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Civil Aviation Training Institute
Civil Aviation Training InstituteCivil Aviation Training InstituteHyderabadHyderabad--PakistanPakistan
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Radio Navigational Aids
Radio Navigational AidsRadio Navigational Aids
ByByZulfiqarZulfiqarMiraniMiraniSenior Electronics EngineerSenior Electronics Engineer
School of Electronics EngineeringSchool of Electronics Engineering
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Navigation
Navigation systems are the basis for an aircraft's ability to get from oneplace to another and know where it is and what course to follow. It'smore than just maps. The closest thing today's automobiles come to anaviation navigation system is the "navigation center" some automobilescome with. These computers establish an automobile's position viasatellite and place the position on a moving map. Intelligenceprogrammed into the system allows the driver to navigate to destinationby executing instructions provided by the system.
Historically, aircraft navigated by means of a set of ground-based
beacons, each broadcasting on its own frequencies. Aircraft systemscould tune into the frequencies of two of these beacons and fly betweenthem (fromone beacon tothe next). Knowing where the aircraft isbetween two of these beacons allows the aircraft to know where it is in aglobal sense. Since the 1980s, aircraft systems have evolved towardsthe use of satellite navigation.
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Radio Navigation Systems
Types of Radio Navigation Systems
1) En-route Navigation
NDB (Radio Beacons)
VOR
DME
2) Aids to Approach, Landing and Departure
ILS
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Non Directional Beacon(NDB)
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Non Directional Beacon (NDB)
Purpose
It is used with direction finding equipment in the aircraft to
provide bearing information of a location on the air route orof an airport.
The NDB equipment is installed en-route areas as well as
on the airports to provide navigational guidance to the pilot.
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NDB: Operating Frequency:
ICAO has assigned Low and Medium Frequency band of200 1750 KHz for NDB operation; where as most of NDBequipments are found operating within frequency band of
200-525 KHz.
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NDB:
Construction
NDB consists of
LF/MF Transmitter LF/MF Antenna and
Monitor
Transmission
It radiates a non-directional pattern permitting reception fromany point within service range of the facility (usually 200 NM).Station identification code in the form of two letter Morse Codeis also transmitted by the NDB.
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NDB: Airborne Indication
An airborne radio direction finding (RDF) equipment oncetuned to the signal indicates bearing of the NDB transmitterwith respect to aircraft heading. Bearing Indicator displaysthe bearing of the station relative to the nose (heading) ofthe aircraft.Relative Bearingis the angle formed by the line drawnthrough the center line of the aircraft and a line drawn fromthe aircraft to the radio station.
Magnetic Bearingis the angle formed by a line drawn fromaircraft to the radio station and a line drawn from the aircraftto magnetic north (Bearing to station).
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NDB: Relative and Magnetic Bearing
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NDB: Airborne Equipment
Airborne equipments that interacts with NDB (groundstation) is called Automatic Direction Finder (A.D.F) andindicates bearing on a full 360 degree radial. Figure 2-3
shows pictures of ADF.
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NDB: Airborne Equipment -Samples
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NDB: ADF Airborne Indicators
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VHF Omni Range(VOR)
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VOR
Purpose
It is a radio aid that provides, with inter action of airborneequipment, information about azimuth, the course and TO-
FROM to the pilot.
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VOR: Information
AZIMUTH in VOR is a clockwise angle between magneticnorth and the line connecting the VOR and the aircraft. Theindication is displayed on an Omni Bearing Indicator in theaircraft.
The COURSE is the information whether aircraft is flying tothe left or right of, or exactly on the pre-selected course line.The course information is displayed on a Flight Path
Deviation Indicator.
TO-FROM indication tells the pilot whether an aircraft isapproaching to or moving away from VOR stations.
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VOR
Operating Frequency
VOR is assigned to operate in VHF band range from 112118 MHz.
Transmission
It radiates two radio signals modulated at 30 Hz, areference signalwhich has constant phase through out 360
degrees and a variable signalwhose phase varies withvariation in azimuth. Station identification code, consistingtwo or three letters, in the form of Morse code is alsotransmitted by the VOR.
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VOR: Some Considerations
The VOR is usually located at airfields but as they serveto define designated air routes [airways] they are alsoinstalled away from airfields, on the key air routelocations
As VHF transmissions are line-of-sight; the ground to airrange, thus, depends on the elevation of the transmittersite, the height of the aircraft and the power output. Any
obstacles (buildings, mountains or other terrain features,including the curvature of the earth) block VOR signalsand restrict the distance over which they are received ata given altitude.
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VOR: Airborne Indication
Indications of VOR information are given on airborneindicators as follows.
Course Selector is used in conjunction with left-right needleand To-From indicator to display VOR information.
This type of display is called Omni Bearing Indicator or
OBI (as commonly refereed by the pilots). The courseselection can be displayed on a 360 degree azimuth dial ora 3 digit counter.
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VOR: Airborne Indicators
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VOR: The Course Deviation Indication
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VOR: TO-FROM Information
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Distance Measuring EquipmentDistance Measuring Equipment
(DME)(DME)
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DMEDMEDME
The DME system is to provide continuous and accurate
indication of the slant range distanceslant range distance (expressed in nauticalmiles) of an equipped ground reference point (i,e ground
DME facility).
System Components:System Components:
The system consists of two basic components, one fitted
into the aircraft and the other installed on the ground.
The aircraft equipment is referred to as INTRROGATORINTRROGATOR
and the ground component as TRANSPONDERTRANSPONDER..
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DME: Operating FrequenciesDME: Operating FrequenciesDME: Operating Frequencies
The system operates within frequency band of 960 MHz to
1215 MHz.
The interrogation and Reply frequencies are assigned
frequencies with, at least, 1 MHz separation.
The DME operates in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band
and therefore is restricted to line-of-sight transmission.
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DME: Principle of operationDME: Principle of operationDME: Principle of operation
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DME: Range DeterminationDME: Range DeterminationDME: Range Determination
Distance measurement in DME utilizes two way travel time
of the pulses and is called range timerange time. As used in DMErange timerange time is the interval of time between transmission of an
interrogation to the reception of a reply to that interrogation
(exclusive of system delay and pulse pair spacing).
Notice that range time is the time required for a signal to
travel a given distance twice, therefore range time for OneNM is the time it takes a signal to travel actual distance of
Two NM.
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DME: Range DeterminationDME: Range DeterminationDME: Range Determination
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DME: Capability and CoverageDME: Capability and CoverageDME: Capability and Coverage
Aircraft Handling Capability:Aircraft Handling Capability:
The transponder equipment should be capable of handling100 aircrafts or peak traffic which ever is less.
Coverage:Coverage:
DME facility provides coverage up to 200 NM.
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DME: Airborne IndicationDME: Airborne IndicationDME: Airborne Indication
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Instrument Landing SystemInstrument Landing System
(I.L.S)(I.L.S)
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ILSILSILS
It is a radio aid to the final approach and is used only within
a short distance from the airport. Its purpose is to help thepilot land the airplane. It is very helpful when visibility islimited and the pilot cannot see the airport and runway.
The landing path in ILS is determined by intersection of twoplanes a vertical plane and a horizontal plane. HorizontalHorizontalplaneplane contains information of the Central Line of a runway
and Vertical planeVertical plane provides Glide Path angle.
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ILS: ConstructionILS: ConstructionILS: Construction
Localizer
Glide Slope Marker Beacons
ILS comprises of the following three components or sub-
systems:
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ILS : Location and OperationILS : Location and OperationILS : Location and Operation
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ILS: LocalizerILS: LocalizerILS: Localizer
Localizer is installed at the STOP ENDSTOP END of a runway.
It provides central linecentral line information to the pilot approaching the
aircraft for landing. The localizer signal is transmitted at the far
end of the runway.
It is assigned specific transmitting frequency in the VHF band
ranging between 108 MHz to 112 MHz.
Each localizer is identified by two or three letter Morse code
designator preceded by the letter I, which is modulated at 1020
Hz signal and transmitted six times per minute. For example: IKCfor ILS of Karachi Airport.
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ILS: Localizer Airborne IndicationILS: Localizer Airborne IndicationILS: Localizer Airborne Indication
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ILS: Glide SlopeILS: Glide SlopeILS: Glide Slope
Glide slope is installed at the APPROACH END of a
runway. The transmitter is located 750 to 1,250 feet (ft)down the runway from the threshold, offset 400 to 600 ftfrom the runway centerline. The Glide path is adjusted toproject an angle of 20 (degrees) above the horizon. This
angle may vary between 20 and 4.50 degrees dependingupon obstructions along an approach angle.
Coverage:Coverage:The Glide Slope is to provide signals sufficient to allowsatisfactory operation in the sector of 8 degrees on eachside of the Glide path to a distance of 10 NM.
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ILS: Glide Path Airborne IndicationILS: Glide Path Airborne IndicationILS: Glide Path Airborne Indication
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ILS :ILS :ILS :
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ILS: Marker BeaconsILS: Marker BeaconsILS: Marker Beacons
Marker beacons associated with ILS are designated as:
Outer Marker (OM),
Middle Marker (MM)
Inner Marker (IM)
The Markers are located along a localizer front course at
specific distances from the approach endapproach end of the runway
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Outer MarkerOuter Marker
It is located at 4 to 7 miles from the approach end of a runway and
identified by transmission ofcontinuous dashes. The OM is modulatedat 400 Hz that activates PURPLE light on Pilots instrument panel.
Middle MarkerMiddle Marker
MM is located at approximately 3,500 feet (1050 meters) from theapproach end of runway and identified by transmission ofalternatingdots and dashes. The MM is modulated at 1,300 Hz that activatesAMBER light on Pilots instrument panel.
Inner MarkerInner Marker
IM is identified by transmission ofcontinuous dots transmitted at a rateof 6 dots per second. It is installed between 250 feet and 1500 feet (450meters) from the runway threshold. The signal is modulated at 3000 Hz
and activates WHITE light.
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RADARRADAR
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RadarRadarRadar
The term RADARRADAR is derived from RADIO DETECTIONRADIO DETECTION
AND RANGING.AND RANGING.
Radar is a method whereby radio waves are transmitted
into the air in a specific direction and are received whenthey are reflected by an object in the path of the beam.
RANGERANGE in RADAR is determined by measuring the time,radio wave takes, from the radiation to return of its echo;
whereas DIRECTION is determined from the position of
antenna at the time of reception of signal.
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FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ATC RADAR SYSTEMSFUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ATC RADAR SYSTEMSFUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ATC RADAR SYSTEMS
1. En-route Radar
2. Terminal Approach Radar3. Precision Approach Radar
4. Ground Movement Radar
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TYPES OF RADARTYPES OF RADARTYPES OF RADAR
Primary RadarPrimary Radar
It provides Range and BearingRange and Bearing information to the AirTraffic Control Center. It does not need cooperation of theaircraft for providing information as above for it dependsupon reflection of the radio waves transmitted by the system
itself.
Secondary RadarSecondary Radar
It provides identification and altitudeidentification and altitude information to groundATC. It works with cooperation of the aircraft. Theinformation produced by the Secondary Radar is thereforefunction of both ground equipment and airborne equipment.
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Primary Radar PrinciplePrimary Radar PrinciplePrimary Radar Principle
P i R d O ti
P i R d O tiP i R d O ti
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Primary Radar OperationPrimary Radar OperationPrimary Radar Operation
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Primary Radar IndicationPrimary Radar IndicationPrimary Radar Indication
S d R d O ti
S d R d O tiS d R d O ti
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Secondary Radar OperationSecondary Radar OperationSecondary Radar Operation
S d R d I di ti
S d R d I di tiS d R d I di ti
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Secondary Radar IndicationSecondary Radar IndicationSecondary Radar Indication
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