REPORT ON THE LABORATORY TESTS OF GEOTEXTILES
Specimen: MXC 20 non‐woven
Submitted to:
Maccaferri (M) Sdn. Bhd. (257846-U)
Unit 511, Block G, Phileo Damansara 1, 9, Jalan 16/11, Off Jalan Damansara,
46350 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Submitted by:
Prof. Dennes T. Bergado ACSIG Director
School of Engineering and Technology Asian Institute of Technology Km. 42 Phaholyothin Road Pathumthani Province
3 April 2013
Street Address: Km. 42 Phaholyothin Highway Klong Luang Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Postal Address: P.O. Box 4 Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
Prof. Dennes T. Bergado, Director Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics (ACSIG) School of Engineering and Technology (SET)
(For local calls, dial 02 before the tel/fax nos.) Tel: (66-2)524-5512 (66-2)524-5523 Fax: (66-2)524-6050 (66-2)524-5509 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ait.ac.th
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
Table of Contents..................................................................................................................................i List of Tables..........................................................................................................................................i List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... ii
1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 1
2 GEOTEXTILE CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................................... 1 2.1 Wide‐Width Strip Tensile Strength........................................................................ 1 2.2 Grab Tensile Strength ............................................................................................ 1 2.3 CBR Puncture Resistance....................................................................................... 1 2.4 Flow Rate ............................................................................................................... 1 2.5 Thickness ............................................................................................................... 2 2.6 Mass Per Unit Area (Weight)................................................................................. 2 2.7 Apparent Opening Size .......................................................................................... 2
3 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS......................................................................................... 2
4 DISCLAIMER ................................................................................................................... 3
5 REFERENCES................................................................................................................... 4 TABLES ........................................................................................................................................5
FIGURES............................................................................................................................................ 6‐9
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Measured wide‐width tensile strength values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Table 2 Measured grab tensile strength values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Table 3 Measured CBR puncture resistance strength values of MXC 20 nonwoven
geotextile Table 4 Measured permeability values of the MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Table 5 Measured thickness values of the MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Table 6 Measured mass per unit area values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Table 7 Measured apparent opening size (AOS) values of the MXC 20 nonwoven
geotextile Table 8 Summary of Laboratory Test Results of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1 Wide‐width tensile test load‐elongation curves of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile at machine direction
Fig. 2 Wide‐width tensile test load‐elongation curves of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile at cross machine direction
Fig. 3 Grab tensile test load‐elongation curves of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile at machine direction
Fig. 4 CBR Puncture Load‐displacement curves of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
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1 BACKGROUND
The design and performance of geotextiles generally vary depending on its functions and applications. Geotextiles usually function as separator, drain, filter, reinforcement and protection. Typical applications include subgrade stabilization, subsoil drainage and filtration, reinforced soil embankment, side slopes and retaining walls and erosion protection. This report presents some index properties of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile which may help assess its suitability to perform the desired function and application. The sample was submitted by Maccaferri Asia.
2 GEOTEXTILE CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Wide‐Width Strip Tensile Strength
This test was conducted in accordance with ISO 10319. A 200mmwide specimen was clamped across its entire width and an increasing longitudinal load was applied at a rate of 20mm/min until the specimen ruptured. Measured wide‐width tensile strength values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile are presented in Table 1 and the load‐elongation curves in machine and cross machine direction are shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
2.2 Grab Tensile Strength
ASTM defines grab tensile strength as the strength of the material in a specific width, wherein only a part of the width is gripped by the clamps. The laboratory test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D4632 (Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextile). In this test, a continually increasing load at a rate of 300 mm/min was applied longitudinally to the specimen and the test was carried to rupture. Measured grab tensile strength values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile are presented in Table 2 and the load‐elongation curves in machine and cross machine direction are shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
2.3 CBR Puncture Resistance
Puncture resistance is the inherent resisting mechanism of the test specimen to failure by a penetrating object. The laboratory test was conducted in accordance with ISO 12236. In this test, a25cm x 25cm specimen is clamped without tension between circular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in the tensile testing machine. A flat‐ended radius‐edged plunger is advanced centrally and normal to and through the test specimen at a rate of 50mm/min. Load displacement values are obtained through an interfaced computer. Measured puncture resistance values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile are presented in Table 3.
2.4 Flow Rate The water flow through a geotextile is the flow of water through a single layer of geotextile normal to the plane of the geotextile is measured under specified conditions. The laboratory test was conducted in accordance with ISO 11058. Measured water flow rate values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile are presented in Table 4.
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
22.5 Thickness Thickness is defined as the distance between the upper and lower surfaces of the material, measured under a specified pressure. The laboratory test was conducted in accordance with ISO9863‐1. The specimen was placed on the anvil of the thickness gauge and the presser foot was lowered until the face of the specimen. The load was gradually increased to 0.02 ksc and the reading on the thickness gauge was taken 5 seconds after the application of the load. Measured thickness values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile are presented in Table 5. 2.6 Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) Mass per unit area of the geotextile indicates the weight of the geotextile. The laboratory test was conducted in accordance with ISO 9864 (Geosynthetics ‐‐ Test method for the determination of mass per unit area of geotextiles and geotextile‐related products.). A sample with a dimension of 200mm x 200mm (40,000 mm2) was weighed using a balance with 0.01 g. accuracy. The specimens were measured using a 1mm precision steel ruler and was cut in a way ensuring the ends were perpendicular to the other direction of the specimen. Measure weight values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile are presented in Table 6. 2.7 Apparent Opening Size
ASTM defines Apparent Opening Size (AOS) as the approximate largest particle that would effectively pass through the geotextile. To determine the AOS, laboratory test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D4751‐87 (Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile). The specimen was placed in a sieve frame and sized glass beads were placed on the geotextile surface. Using a mechanical sieve shaker, the specimen and frame were shaken laterally for 10 minutes such that the jarring motion induced the beads to pass through the specimen. To prevent the accumulation of static electricity on the surface of the specimen when the beads were shaken, static eliminators were attached to the cover of the pan. Measured apparent opening size values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile are presented in Table 7.
3 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS The laboratory test results of the properties of the MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile are summarised in Table 8.
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
3 4 DISCLAIMER The Maccaferri Asia is hereby forewarned that this report covers only the results of the MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile that was received and tested according to the specified ASTM test standards and testing atmosphere of 23 ± 2oC temperature and 70 ± 5% humidity. This report, however, may not represent the condition of other products with the same nomenclature. This report will be kept in the active file for six months after which it will be disposed. Very truly yours, ________________________ Prof. Dennes T. Bergado ACSIG Director Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics School of Engineering and Technology Asian Institute of Technology
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
45 REFERENCES
ASTM DESIGNATION: D4491. “Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity.” Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
ASTM DESIGNATION: D4632. " Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextile" Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
ASTM DESIGNATION: D4751. "Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of Geotextile." Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
ISO 9863‐1. Geotextiles ‐‐ Determination of thickness at specified pressures ‐‐ Part 1: Single layers. International Organization for Standardization.
ISO 9864. “Geosynthetics ‐‐ Test method for the determination of mass per unit area of geotextiles and geotextile‐related products.” International Organization for Standardization. ISO 10319. “Geosynthetics – Wide‐width Tensile Test”. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 11058. ” Geotextiles and geotextile‐related products ‐‐ Determination of water permeability
characteristics normal to the plane, without load “.International Organization for Standardization.
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
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Table 1 Measured wide‐width tensile strength values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextileTrial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean
Strength, N 12.4 10.9 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.5Elong.at break, % 112 122 65 65 65 86Strength, N 11.3 11.1 10.0 12.2 9.9 10.9Elong.at break, % 49 52 42 46 43 46
Table 2 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean
Strength, N 790 825 635 788 697 747
Elong.at break, % 87 80 77 80 105 86
Table 3
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean1,669 1,526 1,520 1,607 1,625 1,589
Table 4 Measured permittivity values of the MXC 20 nonwoven geotextileTrial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Mean2.22 2.13 2.29 2.21 2.21111.0 106.3 114.4 110.4 110.5
Table 5
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean1.36 1.90 1.46 1.72 1.79 1.65
Table 6 Measured mass per unit area values of the MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial4 Trial5 Mean142 147 145 148 148 146
Table 7
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial4 Trial5 Mean0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180
Table 8 Summary of Laboratory Test Results of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile
Wide‐width Tensile strengthStrengthElongationStrengthElongation
Strength
Elongation at break
ASTM D4751 0.180
Apparent Opening SizeO95, mm
Apparent Opening Size (O95) mm
Mass per Unit Area g/m² ISO 9864 146
Permittivity Test at 50mm head sec‐1 2.2
Flow Rate at 50mm head mm/s 111
ASTM D4491
ISO 11058
Flow Rate, mm/s
Mass per unit Areag/m²
Measured apparent opening size (AOS) values of the MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile
1,589
ISO 10319%
ISO 12236
N
MD
Measured CBR puncture resistance strength values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextileCBR Puncture Resistance
Test MethodUnit Measured ValueProperty
% 46
Wide‐width tensile strength
Grab Tensile Strength
Strength, N
MD
Measured Grab Tesntile Strength values of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile
Permittivity Test at 50 mm head
Permittivity, sec‐1
Thickness mm ISO 9863 1.65
CBR Puncture Resistance N
CD
CDkN/m
Measured thickness values of the MXC 20 nonwoven geotextileThickness
mm
1186
86
MD
MD ASTM D4632%
747
ISO 10319
kN/m
Grab Tensile Strength
11
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
6ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Program
Wide‐Width Tensile Strength TestISO 10319
Job No: MR13‐51 26/3/2013
Sample: MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile CNRoll No.: ‐ STA
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean Std.Dev.12.4 10.9 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.5 1.03112 122 65 65 65 86 25.73
Fig. 1
Wide‐Width Tensile
Date:Tested by:
Checked by:
Strength, kN/mElongation, %
Wide‐width tensile test load‐elongation curves of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile at machine direction
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
STRAIN (%)
LOAD (kN/m
)
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
7
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Program
Wide‐Width Tensile Strength TestISO 10319
Job No: MR13‐51 26/3/2013
Sample: MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile CNRoll No.: ‐ STA
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean Std.Dev.11.3 11.1 10.0 12.2 9.9 10.9 0.8749 52 42 46 43 46 3.84
Fig. 2
Strength, kN/mElongation, %
Wide‐width tensile test load‐elongation curves of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile at cross machine direction
Wide‐Width Tensile
Date:Tested by:
Checked by:
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 20 40 60 80
STRAIN (%)
LOAD (kN/m
)
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
8
Job No: MR13‐51 Date: 26/3/2013
Sample: MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Tested by: CNLot no.: Checked by: STA
Grab Tensile Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean Std.Dev.Strength at break, N 790 825 635 788 697 747 70.31Elongation at break, % 87 80 77 80 105 86 10.06
Fig. 3
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Program
Grab Tensile Strength TestASTM D4632
Grab tensile strength load‐elongation curves of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile at machine direction
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
STRAIN (%)
LOAD (N
)
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
ACSIG - Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics
9
Job No: MR13‐51 Date: 26/3/2013
Sample: MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Tested by: CNLot no.: Checked by: STA
CBR Puncture Trial1 Trial2 Trial3 Trial4 Trial5 Mean Std. Dev.Resistance, N 1669 1526 1520 1607 1625 1589 57.87
Fig. 4 CBR Puncture Load‐displacement curves of MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Program
Static Puncture Strength Using a 50‐mm ProbeISO 12236
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 10 20 30 40 50
Displacement, mm
Load
, N
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
APPENDIX
Client: MACCAFERRI ASIA Sample No:Sample MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Date Tested:Job No.: Tested By:
Range (mm) Minimum Wt. of Pan Wt. F+G Wt. of Wt. of Pan Wt. of F+G Wt. of beads % retained Wt. Passed % Passed
US Std. Mesh Dia. (mm) (g) (g) Beads (g) w/ Beads + beads retained
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.212
60‐70
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.180 453.61 372.35 50 454.98 420.98 48.63 97.26 1.37 2.74
70 ‐ 80
0.180 ‐ 0.150 0.150
80 ‐ 100
0.150 ‐ 0.125 0.125
100 ‐ 120
0.125 ‐ 0.106 0.106
120 ‐ 140
0.106 ‐ 0.090 0.090
140 ‐ 170
0.090 ‐ 0.075 0.075
170 ‐ 200
F=Frame AOS O95 (mm ) 0.180 Data Entered By: STA
G=Geotextiles Date: 26/3/2013
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
1
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Program
Determining Apparent Opening Size(AOS) of a Geotextile ASTM D4751
26/3/2013CNMR13‐51
Client: MACCAFERRI ASIA Sample No:Sample MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Date Tested:Job No.: Tested By:
Range (mm) Minimum Wt. of Pan Wt. F+G Wt. of Wt. of Pan Wt. of F+G Wt. of beads % retained Wt. Passed % Passed
US Std. Mesh Dia. (mm) (g) (g) Beads (g) w/ Beads + beads retained
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.212
60‐70
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.180 453.61 370.93 50 459.18 415.36 44.43 88.86 5.57 11.14
70 ‐ 80
0.180 ‐ 0.150 0.150
80 ‐ 100
0.150 ‐ 0.125 0.125
100 ‐ 120
0.125 ‐ 0.106 0.106
120 ‐ 140
0.106 ‐ 0.090 0.090
140 ‐ 170
0.090 ‐ 0.075 0.075
170 ‐ 200
F=Frame AOS O95 (mm ) 0.180 Data Entered By: STA
G=Geotextiles Date: 26/3/2013
MR13‐51
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Program
Determining Apparent Opening Size(AOS) of a Geotextile ASTM D4751
26/3/2013CN
Client: MACCAFERRI ASIA Sample No:Sample MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Date Tested:Job No.: Tested By:
Range (mm) Minimum Wt. of Pan Wt. F+G Wt. of Wt. of Pan Wt. of F+G Wt. of beads % retained Wt. Passed % Passed
US Std. Mesh Dia. (mm) (g) (g) Beads (g) w/ Beads + beads retained
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.212
60‐70
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.180 453.61 372.12 50 457.01 418.72 46.60 93.20 3.40 6.80
70 ‐ 80
0.180 ‐ 0.150 0.150
80 ‐ 100
0.150 ‐ 0.125 0.125
100 ‐ 120
0.125 ‐ 0.106 0.106
120 ‐ 140
0.106 ‐ 0.090 0.090
140 ‐ 170
0.090 ‐ 0.075 0.075
170 ‐ 200
F=Frame AOS O95 (mm ) 0.180 Data Entered By: STA
G=Geotextiles Date: 26/3/2013
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
3
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Program
Determining Apparent Opening Size(AOS) of a Geotextile ASTM D4751
26/3/2013CNMR13‐51
Client: MACCAFERRI ASIA Sample No:Sample MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Date Tested:Job No.: Tested By:
Range (mm) Minimum Wt. of Pan Wt. F+G Wt. of Wt. of Pan Wt. of F+G Wt. of beads % retained Wt. Passed % Passed
US Std. Mesh Dia. (mm) (g) (g) Beads (g) w/ Beads + beads retained
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.212
60‐70
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.180 453.61 371.43 50 456.31 418.73 47.30 94.60 2.70 5.40
70 ‐ 80
0.180 ‐ 0.150 0.150
80 ‐ 100
0.150 ‐ 0.125 0.125
100 ‐ 120
0.125 ‐ 0.106 0.106
120 ‐ 140
0.106 ‐ 0.090 0.090
140 ‐ 170
0.090 ‐ 0.075 0.075
170 ‐ 200
F=Frame AOS O95 (mm ) 0.180 Data Entered By: STA
G=Geotextiles Date: 26/3/2013
MR13‐51
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
4
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Program
Determining Apparent Opening Size(AOS) of a Geotextile ASTM D4751
26/3/2013CN
Client: MACCAFERRI ASIA Sample No:Sample MXC 20 nonwoven geotextile Date Tested:Job No.: Tested By:
Range (mm) Minimum Wt. of Pan Wt. F+G Wt. of Wt. of Pan Wt. of F+G Wt. of beads % retained Wt. Passed % Passed
US Std. Mesh Dia. (mm) (g) (g) Beads (g) w/ Beads + beads retained
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.212
60‐70
0.212 ‐ 0.180 0.180 453.61 372.21 50 453.66 422.16 49.95 99.90 0.05 0.10
70 ‐ 80
0.180 ‐ 0.150 0.150
80 ‐ 100
0.150 ‐ 0.125 0.125
100 ‐ 120
0.125 ‐ 0.106 0.106
120 ‐ 140
0.106 ‐ 0.090 0.090
140 ‐ 170
0.090 ‐ 0.075 0.075
170 ‐ 200
F=Frame AOS O95 (mm ) 0.180 Data Entered By: STA
G=Geotextiles Date: 26/3/2013
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
5
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Program
Determining Apparent Opening Size(AOS) of a Geotextile ASTM D4751
26/3/2013CNMR13‐51
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