WHAT WHY HOW IS RESEARCH?
Research is:• Process• ProductsAbout inquiry
• Defining a problem• Stating an objective• Formulating a hypothesis
A process
• The result can be accessed to the publicUndertaking structured
investigation
Research is:An activity which analyses and evaluates problems
To collect and analyze the data to prove theories
Evaluation, asking question, investigations, analysis, confirming hypothesis, overview, gathering and analyzing data using certain methods
Research is carried out in order to:
Get a result using scientific methods objectively.
Solve problems, verivy the applications of theories, and lead to new insights.
Enlighten researcher and readrers
Prove /disaprove new or exsisting ideas.
Terms in research
Inquiry
Knowledge
Hypothesis
Analysis
InterpretationProblem
Theory
Analyzing data
Solution
From the terms, research is
A process of formulating questions, problems, or hypothesis; collecting data relevant to problems; and analyzing the data.
Research is
A systematic process of inquiry that consists of three elements:1. A question, problem, or hypothesis2. Data3. Analysis or interpretation of data
Why do research?
Reasons doing research
Psychologist
Political scientist
Sociologist
Reasons doing research
To be to further the knowledge of the subject matter that is claimed by the discipline.
Mechanisms of research:
Theory Hypothesis Research Results
Research process
• Number of researches approach in social science
1.A social survey : asking the same question to several persons
2.An observational research project : Watching the behavior of the subject
3.An experiment with human subject : controlling the effect of independent variable to see what effect of dependent variable
Certain feature of the research
• The research must attempt to show on variable is the “cause” of another.
Research process is the method of design that the researcher should follow
Conceive the research • Theory tell us what to expect.• The operational definition lead the researcher to make hypothesis. • Hypotheses is what the researcher examine.• The researcher hypotheses can be true or not true by the
definition, so it is need revisions• Method tell us how to go about our research.• Pretest are useful to find out the result• Instrument : interviews, questionnaires , videotape of behavior and
so on.• Result show us what we have found
Theory
Hypotheses
Operational Definition
Revision
yes No
Method of Research
Pretest (s)
Instrument
Administration
Result
Hypotheses rejected
yes No
Future Research Suggestions
Writing Result (including reason for rejecting hypotheses
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH
STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Reviewing the Literature Constructing operational Definition Identifying and labeling variable Manipulating controlling variables
Constructing a research design
Identifying and constructing devices for observation and measurements
Constructing a hypothesis
Identifying your problems
Writing a Research Report
Conducting Evaluation Studies
Conducting Classroom Research
Using the computer for data analysis
Carrying out statistical analyses
Constructing a questionnaires and interview schedule
Identifying your Problem
• The “what” and “why” What the researchers are searching and why ?• What is the research problem ? - Problem or phenomenon - Topic to investigate , address or study - It is a challenge
* What is Hypothesis?• Suggested solution• No exact result
• Supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation and observation
* “If” and “Then”• If : gives a
possibility• Then : what may
happen because of possibility
Hypothesis
• Focuses on research question(s)
• Identifying, appraise, selected and synthesize
Reviewing the literature
• Clarify• Find modals• Narrow your topic• Consider whether your
sources are current
What should I do before I write literature review?
Variables :Variables is any entity that can be changed
Identifying and labeling variable
Types of variablesdependent, independent, moderator,control and intervening
• Dependent : output or effect• Independent : input or cause• Moderator : the moderation occurs when the
relationship between two variables depends on the third variables
• Control /known also as consonant : remain the same
• Intervening : used to explain the relationship between observed variables
CONSTRUCTING OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
The process of converting variables from an abstract or conceptual form to an operational or concrete form
Manipulating and Controlling Variables
• Manipulating variable : it is the item that is changed during the experiment to obtain different data
• Controlled Variable : is always kept in the same condition
Constructing a Research Design
• It is the framework that has been created to seek answers to research question(s)
Test
Questionnaire
Identifying and Constructing Devices for Observation and Measurement
InterviewFocus group
Constructing Questionnaire and Interview Schedule
• Group of questions • Close-ended questions • Open-ended questions• Combine of both
Interview • Meeting with participants• It include a minute question • Participants’ trust• Mange your time
Carrying Out Statistical Analyses
• The science of collecting, exploring and presenting data
• Describes the nature of data
USING COMPUTER FOR DATA ANALYSIS
• The process of collecting your data via internet and different websites
• Analysis your data in the form of typing ,drawing a diagram or tables
• Brief description of the research• Involves several steps to present
the report in the form of thesis or dissertation
Writing a Research Report
• Be objective• Avoid technical language• Use present tense and active voice• Treat the data confidently• Revise and rewrite • Use visual aids• Layout must be appropriated• Avoid grammatical mistakes• Report must present the logical analysis of subject
matter• Be attractive in appearance, neat and clear
whether typing or printing
Guidelines
• Introduce yourself• Minute paper can be used• Be careful to the time
Conducting Classroom Interview
CONDUCTING EVALUATION STUDIES• the process of judging the merit
or worth of something• Let you discover whether and
how well objectives are being fulfilled
Top Related