lungs
pH = pK + log base acid
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In the lungs
Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!
!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
Transport of gases (“CO2 diffusion”)
HCO3 pH = pK + log
H2CO3 pH = pK + log
HCO3 PCO2
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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!
!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!HCO3
pH = pK + log H2CO3
pH = pK + log HCO3 PCO2
pH = pK + log base acid
(increased affinity)
(decreased affinity)
(increased affinity)
(decreased affinity)
(increased affinity)
(decreased affinity)
Transport of gases (“O2-Hb”)
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Transport of gases (“O2-Hb”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of
PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
6/4/14
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Transport of gases (“O2-Hb”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of
PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!HCO3
pH = pK + log H2CO3
pH = pK + log HCO3 PCO2 pH = pK + log
base acid
In the tissue
In the tissue
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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!
!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
Transport of gases (“CO2 diffusion”)
!!H ion!binding!by Hb!!!
6/4/14
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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!
!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
Transport of gases (“CO2 diffusion”)
mechanism for B & C
???
CO2
CO2
mechanism for B & C
???
6/4/14
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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!
!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,
DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and
carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide
and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and
respiratory alkalosis!
Transport of gases (“dysfunctions”)
7.4
24
7.2 7.6
1
2 3
4
60 mmHg 40
mmHg
20 mmHg
PCO2
HCO3
pH
1, respiratory acidosis 2, respiratory alkalosis 3, metabolic acidosis 4, metabolic alkalosis
pH = pK + log HCO3 PCO2
• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
Control of respiration (“structures”)
I
pneumotaxic
apneustic
lung stretch receptors
inspiratory muscles
expiratory muscles
other inputs Inspiratory center is tonically active
Expiratory center is active only when stimulated
stimulatory
inhibitory
PONS
MEDULLA
SPINAL CORD
control of respiration means control of
amplitude and frequency
E
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• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
Control of respiration (“structures”)
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Control of respiration (“baroreceptors”)
• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
Control of respiration (“chemoreceptors”)
• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
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Control of respiration (“ventilation”)
• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
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• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
Control of respiration (“ventilation”)
2
2
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• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
Control of respiration (“ventilation”)
receptor S
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• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
Control of respiration (“ventilation”)
stimulate inspiratory center
inhibit inspiratory center upper respiratory tract (swallowing, diving reflex)
increase baroreceptor activity decreases inspiration & venous return decrease baroreceptor activity increases inspiration & venous return
increase PCO2 --> increases Va decrease PCO2 --> decrease Va increase H --> increase Va decrease H --> decrease Va increase Po2 --> decrease Va decrease PO2 --> increase Va
periphereal mechanoreceptors (skin, joints, etc..)
Low PO2 High PCO2
Control of respiration
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Low PO2
receptor S
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E
High PCO2
receptor S
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E
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• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
Control of respiration (“high PCO2”)
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• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
Control of respiration
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• Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!
• Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!
• Control of ventilation during exercise!
Control of respiration (“exercise”)
• Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!
Hypoxia (“dysfunctions”)
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• Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!
Hypoxia (“dysfunctions”)
• Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!
Hypoxia (“dysfunctions”)
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Respiratory System
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Respiratory System
ventilatory
pump
circulatory
pump
CNSvenous
return
VA / Q
PO2
BP
O2
content
blood
flow
O2
supply
Hemoglobin
Respiratory / cardiovascular
interaction
chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
CO=HR x SV
V=RF x TV
control of
amplitud &
frequency
DR=PD x A x DC / D(DC, CO2 = 20 DC, O2)
integrators compare what it should be with what it actually is and generate an error signal!
receptor S
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Respiratory System
integrators compare what it should be with what it actually is and generate an error signal!
receptor
NEURAL
RESPIRATORY
CENTER
inputs
DISTRIBUTION
CENTER
METABOLIC
COMPONENTS
(all cells)
blood
related
neuro-
genics
THORACIC
COMPO-
NENTS
PCO2
pH
PO2
Pa
inspiratory
expiratory
AP
AP
AP
O2
CO2
O2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
CO2
S
∑
E
Distribution Center
neural CV center
heart
lung periphery
cardio + cardio -
vasoconstriction
PCO2 PO2 pH Pa
extrinsic
intrinsic
(local control) (local control)
baroreceptor mechanism (e.g. carotid sinus)
chemo & baroreceptors
inputs output
where we would like to be at the end!of the cardiovascular and respiratory!
sections, by the end of this week!
6/4/14
30
CV hat
Resp hat
Kidney hat I wonder how will I look after the next section
???
GI hat
metabolism hat
repro hat
AT THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD
I’D RATHER BE AT THE BEACH
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