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AUTHOR Tumlin, Karen C.; Zimmermann, Wendy; Ost, JasonTITLE State Snapshots of Public Benefits for Immigrants: A

Supplemental Report to "Patchwork Policies." OccasionalPaper Number 24, Supplemental Report. Assessing the NewFederalism: An Urban Institute Program To Assess ChangingSocial Policies.

INSTITUTION Urban Inst., Washington, DC.SPONS AGENCY Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, MD.; Kellogg

Foundation, Battle Creek, MI.; Robert Wood JohnsonFoundation, Princeton, NJ.; Henry J. Kaiser FamilyFoundation, Menlo Park, CA.; Ford Foundation, New York, NY.;John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, IL.;Mott (C.S.) Foundation, Flint, MI.; David and Lucile PackardFoundation, Los Altos, CA.; Weingart Foundation, LosAngeles, CA.; Fund for New Jersey, East Orange.; Lynde andHarry Bradley Foundation, Milwaukee, WI.; Joyce Foundation,Chicago, IL.; Rockefeller Bros. Fund, New York, NY.;McKnight Foundation, Minneapolis, MN.; Commonwealth Fund,New York, NY.

PUB DATE 1999-08-00NOTE 67p.; Additional funding provided by the Stuart Foundation.

Supplement to "Patchwork Policies," see ED 439 163.AVAILABLE FROM Urban Institute, 2100 M Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20037.

Tel: 202-833-7200; Fax: 202-429-0687; e-mail:[email protected]. For full text:http://newfederalism.urban.org/html/occa24_sup.html.

PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Eligibility; *Immigrants; Immigration; Policy Formation;

Profiles; *Public Policy; *State Programs; *Welfare ServicesIDENTIFIERS Welfare Reform

ABSTRACTAs a supplement to an analysis of the devolution of

policymaking for immigrants from the federal government to the states, thisreport provides a one-page summary of each state's immigrant eligibilityrules for cash, food, and health assistance programs. It also notes statenaturalization initiatives begun or expanded in the wake of welfare reform,and includes some background information on each state's immigrant populationand economy. Unless otherwise noted, all data on immigrant eligibility andprogram rules were current as of summer/fall 1998. Each profile containsgraphs of population by nativity and citizenship, and of noncitizenpopulation by poverty level. (SLD)

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State Snapshotsof PublicBenefits forImmigrants:A SupplementalReport to"PatchworkPolicies"

Karen C. Tum linWendy ZimmermannJason Ost

Occasional Paper Number 24Supplemental Report

'Assessingthe NewFederalismAn Urban InstituteProgram to AssessChanging Social Policies

3

The UrbanInstitute2100 M Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20037

Phone: 202.833.7200

Fax: 202.429.0687

E-Mail:

[email protected]

http://www.urban.org

Copyright © August 1999. The Urban Institute. All rights reserved. Except for short quotes, no part of thisbook may be reproduced in any form or utilized in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording, or by information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from TheUrban Institute.

This report is part of the Urban Institute's Assessing the New Federalism project, a multiyear effort to monitorand assess the devolution of social programs from the federal to the state and local levels. Alan Weil is the projectdirector. The project analyzes changes in income support, social services, and health programs. In collaborationwith Child Trends, the project studies child and family well-being.

The project has received funding from The Annie E. Casey Foundation, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, TheRobert Wood Johnson Foundation, The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The JohnD. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, The David and LucilePackard Foundation, The McKnight Foundation, The Commonwealth Fund, the Stuart Foundation, theWeingart Foundation, The Fund for New Jersey, The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the JoyceFoundation, and The Rockefeller Foundation.

The nonpartisan Urban Institute publishes studies, reports, and books on timely topics worthy of public con-sideration. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute,its trustees, or its funders.

The authors would like to thank the many state officials who provided the data necessary for this report and whoanswered countless questions on their programs. The authors would also like to thank Katrina Ryan, who helpedconduct early interviews for this report, and Michael Fix, Freya Sonenstein, and Alan Weil for their comments onearlier drafts. The authors also greatly appreciate Jeffrey Passel's expert assistance in analyzing Census Bureau dataand Alyse Freilich's help with the production of this report.

Assessing theNew Federalism

Assessing the New Federalism is a multiyear Urban Institute projectdesigned to analyze the devolution of responsibility for social programsfrom the federal government to the states, focusing primarily on healthcare, income security, job training, employment and training programs,

and social services. Researchers monitor program changes and fiscal developments.In collaboration with Child Trends, the project studies changes in family well-being.The project aims to provide timely, nonpartisan information to inform public debateand to help state and local decisionmakers carry out their new responsibilities moreeffectively.

Key components of the project include a household survey, studies of policies in13 states, and a database with information on all states and the District of Columbia,available at the Urban Institute's Web site. This paper is one in a series of occasionalpapers analyzing information from these and other sources.

Contents

Introduction

A Guide to the Report

State Summaries

1

1

Alabama 9 Montana 35

Alaska 10 Nebraska 36Arizona 11 Nevada 37Arkansas 12 New Hampshire 38California 13 New Jersey 39Colorado 14 New Mexico 40Connecticut 15 New York 41Delaware 16 North Carolina 42District of Columbia 17 North Dakota 43Florida 18 Ohio 44Georgia 19 Oklahoma 45Hawaii 20 Oregon 46Idaho 21 Pennsylvania 47Illinois 22 Rhode Island 48Indiana 23 South Carolina 49Iowa 24 South Dakota 50Kansas 25 Tennessee 51

Kentucky 26 Texas 52Louisiana 27 Utah 53Maine 28 Vermont 54Maryland 29 Virginia 55

Massachusetts 30 Washington 56Michigan 31 West Virginia 57Minnesota 32 Wisconsin 58Mississippi 33 Wyoming 59Missouri 34

About the Authors 61

State Snapshots of PublicBenefits for Immigrants

Introduction

This volume serves as a supplement to Patchwork Policies: State Assistancefor Immigrants under Welfare Reform. That report analyzes federal welfarereform's devolution of immigrant policymaking from the federal govern-ment to the states and examines the choices states made regarding immi-

grants' eligibility for federal and state programs. This companion report provides aone-page summary of each state's immigrant eligibility rules for cash, food, andhealth assistance programs. We also note state naturalization initiatives begun orexpanded in the wake of welfare reform and include some background informationon each state's immigrant population and economy. These state-by-state summariesare best used in conjunction with the main report, which provides more detailedinformation on the availability of public benefits in each state, including the level andtype of assistance available and the conditions imposed on eligibility. The main reportalso examines patterns of choices across states and draws some broad implications ofthese choices for immigrant families and for policy.

A Guide to the Report

The following serves as a guide for reading the state summaries. We describe eachdata item; explain the groupings, rankings, and scores used; and provide informationon data sources. Unless otherwise noted, all data on immigrant eligibility and pro-gram rules were current as of summer/fall 1998 and were collected from state offi-cials as part of an Urban Institute survey on state immigrant policies following fed-eral welfare reform (the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Recon-ciliation Act, PRWORA). For the purposes of this report, the District of Columbiais treated as a state.

Population and Economic Information

1996 Noncitizen population and state rank: Noncitizens are foreign-born personswho have not been naturalized. The state with the largest noncitizen population

'Assessingthe NewFederalism

Key Terms

Qualified Immigrant: An immigrantfalling into one of the followinggroups:

lawful permanent residentsrefugees/asylees (definedbelow)persons paroled into the UnitedStates for at least one yearbattered spouses and children(with a pending or approvedspousal visa or a petition forrelief under the ViolenceAgainst Women Act)

Unqualified Immigrant: An immi-grant not falling within the qualifiedimmigrant group (see above). Thisgroup includes undocumentedimmigrants, asylum applicants,many immigrants formerly consid-ered "permanently residing undercolor of law" (PRUCOL), as well asthose with temporary status, suchas students and tourists.Refugee/Asylee: A person admittedfor humanitarian reasons. (The fol-lowing groups are subject to thesame treatment as refugees andasylees):

persons with deportation/removal withheldCuban-Haitian entrantsAmerasians

Pre-enactment Immigrant: An immi-grant admitted to the United States onor before August 22, 1996, the datefederal welfare reform was enacted.Post-enactment Immigrant: Animmigrant admitted to the UnitedStates after the enactment of federalwelfare reform on August 22, 1996.Sponsor-Deeming: The attribution ofthe income and resources of an im-migrant's sponsor(s)the personwho signs a legally enforceable affi-davit of support(and their spouse)to the immigrant for purposes of de-termining eligibility for public benefits.

received a ranking of 1 and the state with the small-est noncitizen population received a ranking of 51.

1996 Noncitizens as a percentage of state's pop-ulation and state rank: The state with the largestpercentage of noncitizens out of its total populationreceived a ranking of 1 and the state with the small-est percentage of noncitizens received a ranking of51.

Source for population data: Urban Institute tabula-tions of the U.S. Bureau of the Census CurrentPopulation Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPSaverages (1995, 1996, and 1997) were adjusted byJeffrey Passel of the Urban Institute to correct foroverstatement of citizenship status and to conformto Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumentedimmigrants to the extent they are included in theCPS.

1997 State budget surplus, state rank: The statebudget surplus is a measure of the size of eachstate's 1997 year-end balances as a percent of its1997 expenditures. Total balances include stateyear-end balances and balances in budget stabiliza-tion or rainy day funds. Data for Alaska and theDistrict of Columbia are not available. The remain-ing states are ranked from those with the largestbudget surpluses to those with the smallest. Thestate with the largest budget surplus received a rank-ing of 1 and the state with the smallest budget sur-plus received a ranking of 49.

Source: National Governors' Association and theNational Association of State Budget Officers.1998. The Fiscal Survey of States: May 1998. Wash-ington, D.C.

1997 Per capita personal income and state rank:This data item provides the average personal incomefor each state in 1997. The state with the highestper capita income received a ranking of 1 and thestate with the lowest per capita income received aranking of 51.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1998. StatisticalAbstract of the United States: 1998 (118th edition).Washington, D.C.

STATE SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC BENEFITS FOR IMMIGRANTS: A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO "PATCHWORK POLICIES"

Summary Measure of Immigrant Eligibility

Availability of the state safety net to immigrants: Using the data on program eli-gibility provided for each state, we created a summary measure of the extent to whichstates made their safety nets available to immigrants. States are grouped into four cat-egories, with those that made their safety nets the most available to immigrants incategory 1 and those that placed the most restrictions on immigrants in category 4.For a more detailed explanation of this measure, see Appendix B in the main report.

Cash Assistance

TANF to pre-enactment immigrants: PRWORA gave states the option of provid-ing Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to qualified immigrants whowere admitted to the United States on or before August 22, 1996, the day federalwelfare reform was signed into law. (See definitions of qualified and pre-enactmentimmigrants in Key Terms above.) TANF is the federal block grant that replaced theAid to Families with Dependent Children program. Under TANF, states providecash assistance to low-income families with children.

State-funded TANF during the five-year bar: The federal welfare reform lawbarred most qualified immigrants who were admitted to the United States after thepassage of the law from TANF for their first five years in the country. Some stateshave opted to use their own funds to provide TANF to this group during the feder-al five-year bar.

Sponsor-deeming: States that created state-funded TANF programs duringthe five-year bar have the option of imposing sponsor-deeming on eligibleimmigrants. (See definition of sponsor-deeming in Key Terms above.)

Provision of TANF following the five-year bar: Following the federal five-year baron post-enactment immigrants, states have the option to provide TANF to qualifiedimmigrants. States that have not yet decided whether these immigrants will be eligi-ble for TANF are listed as "Undecided."

1998 TANF benefit level for a family of three and state rank: This item providesthe 1998 state maximum monthly TANF benefit levels for a family of three with noincome. When states provide different benefit levels for exempt families (those fam-ilies in which the parent or caretaker relative is not subject to work requirements),benefit levels for nonexempt families are provided. When benefit levels vary acrosscounties, the benefit level is provided for the county that has the largest share of thestate's TANF caseload.

Source: Falk, Gene, Carmen Solomon-Fears, Tom Gabe, Melinda Gish, and ShieneHansotia. 1998. Welfare Reform: Financial Eligibility Rules and Benefit AmountsUnder TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families). CRS Report for Congress.Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. May15.

PIII1

THE URBANINSTITUTE

STATE SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC BENEFITS FOR IMMIGRANTS: A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO "PATCHWORK POLICIES" 3

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) substitute program for immigrants: Thefederal welfare reform law barred many immigrants from the SSI program, whichprovides cash assistance to low-income elderly and disabled persons. Since then,Congress has restored eligibility for most immigrants in the United States before thelaw's passage. A few states have created substitute programs for those immigrantswho remain ineligible for SSI.

Eligible groups: This data item lists the groups of immigrants eligible for theSSI substitute program, i.e., qualified versus unqualified and pre- versus post-enactment immigrants. (See Key Terms above for definitions of these terms.)

Sponsor-deeming: States that created substitute SSI programs have theoption of imposing sponsor-deeming on eligible immigrants. (See definitionof sponsor-deeming in Key Terms above.)

General Assistance (GA) or similar cash program: Some states have state or local-ly funded GA programs, which provide cash or in-kind benefits to low-income indi-viduals or families. These programs may be standard statewide, states may mandatecounties to run GA programs, or there may be locally run GA programs. This reportincludes information only on statewide or state-mandated and county-run programs.

Eligible groups: GA programs generally serve one or more of three types ofgroups: elderly or disabled individuals; families or children; and childlessadults.

Immigrant eligibility: This data item lists the groups of immigrantsqual-ified versus unqualified and pre- versus post-enactment immigrantswho areeligible for the state GA program. (See Key Terms above for definitions ofthese terms.) When a state has more than one GA-like program, immigranteligibility for the program that covers the most groups is listed.

1998 General Assistance (GA) benefit level: This item provides the 1998maximum monthly benefit for elderly or disabled individuals with no income.(This information is not provided for the District of Columbia because itdoes not have a GA program for the elderly or disabled.) See Appendix A inthe main report for complete information on GA benefit levels.

Food Assistance

State-funded food program for immigrants: The federal welfare reform lawbarred most immigrants from the federal Food Stamp program. Since then, Congresshas restored eligibility to some immigrants who were living in the United Stateswhen the law passed. Before these restorations, many states had created food pro-grams to cover immigrants no longer eligible for federal food stamps.

Eligible groups: This data item lists the groups of immigrants eligible for thesubstitute food program, i.e., qualified versus unqualified and pre- versus

Assessingthe NewFederalism


10

post-enactment immigrants. (See Key Terms above for definitions of theseterms.) In addition, if states limited access to discrete populations, such aselderly or disabled individuals and children, the specific groups are noted.

Sponsor-deeming: States that created substitute food programs have theoption of imposing sponsor-deeming on eligible immigrants. (See definitionof sponsor-deeming in Key Terms above.)

Health Care

Medicaid to pre-enactment immigrants: As it did for TANF, PRWORA gave statesthe option of providing non-emergency Medicaid to qualified immigrants who wereadmitted to the United States on or before August 22, 1996. (See definition of qual-ified immigrants in Key Terms above.)

State-funded Medicaid during the five-year bar: The federal welfare reform lawbarred most qualified immigrants who were admitted to the United States after thepassage of the law from non-emergency Medicaid for their first five years in the coun-try. During this five-year bar, some states have opted to cover these immigrants withtheir own funds.

Sponsor-deeming: States that created state-funded Medicaid programs dur-ing the five-year bar have the option of imposing sponsor-deeming on eligi-ble immigrants. (See definition of sponsor-deeming in Key Terms above.)

Provision of Medicaid following the five-year bar: Following the federal five-yearbar on post-enactment immigrants, states have the option to provide non-emergencyMedicaid benefits to qualified immigrants. States that have not yet decided whetherthese immigrants will be eligible for Medicaid are listed as "Undecided."

Provision of Medicaid to certain unqualified immigrants: The federal welfarereform law barred unqualified immigrants from non-emergency Medicaid regardlessof their date of entry to the United States. Some states have opted to cover some ofthese unqualified immigrants using state funds. Generally, states have covered immi-grants previously considered "permanently residing under color of law" (PRUCOL)who were made eligible for benefits by the courts.

Medicaid generosity level: This measure was developed by Shruti Rajan of theUrban Institute to assess the generosity of states' Medicaid eligibility rules. Amongother factors, the scale accounts for state eligibility expansions beyond mandatorypopulations and the percentage of the population below 200 percent of poverty eli-gible for Medicaid. States with the most generous Medicaid eligibility rules are incategory 1, while states with the most restrictive eligibility rules are in category 8.

Source: The information needed to create this scale was drawn from published doc-uments, tabulations of the CPS, and Urban Institute case studies in 13 states. Datafor the District of Columbia are not available. For an explanation of this measure, seeShruti Rajan, 1998, "Publicly Subsidized Health Insurance: A Typology of StateApproaches," Health Affairs 17 (3): 101-117.

THE URBANINSTITUTE


1i

"5,

State health insurance program: Some states have state or locally funded healthinsurance programs for low-income individuals or families who are ineligible forMedicaid. These programs may be standard statewide, states may mandate countiesto run health insurance programs, or there may be locally run health programs. Thisreport includes information only on statewide or state-mandated and county-runprograms.

Eligible groups: State health insurance programs generally serve one or more ofthree types of groups: elderly or disabled individuals; families or children; and child-less adults. When a state has more than one health insurance program, eligibility forthe program that covers the most groups is listed.

Immigrant eligibility: This data item lists the groups of immigrants eligiblefor the state health insurance program, i.e., qualified versus unqualified andpre- versus post-enactment immigrants. (See Key Terms above for definitionsof these terms.) When a state has more than one health insurance program,immigrant eligibility for the most inclusive program is listed.

Naturalization Initiatives

State naturalization initiative: In response to the immigrant restrictions in the fed-eral welfare reform law, some states reported creating or expanding naturalizationinitiatives in order to help noncitizens naturalize and retain public benefit eligibility.

Funding amount: This data item includes the amount of funds dedicated tothe state naturalization initiative and the most recent fiscal year for whichinformation was reported.

'--Assessingthe NewFederalism

6 STATE SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC BENEFITS FOR IMMIGRANTS: A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO "PATCHWORK POLICIES"

12

State Summaries

13

AlabamaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*

0% 1%

Native U.S.-bornCI Population

Foreign-bornNaturalized Citizens

Noncitizens

Noncitizen Population by Poverty Level, 1996

Sample sizes for this state are too smallto provide data on the noncitizen population

in poverty.

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correctforoverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.

1996 Noncitizen population 1997 State budget surplus,(state rank): 40,000 (31) state rank: 48

1996 Noncitizens as a percentage of 1997 Per capita personal incomestate's population (state rank): 1% (42) (state rank): $20,842 (39)

Availability of the state safety net to immigrants, state grouping (scale 1-4): 4

Cash AssistanceTANF to pre-enactment immigrants:State-funded TANF during

the five-year bar:Sponsor-deeming:

Provision of TANF followingthe five-year bar:

1998 TANF benefit level for afamily of three (state rank):

SSI substitute program for immigrants:Eligible group(s):Sponsor-deeming:

GA or similar cash program:Eligible group(s):Immigrant eligibility:1998 GA benefit level for an

individual (state rank):

NO

NO

N/A

NO

$164 (50)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A

Food AssistanceState-funded food program for

immigrants:Eligible group(s):Sponsor-deeming:

Health CareMedicaid to pre-enactment immigrants:

State-funded Medicaid duringthe five-year bar:

Sponsor-deeming:

Provision of Medicaid followingthe five-year bar:

Provision of Medicaid to certainunqualified immigrants:

Medicaid generosity level(scale 1-8):

State health insurance program:Eligible group(s):Immigrant eligibility:

Naturalization InitiativeState naturalization initiative:

Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

Undecided

NO

7

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

Note: Summary information only. See Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reform for details. WA =Not applicable.Source: The Urban Institute, data collected from state administrators and secondary documents. Data are current as of summer/fall 1998,unless otherwise noted.

THE URBANINSTITUTE


14

9

AlaskaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

2% 2%


Foreign-bornIIII Naturalized Citizens

Noncitizens



in poverty.

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correctforoverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.

1996 Noncitizen population(state rank):

1996 Noncitizens as a percentage ofstate's population (state rank):

1997 State budget surplus,12,000 (44) state rank:

1997 Per capita personal income2% (42) (state rank):


Informationnot available

$25,305 (20)






GA or similar cash program:Eligible group(s):

Immigrant eligibility:

YES

NO

N/A

YES

$923 (1)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESStatewide

Elderly and disabled;families with children;

childless adults

All qualified andcertain unqualified

immigrants

1998 GA benefit level for anindividual (state rank): $2411 (13)

1. This benefit is an average for Alaska's two GA-like programs serving theelderly or disabled.




NO

N/A

N/A

Health CareMedicaid to pre-enactment immigrants: YES

State-funded Medicaid duringthe five-year bar: NO

Sponsor-deeming: N/A

Provision of Medicaid followingthe five-year bar: YES

Provision of Medicaid to certainunqualified immigrants: YES

Medicaid generosity level(scale 1-8): 7

State health insurance program: YES

Eligible group(s): Elderly and disabled;families with children; childless adults

Immigrant eligibility: All qualified andcertain unqualified immigrants


Funding amount:


NO

N/A


15

ArizonaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens


42%

Below Povertyo Level

Between 100% and 200% ofPoverty Level

29% Over 200% of29% Poverty Level







7

$22,364 (36)






GA or similar cash program:Eligible group(s):Immigrant eligibility:

1998 GA benefit level for anindividual (state rank):

Food AssistanceYES State-funded food program for

immigrants:

NO Eligible group(s):N/A Sponsor-deeming:

YES

$347 (33)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESStatewideDisabled

All qualifiedimmigrants

$1731(22)

1. If the recipient is not renting housing, the maximum monthly benefit is$108.

NO

N/A

N/A




Provision of Medicaid following Informationthe five-year bar: not available





Funding amount:

Note: Summary information only. See Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reform for details. N/A=Not applicable.Source: The Urban Institute, data collected from state administrators and secondary documents. Data are current as of summer/fall 1998,unless otherwise noted.

NO

7

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

111THE URBANINSTITUTE


16 BEST COPY AVAILABLE

ArkansasPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*

Native U.S.-born°Population


Noncitizens



in poverty.

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correctforoverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.*Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.

1996 Noncitizen population 1997 State budget surplus,(state rank): 28,000 (37) state rank:

1996 Noncitizens as a percentage of 1997 Per capita personal incomestate's population (state rank): 1% (38) (state rank): $19,585


49

(49)








YES

NO

N/A

NO

$204 (45)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A





Sponsor-deeming:






Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

YES

NO

8

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

''Assessingthe NewFederalism



17

CaliforniaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

19%

6%

Native U.S.-bornPopulation


Noncitizens


33%

Below Poverty" Level


,, Over 200% of36% "31% Poverty Level




1997 State budget surplus,6,048,000 (1) state rank:



46

$26,570 (14)

Cash AssistanceTANF to pre-enactment immigrants: YES

State-funded TANF duringthe five-year bar: YES

Sponsor- deeming: YES

Provision of TANF followingthe five-year bar: YES

1998 TANF benefit level for afamily of three (state rank): $565 (7)

SSI substitute program for immigrants: YES

Eligible group(s): Pre- and certain post-enactment immigrants

Sponsor-deeming: NO

GA or similar cash program: YESState mandate tocounties

Eligible group(s):1 Elderly and disabled;families with children;

childless adults

Immigrant eligibility: All qualifiedimmigrants

1998 GA benefit level for anindividual (state rank):1 $221 (15)

1. This information is for Los Angeles County's General Relief or GeneralReliefMedical program.


immigrants: YES

Eligible group(s): Pre- and certainpost-enactment immigrants

Sponsor-deeming: YES


State-funded Medicaid duringthe five-year bar: YES

Sponsor-deeming: NO





Eligible group(s):1 Elderly and disabled;families with children; childless adults

Immigrant eligibility: All qualifiedimmigrants

Naturalization InitiativeState naturalization initiative: YES

Funding amount: $2,000,000 (FY 98)


1111

THE URBANINSTITUTE


18

13

ColoradoPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

2% 5%

93%



Noncitizens


26% Below Poverty

34%

Level


40%

POver20096 ofPoverty Level

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three -year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correct foroverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.






22

$27,051 (10)






YES

NO

N/A

YES

$356 (30)

NO

N/A

N/A

GA or similar cash program: YESStatewideEligible group(s): Elderly and disabled

Immigrant eligibility: All qualified and certainunqualified immigrants


1. This benefit level is an average for Colorado's two GA-like programs servingelderly and disabled individuals.

2. This information is for Colorado's Indigent Care Program. See tables andtext in Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reformfor information on Colorado's other state health insurance programs.



immigrants: NO

Eligible group(s): N/A









Eligible group(s):2


Elderly and disabled;families with children

All qualified and certainunqualified immigrants


Funding amount:


NO

N/A


19

ConnecticutPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

4% 5%



Noncitizens


14%

Below PovertyLevel

Between 100% and 200% of

20%Poverty Level

Over 200% ofPoverty Level


1996 Noncitizen population(state rank): 157,000 (16)

1996 Noncitizens as a percentage ofstate's population (state rank): 5% (17)

1997 State budget surplus,state rank:

1997 Per capita personal income(state rank):


30

$36,263 (1)









YES

YES

YES

YES

$636 (3)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESStatewideElderly and disabled;

families with children


$350 (7)


immigrants: YES

Eligible group(s): All qualified immigrants









Eligible group(s): Elderly and disabled;

Immigrant eligibility:families with children



Funding amount:


NO

N/A

THE URBANINSTITUTE


20

15

DelawarePopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens



in poverty.







2

$29,022 (6)








YES

NO

N/A

YES

$338 (35)

NO

N/A

N/A


children

Pre-enactment immigrants andpost-enactment immigrants

after a five-year bar


Z=N

'-=Assessingthe NewFederalism



NO

N/A

N/A







State health insurance program: NO


Immigrant eligibility: N/A

Naturalization InitiativeState naturalization initiative: NO

Funding amount: N/A

Note: Summary information only. See Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reform for details. WA=Not applicable.Source: The Urban Institute, data collected from state administrators and secondary documents. Data are current as of summer/fall 1998,unless otherwise noted.


21

District of ColumbiaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens


55%23%



Over 200% of" Poverty Level

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correct foroverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.






Informationnot available

$35,852 (2)









immigrants:NO Eligible group(s):

N/A Sponsor-deeming:

YES

$379 (26)

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

Children

All qualified immigrants

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A




Provision of Medicaid followingthe five-year bar: Undecided

Provision of Medicaid to certainunqualified immigrants: NO

Medicaid generosity level Information(scale 1-8): not available



Funding amount:


NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

THE URBANINSTITUTE



17

FloridaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

10%



Noncitizens


26% Below PovertyLevel


Over 200% of44% 30% Poverty Level







21

$25,255 (21)








1. Florida's food program ended on 10/31/98.

'"--TAssessingthe NewFederalism

YES

NO

N/A

YES

$303 (36)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A


immigrants: YES1

Eligible group(s): Pre-enactment children,elderly, and disabled immigrants

Sponsor-deeming: NO








Eligible group(s): Children

Immigrant eligibility: All immigrant groups




'18 STATE SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC BENEFITS FOR IMMIGRANTS: A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO "PATCHWORK POLICIES"

23

GeorgiaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

1% 2%

97%



Noncitizens


20%

52%

128%










16

$24,061 (26)








YES

YES

YES

NO

$280 (40)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A





Sponsor-deeming:






Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

YES

NO

5

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A


THE URBANINSTITUTE


24

HawaiiPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

10%



Noncitizens


62%

13%

Below PovertyLevel

25%PovertyBetween 100% and 200% of

1-10ver 200% ofPoverty Level







37

$26,034 (17)






YES

YES

YES

YES

$570 (6)

NO

N/A

N/A

GA or similar cash program: YESStatewideEligible group(s): Elderly and disabled;

families with childrenl




$3792 (4)

1. Families with children are served through the state Temporary Assistanceto Other Needy Families program.2. This benefit level is an average for Hawaii's two GA-like programsserving elderly and disabled individuals.

"Assessingthe NewFederalism



NO

N/A

N/A




YES

Provision of Medicaidthe five-year bar:

following



NO





Funding amount: N/A



25

IdahoPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

1% 3%

)96%



Noncitizens


34% Below Poverty31% Level

in Between 100% and 200% ofPoverty Level


35%







42

$20,478 (44)






GA or similar cash program:

Eligible group(s):Immigrant eligibility:




N/A Sponsor-deeming:

YES

$276 (41)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESState mandateto counties

Varies by county

Varies by county

Varies by county

NO

N/A

N/A




NO




NO

8





Funding amount: N/A


1111

THE URBANINSTITUTE

STATE SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC BENEFITS FOR IMMIGRANTS: A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO "PATCHWORK POLICIES" \2)

2BEST COPY AVAILABLE

6-

IllinoisPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

3% 6%

ICI.!1)91%

Native U.S.-bornI:3 Population


Noncitizens


55%

17%

(1.4Below Poverty

" Level

IN Between 100% and 200% ofPoverty Level

1-1 Over 200% of28% Poverty Level





_1997 Per capita personal income6% (12) (state rank):


36

$28,202 (8)


State-funded TANF duringthe five-year bar: NO





Eligible group(s): Pre-enactment immigrants

Sponsor-deeming: NO


Eligible group(s):1Immigrant eligibility:1

YESState mandateto localities

Disabled; children

Pre-enactment andpost-enactment immigrants

after a bar

1998 GA benefit level for anindividual (state rank):1 $1001 (25)

1. This information is for the city of Chicago and the 60 other localitiesthat receive state funds and follow state guidelines for their GA andGAMedical programs.



immigrants: YES

Eligible group(s): Most pre-enactment andlimited post-enactment immigrants

Sponsor-deeming: NO



Sponsor-deeming: Undecided




State health insurance program: YESStatemandate to localities

Eligible group(s):1 Disabled; children

Immigrant eligibility:' Pre-enactment and post-enactment immigrants after a bar


Funding amount: $1,500,000(FY 97)



27

IndianaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*



Noncitizens



in poverty.







1

$23,604 (30)







Eligible group(s):Immigrant eligibility:1998 GA benefit level for an


YES

NO

N/A

Undecided

$288 (39)

NO

N/A

N/A


Varies by county

Varies by county

Varies by county



NO

N/A

N/A




UndecidedProvision of Medicaid following

the five-year bar:



NO

7





Funding amount:


NO

N/A

111THE URBANINSTITUTE


2 8 BEST COPY AVAILABLE

23

IowaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996* Noncitizen Population by Poverty Level, 1996



Noncitizens


in poverty.

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correct foroverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.'Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.






6

$23,102 (33)









"=-Assessingthe NewFederalism

YES

NO

N/A

YES

$426 (19)

NO

N/A

N/A


Varies by county

Varies by county

Varies by county



NO

N/A

N/A









Immigrant eligibility: All immigrantgroups


Funding amount:


NO

N/A


29

Kansas

Population by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

C3 PopulationNative U.S.-born


Noncitizens



in poverty.





9

(25)






SSI substitute program for immigrants: NO



GA or similar cash program: YESStatewide

Eligible group(s): Disabled

Immigrant eligibility: Pre-enactmentqualified immigrants





Sponsor-deeming:




NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

YES

NO

71998 GA benefit level for an

individual (state rank): $196 (21) State health insurance program: YES


Immigrant eligibility: Pre-enactmentqualified immigrants


Funding amount:


NO

N/A

PITHE URBANINSTITUTE


30

25

KentuckyPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*

0% 1%

(1999%

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correctforoverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.`Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.



Noncitizens



in poverty.




20

(42)








YES

NO

N/A

YES

$262 (43)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A





Sponsor-deeming:






Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

YES

NO

5

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

G2N

'Z.'Assessingthe NewFederalism



31

LouisianaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*



Noncitizens



in poverty.





44

(41)








YES

NO

N/A

NO

$190 (47)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A





Sponsor-deeming:






Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

YES

NO

7

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A


1111

THE URBANINSTITUTE



27

MainePopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*

Native U.S.-born0 Population


Noncitizens



in poverty.

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correctforoverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.`Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.






39

$22,078 (37)





YES

YES

YES

YES

$418 (23)


Eligible group(s): Qualified immigrants

Sponsor deeming: YES




families with children;childless adults




YES


YES








Eligible group(s): Elderly and disabled;$3871 (3) families with children; childless adults

Immigrant eligibility: All qualified immigrants


Funding amount:1. Maximum monthly benefits vary by county from $333 to $487 permonth. This is the average monthly benefit level.

Th'TZAssessing

the NewFederalism


NO

N/A


33

MarylandPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

3%5%

92%



Noncitizens


67%

15%Below PovertyLevel


/-1 Over 200% ofPoverty Level

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CI'S averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correct foroverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.



Availability of the state safety net to immigrants, state



grouping (scale 1-4): 1

18

$28,969 (7)







YES

YES

YES

YES

$388 (25)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESStatewide

Disabled



1. This inthrmation is for Maryland's Primary Care program. See tables andtext in Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under WelfareReform for information on Maryland's other state health insurance programs.


immigrants: YES

Eligible group(s): Qualified immigrant children




Sponsor-deeming: NO





Eligible group(s):1 Disabled

Immigrant eligibility:) All qualified immigrants


Funding amount: $75,000 (FY 98)


THE URBANINSTITUTE


34

29

MassachusettsPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens


55%

18%

27%Over 200% of

Below PovertyLevel

and 200% ofPoverty Level

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correct foroverstatement of citizenship status to confirm to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.






28

$31,524 (4)









YES

YES

NO

Undecided

$565 (7)

NO

N/A

N/A


families with children


$339 (8)

7;-

1. This information is for Massachusetts's Children's Medical Security Plan.

.--=Assessingthe NewFederalism


immigrants: YES

Eligible group(s): All qualifiedimmigrants

Sponsor deeming: NO



Sponsor-deeming: NO





Eligible group(s):1 Children

Immigrant eligibility:) All immigrant groups





35

MichiganPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens


64%

o Below Poverty" Level


12% 1-1 Over 200% ofPoverty Level





10

(19)









GA or similar cash program: YESStatewideEligible group(s): Elderly and disabled

Immigrant eligibility: Pre-enactment qualifiedimmigrants eligible for SSI






Sponsor-deeming:




State health insurance program:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

YES

YES

2

YES

1. This benefit level is for Wayne County. Benefits vary across the state toaccount for shelter costs.

Eligible group(s): Information not available

Immigrant eligibility: Information not available


Funding amount:


NO

N/A



3631

MinnesotaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

2% 3%



Noncitizens


24%

40%

,__, Below PovertyLevel









4

$26,797 (11)





SSI substitute program for immigrants:Eligible group(s):Sponsor-deeming: N/A


children

Immigrant eligibility: Qualified pre-enactment andcertain post-enactment immigrants


YES

YES

YES

YES

$532 (12)

NO

N/A

1. This information is for Minnesota's Minnesota Care Program.

"--'Assessingthe NewFederalism

$203 (18)



YES


YES














BEST COPY AVAILABLE 37

MississippiPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996* Noncitizen Population by Poverty Level, 1996

0% 1%




in poverty.

Noncitizens

99%

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correctforoverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.'Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.




14

(51)








YES

NO

N/A

NO

$120 (51)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A





Sponsor-deeming:






Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

NO

YES

6

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A





33

MissouriPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*



Noncitizens



in poverty.

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correct foroverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.






28

$24,001 (27)






YES

YES

YES

YES

$292 (37)

NO

N/A

N/A

GA or similar cash program: YESStatewideEligible group(s): Disabled; children

Immigrant eligibility: Qualified and certainunqualified immigrants




immigrants:Eligible group(s):

Sponsor-deeming:

YES

Former foodstamp recipients

NO



Sponsor-deeming:




NO

N/A

YES

YES

7


Eligible group(s): Disabled; children

Immigrant eligibility: Qualified and certainunqualified immigrants


Funding amount:

Note: Summary information only. See Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reform for details. N/ANot applicable.Source: The Urban Institute, data collected from state administrators and secondary documents. Data are current as of summer/fall 1998,unless otherwise noted.

NO

N/A


39

MontanaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*



Noncitizens



in poverty.





41

(47)








YES

NO

N/A

YES

$450 (16)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A





Sponsor-deeming:






Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

YES

NO

7

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A


THE URBANINSTITUTE


40

3,5

NebraskaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*



Noncitizens



in poverty.

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Currcnt Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correctforoverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.'Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.






3

$23,803 (28)






GA or similar cash program:)Eligible group(s):1Immigrant eligibility:11998 GA benefit level for an

individual (state rank):1

YES

YES

YES

YES

$364 (28)

NO

N/A

N/A



$645 (1)

1. This information is for Nebraska's State Disability Program. In additionthe state mandates counties to run GA programs.

-.=Assessingthe NewFederalism



YES


NO











Funding amount: N/A


36' STATE SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC BENEFITS FOR IMMIGRANTS: A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO "PATCHWORK POLICIES"

BEST COPY AVAILABLE41

NevadaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

3% 8%

E89%



Noncitizens


24%

42%

34%

,..., Below Poverty" Level









8

$26,791 (12)









YES

NO

N/A

YES

$348 (32)

NO

N/A

N/A


Varies by county

Varies by county

Varies by. county



NO

N/A

N/A







State health insurance program: YESStatemandate to counties

Eligible group(s): Varies by county

Immigrant eligibility: Varies by county


Funding amount:


NO

N/A

THE URBANINSTITUTE


42

37

New HampshirePopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*



Noncitizens



in poverty.







45

$28,047 (9)





SSI substitute program for immigrants:

YES

NO

N/A

YES

$550 (10)

YES

Eligible group(s): Pre-enactment immigrantsand post-enactment immigrants


Sponsor-deeming: NO


Eligible group(s):Immigrant eligibility:



YESState mandate totowns/cities

Varies by town/city

Varies by town/city

Varies by town/city


immigrants: NO










YES

Children

Information not available


Funding amount:


NO

N/A


43

New JerseyPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens


15%Below PovertyLevel


58% Over 200% of27% II Poverty Level







24

$32,654 (3)




YES

NO

N/A

YES


immigrants: YES

Eligible group(s): Most pre-enactmentimmigrants


Health Care1998 TANF benefit level for a

family of three (state rank): $424 (21)Medicaid to pre-enactment immigrants: YES

State-funded Medicaid duringSSI substitute program for immigrants: NO the five-year bar: NO

Eligible group(s): N/A Sponsor-deeming: N/A

Sponsor-deeming: N/A Provision of Medicaid followingGA or similar cash program: YESStatewide the five-year bar: YES

Eligible group(s): Disabled; children; Provision of Medicaid to certainchildless adults unqualified immigrants: YES

Immigrant eligibility: Pre-enactment qualifiedand certain unqualified

immigrants


1. This information is for New Jersey's Charity Care program. See tablesand text in Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under WelfareReform for information on New Jersey's other state health insuranceprogram.




Immigrant eligibility:] All immigrant groups




EllTHE URBANINSTITUTE


44

3\9

New MexicoPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

2% 6%



Noncitizens


,_, Below Poverty

50%Level









43

$19,587 (48)









GA or similar cash program: YES

Eligible group(s): Disabled; immigrantfamilies with children

Qualified immigrantsImmigrant eligibility:1998 GA benefit level for an


' ...7Assessingthe NewFederalism

$231 (14)



NO

N/A

N/A









Funding amount:


NO

5

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A


45

New YorkPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens


Below Poverty25% I:I Level

Between 100% and 200% of48% I Poverty Level

Over 200% of27% overty LevelP







47

$30,752 (5)









1. This benefit level is for New York City.

YES

NO

N/A

YES

$577 (5)1

NO

N/A

N/A


families with children;childless adults

Qualified and certainunqualified immigrants

$3521 (6)


immigrants: YES

Eligible group(s): Pre-enactment children,elderly, and disabled immigrants

Sponsor-deeming: NO












Note: Summary information only. See Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reform for details. WANot applicable.Source: The Urban Institute, data collected from state administrators and secondary documents. Data are current as of summer/fall 1998,unless otherwise noted.

THE URBANINSTITUTE

STATE SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC BENEFITS FOR IMMIGRANTS: A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO "PATCHWORK POLICIES" '41'

4 6 BESTCOPYMILABLE

North CarolinaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens


42%

Below Poverty36% Level

NIBetween 100% and 200% ofPoverty Level






23

(32)

Cash Assistance Food AssistanceTANF to pre-enactment immigrants:State-funded TANF during

YES State-funded food program forimmigrants: NO

the five-year bar: NO Eligible group(s): N/A

Sponsor-deeming: N/A Sponsor-deeming: N/A



1998 TANF benefit level for afamily of three (state rank): $272 (42) State-funded Medicaid during

the five-year bar: NOSSI substitute program for immigrants: NO Sponsor-deeming: N/A


Sponsor-deeming: N/AProvision of Medicaid following

the five-year bar: YES

GA or similar cash program: NO Provision of Medicaid to certainEligible group(s): N/A unqualified immigrants: NO

Immigrant eligibility: N/A Medicaid generosity level1998 GA benefit level for an

individual (state rank): N/A(scale 1-8): 6





Funding amount: N/A


Note: Summary information only. See Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reform for details. N/A= Not applicable.Source: The Urban Institute, data collected from state administrators and secondary documents. Data are current as of summer/fall 1998,unless otherwise noted.


47

North DakotaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*

1% 1%



Noncitizens



in poverty.





13

(46)








YES

NO

N/A

YES

$490 (13)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A





Sponsor-deeming:






Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

YES

YES

8

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A


THE URBANINSTITUTE


48

43

Ohio




Noncitizens


65%

Below PovertyLevel

mi Between 100% and 200% of21% Poverty Level

1-1 Over 200% ofPoverty Level







25

$24,661 (22)










N/A

NO

$362 (29)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESStatewide

Elderly and disabled;children and pregnant women

Pre-enactmentqualified immigrants


1. The maximum monthly benefit is $200 for pre-enactment immigrantswho are ineligible for SSI; the maximum benefit for all other recipients is$115.

"=Assessingthe NewFederalism

YES

Elderly and disabledpre-enactment immigrants


Medicaid to pre-enactment immigrants: YES



Provision of Medicaid followingthe five-year bar: NO






Health Care


Funding amount: N/A




OklahomaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens



in poverty.







11

$20,556 (43)


the five-year bar:

Sponsor-deeming:






YES

NO

N/A

YES

$292 (37)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A



NO

N/A

N/A











Funding amount: N/A


THE URBANINSTITUTE



45

OregonPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens


41%

Below Poverty29% o Level









5

$24,393 (24)








Th---.7Assessing

the NewFederalism

YES

YES

YES

YES

$460 (14)

YES

Qualified immigrants


YESStatewideElderly and disabled

Qualified immigrants

$298 (10)



NO

N/A

N/A




NO




NO

5





Funding amount: N/A



51

PennsylvaniaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996



Noncitizens


53%

Below Poverty25% CI Level

si Between 100% and 200% ofPoverty Level

1-1 Over 200% ofPoverty Level

22%







33

$26,058 (16)







YES

YES

YES

YES

$421 (22)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESStatewideDisabled; families with children





NO

N/A

N/A








Eligible group(s): Disabled; families withchildren; childless adults



Funding amount:


NO

N/A

THE URBANINSTITUTE

STATE SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC BENEFITS FOR IMMIGRANTS: A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO "PATCHWORK POLICIES" 47


Rhode IslandPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

4% 7%



Noncitizens


19%

49%

032%










26

$25,760 (18)








immigrants:YES Eligible group(s):NO Sponsor-deeming:

YES

$554 (9)

NO

N/A

N/A


Pre-enactment and certainpost-enactment immigrants



YES

Pre-enactment immigrants

NO



Sponsor-deeming: NO






Immigrant eligibility: Pre-enactment and certainpost-enactment immigrants


Funding amount: $389,000 (FY 98)

Note: Summary information only. See Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welthre Reform for details. N/A=Not applicable.Source: The Urban Institute, data collected from state administrators and secondary documents. Data are current as of summer/fall 1998,unless otherwise noted.


53

South CarolinaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*

1% 0%Native U.S.-bornPopulation


Noncitizens



in poverty.

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correctforoverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.'Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.






12

$20,755 (40)








YES

NO

N/A

Undecided

$201 (46)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A


immigrants: NO









State health insurance program: Informationnot available

Eligible group(s): Information not available

Immigrant eligibility: Information not available


Funding amount:


NO

N/A

THE URBANINSTITUTE



49

South DakotaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*

0% 1%

CI99%



Noncitizens



in poverty.







38

$21,447 (38)









`=Assessingthe NewFederalism

NO

NO

N/A

Undecided

$430 (17)

NO

N/A

N/A


Varies by county

Varies by county

Varies by county





Sponsor-deeming:






Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

NO

N/A

Undecided

NO

7

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A



55

Tennessee




Noncitizens



in poverty.





31

(34)








YES

YES

YES

YES

$185 (49)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A





Sponsor-deeming:






Funding amount:

NO

N/A

N/A

YES

NO

N/A

YES

NO

4

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A


THE URBANINSTITUTE


56

51

TexasPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

9%

Native U.S.-bornC3 Population


Noncitizens


Below Poverty34% 34% CI Level



32%







17

$23,656 (29)










immigrants:NO

N/A

NO

$188 (48)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A

YES

Eligible group(s): Pre-enactment elderly anddisabled immigrants

Sponsor-deeming: NO











Funding amount: N/A



57

UtahPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996 Noncitizen Population by Poverty Level, 1996

2% 3%

95%



Noncitizens

Below Poverty34% 32% Level

NI Between 100% and 200% ofPoverty Level

0 Over 200% of" Poverty Level

34%

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Burcau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correct foroverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.






34

$20,432 (45)







YES

YES

YES

NO

$426 (19)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESStatewideDisabled; childless adults

Immigrant eligibility: Pre-enactment immigrants




Health Care

NO

N/A

N/A

Medicaid to pre-enactment immigrants: YES








Immigrant eligibility: Qualified pre-enactmentand post-enactment immigrants



Funding amount:


NO

N/A

THE URBANINSTITUTE



`53'

VermontPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*



Noncitizens



in poverty.

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS) data. Three-year CPS averages (1995, 1996, 1997) were adjusted to correct foroverstatement of citizenship status to conform to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data. Noncitizen estimates include undocumented immigrants.*Population estimates for this state should be used with caution because of small sample sizes.






35

$23,401 (31)






GA or similar cash program:Eligible group(s): Elderly and

YES

YES



1998 GA benefit level forindividual (state rank):

YES

$656 (2)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESStatewidedisabled; families

with children; childless adults


an$4041(2)

1. The maximum monthly benefit in Chittenden County is $449.00.2. This information is for Vermont's General Assistance Medical program. Seetables and text in Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants underWelfare Reform for information on Vermont's other state health insuranceprogram.



immigrants: NO













Funding amount:


NO

N/A


59

VirginiaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

2% 4%



0 Noncitizens


59%

17%Below Poverty

" Level


Over 200% of24%13 Poverty Level





31

(15)








YES

NO

N/A

Undecided

$354 (31)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A


immigrants: NO





Sponsor-deeming: Information not avail able

Provision of Medicaid followingthe five-year bar: NO







Funding amount: N/A

Note: Summary information only. See Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reform for details. N/ANot applicable.Source: The Urban Institute, data collected from state administrators and secondary documents. Data are current as of summer/fall 1998,unless otherwise noted.



6 fl

5,5

WashingtonPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

3% 4%



Noncitizens



si Between 100% and 200% of52% Poverty Level

o Over 200% of" Poverty Level

21%







27

$26,718 (13)








YES

YES

YES

YES

$546 (11)

NO

N/A

N/A

YESStatewideDisabled; children and

pregnant women



1. This information is for Washington's Basic Health Plan. See tables and text inPatchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants under Welfare Reform forinformation on Washington's other state health insurance programs.




YES


YES









Immigrant eligibility:1 All immigrant groups





61

West VirginiaPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*

0% 1%

99%



Noncitizens



in poverty.







19

$18,957 (50)








YES

NO

N/A

YES

$253 (44)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A



NO

N/A

N/A









Funding amount:


NO

6

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

THE URBANINSTITUTE


6 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE

57'

WisconsinPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996

1% 2%

Native U.S.-born1=1 Population


Noncitizens



in poverty.





39

(23)








YES

YES

YES

YES

$628 (4)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A


immigrants: YES

Eligible group(s): All qualified immigrants












Funding amount: N/A

'Assessingthe NewFederalism


58° STATE SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC BENEFITS FOR IMMIGRANTS: A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT TO "PATCHWORK POLICIES"

63

WyomingPopulation by Nativity and Citizenship, 1996*



Noncitizens



in poverty.





15

(35)








YES

YES

YES

YES

$340 (34)

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

N/A

N/A

N/A





Sponsor-deeming:




State health insurance program:

NO

N/A

N/A

NO

NO

N/A

NO

NO

8

YES




Funding amount:


NO

N/A

THE URBANINSTITUTE


R d

59

About the Authors

Karen C. Tumlin is a research associate in the Urban Institute's Population StudiesCenter. Her work focuses on immigrant policy and child welfare. For the Assessingthe New Federalism project, she has coauthored several reports, including The Costof Protecting Vulnerable Children: Understanding Federal, State, and Local ChildWelfare Spending and Patchwork Policies: State Assistance for Immigrants underWelfare Reform.

Wendy Zimmermann is a senior research associate in the Urban Institute's Popu-lation Studies Center. Her research concentrates on immigration and immigrantpolicy. She has coauthored several recent publications on immigrants and welfarereform, including The Legacies of Welfare Reform's Immigrant Restrictions andDeclining Immigrant Applications for Medi-Cal and Welfare Benefits in Los Angeles.

Jason Ost was an intern in the Urban Institute's Population Studies Center, wherehe assisted in developing and maintaining the database of state decisions regardingimmigrant eligibility for this report. Mr. Ost is a recent graduate of GeorgetownUniversity.

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