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1.1 INTRODUCTION
It was in the 1950s that plastics began to come into wide use, yet within
few years, production has risen at an unparalleled rate. Plastic products have
become an indispensable part of our daily lives as many objects of daily use are
made from some ind of plastic. Plastic has many advantages over other materials
as it costs less, resists corrosion and is highly fle!ible and strong. "hile all these
properties mae it the ideal material for maing many substances. #ecause of the
advantages that plastic products offer, its use has increased plastic waste. Plastic
consumption has increased much more than the world average due to rapid
urbani$ation and economic development. %ue to the increase in generation, waste
plastics are becoming a major stream in solid waste.
Plastic products cannot be decomposable, it cannot be biodegradable.
Plastic can be produced once, it stay on earth forever. &he manufacturing of
plastic also consumes water and releases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
contributing to global warming. Plastic being light weight can be transported to
long distance easily by water or air. It is also responsible for the deaths of many
animals, fishes and birds.
'n the other hand, another biggest problem is that we are facing increasing
prices of petroleum. 'ur India is one of the biggest consumers of fuel lie petrol,
diesel and erosene. India imported about ()*rd of its petroleum re+uirements last
year which involved a cost of appro!imately s.-0, 000 crores in foreign
e!change. ven 5/ replacement of petroleum fuel by plastic fuel can help India,
to save s. 000 crores per year. It is important that the option for substitution of
petroleum fuels be e!plored to control this rapidly growing import bill.
&odays age is generally nown as plastic age. 'ur future is depended on
this plastic. &hough it is too useful, improper management of this plastic waste is
subject of concern. &here isnt any process for disposing the plastic waste. 2ence,
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it is the needed that plastic products must be recycled and must not end in
landfills. Plastic recycling offers a viable solution to these problems.
'ver the years, different waste management, treatment and disposal
methods have been adopted apart from the traditional options of landfill and
incineration. mphasis is now shifting to technologies that will be acceptable to
the end users. 'ne of such technologies is pyrolysis. Pyrolytic technology among
other methods is a way of harnessing the energy in these wastes, providing a good
method of disposing the wastes without affecting the ecological system. 'n the
other hand, it can provide an opportunity to collect and dispose of plastic waste in
the most environmental friendly way and it can be converted into a resource.
In its simplest form, this involves heating and decomposing mi!ed plastics
in the absence of o!ygen. 3nlie mechanical recycling techni+ues, in which the
long polymeric chains of the plastic are preserved intact, pyrolysis produces lower
molecular weight fragments. #y adjusting operating conditions, the rate and
e!tent of decomposition can be controlled. In this way, it is possible to obtain a
predominantly li+uid hydrocarbon product with potential for use as a fuel or a
refinery feedstoc.
&his approach can be applied to -0/ of commodity plastics, so mi!ed
plastic wastes can usually be handled without the need for segregation by polymer
type. In most of the situations, plastic waste recycling could also be economically
viable, as it generates resources, which are in high demand. Plastic waste
recycling also has a great potential for resource conservation. If pyrolysis is
studied economical and efficiency point of view it is much better techni+ue of
recycling mi!ed plastic waste.
OBJECTIVE
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4ince the global energy crises of the 190s, there has been a trend towards use of
alternative energy sources to replace fossil fuel worldwide. In this project we
trying to minimi$ed the plastic waste by recycling. "e get energy recovery from
it. Product obtained during this project may replace or use as alternative to any of
petroleum product. "e compare the characteristics of the product with other
petroleum product. &he results are shown in chapter *.
2. Literature Review
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The literature review/survey is based on the references mentioned at last of this
project report.The market data ,plastic sources are based on paper(!.The material
properties mentioned in the report are based on the literature collected from
books("rydson,#dab $handra!.%imilarly the municipal waste &eneration data is
refered from paper('!.
2. )*#T +% )#%T-
6"aste is generally termed as a material which is unwanted or unusable.7
r It may be also defined as 6substances which are disposed of or are intended to
be disposed of or are re+uired to be disposed of.7 r6&he material which are
discarded after used at the end of their intended life span.7
ach household generates garbage or waste day in and day out. Items that
we no longer need or do not have any further use for fall in the category of waste,
and we tend to throw them away. "astes may be generated during the e!traction
of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final
products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities
"aste is directly lined to human development, both technologically and
socially. &he compositions of different wastes have varied over time and location,
with industrial development and innovation being directly lined to waste
materials. !amples of this include plastics and nuclear technology. 4ome
components of waste have economical value and can be recycledonce correctly
recovered.
'nce a substance or object has become waste, it will remain waste until it
has been fully recovered and no longer poses a potential threat to the environment
or to human health.
"aste is sometimes a subjective concept, because items that some people
discard may have value to others.
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2.2 MARKET DATA
Market Data World Consu!t"on o# !last"$s%
8onstant developments in polymer technology, processing machineries,
nowhow and cost effective production is fast replacing conventional materials
in every segment with plastics. 8ontinuous innovation e!plains that, the total
global production of plastics has grown from around 1.* million tons :;&< in
1950 to (5 ;& in (00=. Plastics continue to be a global success story with
urope and 4wit$erland, producing about (5/ of the total estimated worldwide
plastics production during (00=. Plastics consumption on a per capita basis has
now grown to over 100 g)y in >orth ?merica and "estern urope, with the
potential to grow to up to 1*0 g)y per capita by (010.
&he highest consumption of plastics among different countries in 34? is
(.* ;& and is e!pected to reach to *9 ;& by (010. In the developing parts of
?sia :e!cluding @apan
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i&. $omparison of per capita consumption of plastics over three different
periods.
India has a plastic consumption of *.( ;& during (000 and is e!pected to
reach nearly 1(.5 ;& by (010. In India, the amount of plastic waste during
(000)(001 was (.*- ;& and is estimated to rise to more than - ;& by (010 and
(0 ;& by (0*0.
&last"$ 'aste (enerat"on "n Ind"a%
&his data is regarding to the ;unicipals 4olid waste. &he below data shows
the waste of plastic material before recycling. &he pie chart of total ;4"
generation e!hibited 1(.0/ of plastic waste A it shows also other materials
wastes.
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i&2.0lastic waste &eneration in +ndia
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2.2 &)A*TIC WA*TE + *OURCE* O, -ENERATION
Plastic wastes can be classified as industrial and municipal plastic wastes
according to their originsB these groups have different +ualities and properties and
are subjected to different management strategies. Plastic wastes represent a
considerable part of municipal wastesB furthermore huge amounts of plastic waste
arise as a byproduct or faulty product in industry and agriculture.
'f the total plastic waste, over - wt/ of this total corresponds to
thermoplastics and the remaining to thermosets. &hermoplastics are composed of
polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl
chlorideand can be recycled. 'n the other hand thermosets mainly include epo!y
resins and polyurethanes and cannot be recycled.
MUNICI&A) &)A*TIC WA*TE*
;unicipal plastic wastes :;4"< normally remain a part of municipal solid
wastes as they are discarded and collected as household wastes. &he various
sources of ;4" plastics includes domestic items :food containers, pacaging
foam, disposable cups, plates, cutlery, 8% and cassette bo!es. fridge liners,
vending cups, electronic e+uipment cases, drainage pipe, carbonated drins
bottles, plumbing pipes and guttering, flooring. cushioning foams, thermal
insulation foams, surface coatings, etc.
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greater than water such as polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride, and those with a
density lower than that of water such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and
e!panded polystyrene. &he latter group is much larger than the first group.
8onse+uently, recycling of municipal plastic wastes should deal with
plastic mi!tures of polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene, provided that the
above separation procedures are practiced. ?lthough ;4" separation
technologies have been studied e!tensively, it is still not possible to classify ;4"
mechanically and obtain maretable fractions. 4o waste separation at the
household would be a better option with where household wastes are separately
disposed into three partsD
:i< combustibles such as paper, itchen waste, te!tiles, and wood,
:ii< incombustibles such as metals, glass, ceramics, and
:iii< plastics
1unicipal plastic wastes
*ospital kitchen
Tetile ther
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INDU*TRIA) &)A*TIC WA*TE*
Industrial plastic wastes :socalled primary "aste< are those arising from
the large plastics manufacturing, processing and pacaging industry. &he
industrial waste plastic mainly constitute plastics from construction and
demolition companies :e.g. polyvinyl chloride pipes and fittings, tiles and sheets'! or 4o! in
flue gas.
Clue gas cleaning is
re+uired to avoid emission
of ha$ardous components
in e!haust gas.
>itrogenD polyamide,
polyurethane
4ulfurD polyphenylene sulfide
Polymers containing
halogens of chlorine,
bromine and fluorine.
4ource of ha$ardous and
corrosive flue gas upon
thermal treatment and
combustion.
Polyvinyl chloride,
Polyvinylidene chloride,
brominecontaining flame
retardants and fluorocarbon
polymers.
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C/a!ter4
4.1 &5RO)5*I*
Earious methodologies have been tried and tested to process waste plastics
for many years, with recycling becoming the most common method reflecting
todays environmental re+uirements. Plastics that cannot be processed are handled
by waste management companies by normal land filling or incineration.
In recent years, the building or e!panding of gasifiers :most notably the
levels of emissions< has become difficult due to opposition from governments and
community groups with environmental concerns. Fi+uefaction of plastic is a
superior method of reusing this resource. &he distillate product is an e!cellent fuel
and maes pyrolysis one of the best, economically feasible and environmentally
sensitive recycling systems in the world today.
:Plastic waste converting to fueloncatalytic pyrolysis
$atalytic 0yrolysis83
Pyrolysis oil consists of a comple! mi!ture of aliphatic and aromatic
o!ygenates and particulates. It is very viscous, acidic and unstable li+uid with
relatively lowenergy density compared to conventional fossil oil. 4uch poor
+uality of the oil re+uires costly post treatment and maes complete process
economically less attractive. Presence of proper catalysts during the Pyrolysis
process can affect the networ of reactions and upgrade the oil. Providing good
contact between the catalyst and solid waste is essential to improve the efficiency
of Pyrolysis process. Fower Pyrolysis temperature is crucial ma!imi$ing oil yield
and +uality.
8atalytic pyrolysis maes whole process very efficient only drawbac
associated with system is high cost. !ample of catalyst used are $eolite, O4;5,
silicaalumina, 4?2?)O4;5, ;8;1)O4;5, C88.
9on3catalytic pyrolysis
&his pyrolysis process is carried out in absence of catalyst. It re+uires more
temperature conditions. Its main advantage is good efficiency of process with low
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cost. &he only thing about this process is we cannot target specific product.
&hermal pyrolysis is type of noncatalytic pyrolysis.
(. 'n the basis of speed :residence time of waste< of pyrolysis. It is classified
into main two groups
a. Cast Pyrolysis, and
b. 4low Pyrolysis.
ast 0yrolysis83
Clash Pyrolysis is characteri$ed by moderate temperatures between 00
=00o
8 and rapid heating rates (o
8)s. Eapor residence times are usually less than
two seconds.
%ue to the short vapor residence time, products are high +uality,
ethylenerich gases that could subse+uently be used to produce alcohols or
gasoline. &he production of char and tar is considerable less during this process.
Cast Pyrolysis can be further categori$ed into the followingD
#blative ast 0yrolysis pressure is applied to biomass to increase speed of
decomposition through use of centrifugal or mechanical force. Farger particles
of biomass can be used in this process.
$yclonic ast 0yrolysis also called vorte! fast pyrolysis, separates the solids
from the noncondensible gases and returns them to the mi!er.
Rotatin& $one ast 0yrolysis uses a compact high intensity reactor in
which biomass of ambient temperature is mi!ed with hot sand. 3pon mi!ing
with the hot sand, the biomass decomposes into 0/ condensible gases with
15/ noncondensible gases and 15/ char.
%low 0yrolysis83
4low Pyrolysis is characteri$ed by slow heating rates, low temperaturesand lengthy gas and solids residence times. %epending on the system, heating
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rates are about 0.1 to (o8)s and prevailing temperatures are around 500o8. Gas
residence time may be greater than five seconds. %uring conventional Pyrolysis,
the waste is slowly devolatilli$edB hence tar and char are the main products.
Eacuum pyrolysis
*. 'n the basis of temperature used pyrolysis again can be classified into two
classes
a. 2igh temperature pyrolysis
b. Fow temperature pyrolysis
*i&h temperature
2igh temperature pyrolysis taes place at 500 08 100008. It taes less
residence time and gives more gaseous product.
Low temperature
Fow temperature pyrolysis taes place below 50008 temperature. It taes
more residence time and gives more li+uid product.
. ?gain there are two major classes of pyrolysis on the basis of type of gas used
for purging
a. '!idative pyrolysis
b. >ono!idative pyrolysis
idative pyrolysis
'!idative pyrolysis is the process of pyrolysis which allow measured
amount of o!ygen in system. In this process co( is used as purging gas. It
re+u1ires less temperature than that of nono!idative pyrolysis.
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9on3oidative
>ono!idative pyrolysis is the process of pyrolysis which does not allow
o!ygen in the system. In this type of pyrolysis nitrogen is used as purging gas.
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4.2&RODUCT T5&E AND CARACTERI*TIC*
Plastics are separated into oil, gas and char residue by pyrolysis. ecovery
ratio and characteristics of the product distillate differs. &his depends on the types
of plastics and the level of contamination as shown in table below. ssentiallyD the
cleaner the feedstoc, the better the yield.
Table48 0roduct types of some plastics for pyrolysis
1ain products Type of plastics #s a feedstock of li:uid fuel
Fi+uid hydrocarbons Polyethylene :Pe!t re+uirement to mae process feasible in laboratory level was to mae
system lea proof. %uring the process the gases lea through the reactor or from
any joint such as joint between condenser and reactor. #ecause pyrolysis gives
highly ignitable gases and li+uid any mistae or careless action may cause fire in
laboratory. &o deal with problem we made our system lea proof as we can. "e
used silica gel, glass wool, white cement and plaster of paries as lea proof agent.
#y above efforts process of pyrolysis made feasible in laboratory level.
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W5 WE COO*E &5RO)5*I* &ROCE**=
Pyrolysis is one of the best methods for preserving valuable petroleum
resources in addition to protecting the environment by decreasing the volume of
nondegradable waste. ?dvantages of pyrolysis are reduces greenhouse gas
emissions and waste going to landfill,Produces a maretable product :electricity
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very short life span. &o form article from mi!ed plastic waste it is needed that that
waste must be of good +uality and should not be degraded or dirty.
?nother way of recycling of waste is Incineration which is purely used for
reduction of volume of waste. It includes burning of plastic waste in presence of
o!ygen. It emits ha$ardous gases and unable to give amount of energy plastic
could generate.
?nother way of dealing with plastic waste is Fand Cilling. Fand filling not
only responsible for loss in potential of plastic waste and loss in resources but also
for land pollution. It just helps to minimi$e volume of plastic waste.
Pyrolysis is highly efficient techni+ue of recycling. If (0000 g of plastic
waste under go for pyrolysis 19000 liter of li+uid is come as yield. It means
process is highly efficient. ?gain special feature of pyrolysis is that, mi!ed plastic
waste, unsorted, unclean can be processed through this techni+ue. &hird most
important feature is that it is environmentally attractive process. >either has it
evolved any harmful gases nor any solid waste to cause any pollution.
4o it is environmentally friendly techni+ue to process plastic waste. Fi+uid
fuel produced in this techni+ue can be used as automotive fuel after blending with
%iesel. Gases produced in pyrolysis can be used for pyrolysis unit itself :to
generate temperature re+uired for system
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C/a!ter6
6.1 DE*CRI&TION O, &5RO)5*I* *ET U&
1. ,URNACE
Des$r"!t"on o# #urna$e
&he essential condition to carry process of pyrolysis in laboratory is to
obtain and maintain temperature re+uirement for the process of pyrolysis.
;inimum temperature re+uirement for process of pyrolysis is 50o
c and thema!imum can reach up to =50oc. temperature need for our project was limited for
the range of *0oc to =00oc. &o achieve this much temperature at constant rate
laboratory furnace is needed furnace available to us was muffle furnace. %etail
related to muffle furnace is given bellow
9ameK ;uffle Curnace
*!e$"#"$at"ons%
Iolta&eK (50 volts
LoadK 10 amps.
Temp. Ran&eK 0 K 1(00oc
D"ens"ons%
%pace availableK 150W150W*00 mm( cross section.
+nsulation used glass wool, asbestos sheets.
Mod"#"$at"on "n #urna$e
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"ith the available furnace it is not possible to maintain the furnace
temperature at re+uired level. 4o we modify the furnace by attaching the digital
temperature controller which can control the furnace temperature at re+uired
level.
0ictorial representation of Temperature $ontroller and furnace
5.5i&ital Temperature $ontroller . urnace with temp. controller
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2. REACTOR
Des$r"!t"on o# rea$tor
It is feed containing vessel made up of stainless steel. eactor consists of
three opening on its top for different purposes as shown in below pictures.
Mod"#"$at"on "n rea$tor
&he previous reactor present was leaed from opening present at top due to
improper matching of condenser and reactor so modify the reactor by welding the
tapper section to the outlet for attaching the condenser system properly in order to
minimi$es the leaages as shown in picture. "e also attached the sensor from one
of the opening present to the reactor which shows inside temperature of reactor. It
is really difficult to attach the sensor to the reactor for this we sealed a hole of
reactor and ept a small opening through which we can insert the cable of the
sensor inside the reactor so that we minimi$es leaages.
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*$/eat"$ re!resentat"on o# !re;"ous rea$tor%
>.&"$tor"al re!resentat"on o# !re;"ous rea$tor%
>a.,ront ;"e' >. To! ;"e'
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?.*$/eat"$ re!resentat"on o# od"#"ed rea$tor%
&"$tor"al re!resentat"on o#Mod"#"ed Rea$tor:
Ca. ront view Cb. Top view
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@.&"$tor"al re!resentat"on o# *ensor
Te!erature sensor sensor atta$/ed to rea$tor
4. DOOR O, ,URNACE
%oor is opening provided for insertion of reactor into the furnace
Des$r"!t"on o# DOOR
1aterialK mild steel :msitrogen purging cylinder
was available on rent by 6>atwarlal Eisanji ?gency in ?ola7.
.0ictorial representation of pur&in& system83
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2. Condensat"on s7ste
8ondensation system is used to receive vapours formed due to process of
pyrolysis. It consists of one reflu! condenser. Inlet of condenser is attached to
opening of rector provided for condensation system using bent. Product vessel is
attached to the outlet of condenser by bent. It is attached in inclined shape so that
li+uid travels easily to collection system. Inlet is provided from bottom of the
condenser A outlet is provided from top condenser, care should be taen that
whole condenser should be filled by cooling water.
2.0ictorial representation of condensation system83
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4. Cool"n( s7ste
8ooling system is to provide cool water continuously for condensation of
vapours formed as product of pyrolysis.
8ooling system consist of one bucet to which one outlet system is drilled
at bottom tap is fi!ed to drilled portion of bucet. 8are is taen while fi!ing tap
because small leaage may cause huge water loss. Pipe is e!tended from top of
bucet to bottom inlet of condenser inlet of condenser. Crom top of condenser
opening pipe is e!tended to bucet for use of water. #ucet is placed at the height
of * ft. from height of condenser so that water should flow without use of any
force. "e used chilled water as cooling media.
4.0ictorial representation of coolin& system83
6. Colle$t"on s7ste
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Purpose of collection system is to receive li+uid product from condenser.
8ollection system was consist of one vessel having round bottom two and
openings out of which one is bloced by rubber cor. ?nother opening is
connected to condenser via bend. &o eep vessel in air stand was provided.
8ollection vessel must be washed and dried thoroughly.
6.0ictorial representation of collection system83
C/a!ter
.1&ROCE** DE*CRI&TION
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Collowings are the steps which taes place during the run of the set up.
1. 8leaning of reactor
(. ;aterial preparation
*. Cilling of reactor
. Insertion of reactor into the furnace
5. Purging
=. 4witch on the furnace
. 8ondensation and product collection
It is necessary to clean the reactor and other accessories such as condenser
product vessel etc. before the start of process because unclean reactor may cause
physical changes i.e. contamination of final product or may cause problem in
material balance. "e used detergent and scrubber to wash the reactor using
moderate temperature water. &he condenser is clean by using hot water so that the
dust or trapped product of earlier batch can remove easily. ?fter cleaning
e+uipments are ept for drying. 4ometime manual drying may re+uire.
4econdly is raw material preparation which includes cutting of raw
materials, washing and drying, for uniform temperature distribution through the
raw material it is cut into pieces having similar or nearly similar surface area.
?fter cutting raw material in pieces ne!t step is washing or cleaning of raw
material by water. ?fter washing water is removed and material is ept for drying
or preheating in furnace. Preheating removes water and other volatiles impurities.
In ne!t step, dried or preheated material is then filled into the reactor.
#olts attached to flanges are screwed tightly to avoid leaage problem. ?t this this
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step we inserted sensor into the reactor from one of the opening present at top of
reactor which measures and shows temperature in the reactor. &he reactor is then
placed in to the furnace.
8ondenser assembly is attached to the reactor as shown in the fig. cooling
system consist of one bucet having one opening for outlet water two pipes to two
openings of condenser is provided. Cirst flow rate and flow temperature of inlet
water is measured, and then it is attached to condenser. ?s the water comes out of
condenser its outlet flow rate A out let temperature is measured. 2ere we are
using inclined product condenser. ?s the product vapours starts coming out they
are condensed by cooling water A condensed product dripped inside the
collection vessels.
8are must be taen to mae whole system lea proof. Fea may cause
entry of o!ygen inside reactor or loss of product through leas. &o mae system
lea proof silica gel, white cement and plaster of paries are used.
?s the process starts purging is done initially for 5 to minutes. very
process condition such as flow rates, various temperatures, resident time, and
purging pressure is noted. &o mae system o!ygen free purging is done after every
15 minutes.
1.*$/eat"$ re!resentat"on o# !7rol7s"s set u!
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1.&"$tor"al ;"e' o# !7rol7s"s set u!
.2 IDENTI,ICATION O, DI,,ERENT T5&E* O, &)A*TIC*
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&here are several simple tests that can be used to distinguish between the
common types of polymers so that they may be separated for processing.
?ccording to that we choose P4 and 2%P for our process. Cor that purpose we
choose college articles and mil pouches, which have to pass from few tests listed
belowD
Table:6
TestJ
1aterialK
)ater "urnin& %mell after
burnin&
ther
characteristics
0rediction
4tationary
articles
:glassy pens,
scales , set
s+uares, etc ?mines
10 19(.95 8> ?mines
11 1=1(.5 8V8 ?romatic
1( 1*.0= 8V' ?ldehydes, Retonecarbo!ylic
acids A esters
1* 1-0.*= Phenyl ing
4ubstitution
?ny
1 1--.* Phenyl ing
4ubstitution
?ny
15 195(.0* 8is
82V82
8V8 asymmentric compound
1= ((**.= 88 ?lynes
1 (*(0. 88 ?lynes
1- (-5-.= 82 ?lane
19 (9(-.0 8arbo!ylic
acid
?ny
(0 *0(-.* 82 ?lene
(1 *0=-.-5 ?romatic
ing
?ny
(( **-5.1- 82 ?lynes
(* *=--.0( '2 2#onded ?lcoholA Phenol
,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR CO))E-E ARTICA)* 9&* "n $rude #or:
*!a'h6+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s'!#%(c #&aine% a 4500c
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Table@8Reference table for T+R peak values
Table2?8R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds
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%r. 9o. 0eak Ialue Type f "ond Types f $ompound
1 (=.(- Iodoalanes ?ny
( -.15 Iodoalanes ?ny
* 5*.9 82 ?lynes 00.1- ?romatices ;onosubstituted #en$ene
5 5.19 ?romatices ;etasubstituted #en$ene
= -(.9 82 Phenyl ing 4ubstitution #ands
90(.( 82 ?lenes
- 10((.*1 82 ?lenes
9 10-(.1 8' ?lcohols, ether, carbo!ylic acids
A esters
10 1(=*.( 8' ?lcohols, ether, carbo!ylic acids
A esters11 1*1.* 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl
1( 1-.59 82 ?lane
1* 19-. 8V8 ?romatic ring
1 1595.1- 8V8 ?romatic ring
15 1=0-.=9 8V8 ?lene
1= 1*.9( 8V' ?ldehydes
1 1-09.(9 8arbo!ylic acid A
derivatives
?cyl halides
1- 1--.* 8arbo!ylic acid A
derivatives
?cyl halides
19 1950.1 82 Phenyl ing 4ubstitution #ands
(0 ((*5.5 83> >itriles
(1 (*((=.(* 8M8 ?lynes
(( (-5-.= 82 ?lane
(* (9(-.0 82 ?lane
( *0(=.1 V82 A V82( ?lene
(5 *0=9.-5 V82 A V82( ?lene
(= *(1.-* >2 ?mine
( *55.(- '2 ?lcoholA Phenol
(- *=--.0( >2 ?mide
,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR CO))E-E ARTICA)* 9&* res"due:
*!a'h7+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s !esi%(e #&aine% a 4500C
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&able(1Deference table for C&I pea values
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Table228Result8The peak values in above &raph shows followin&
compounds
%r. 9o. 0eak Ialue Type f "ond Types f $ompound
1 1=.= Iodoalanes ;onosubstituted
( (.5- Iodoalanes ;etasubstituted
* 5*-.1= Phenyl ing ?ny
=9-.(5 Phenyl ing ?ny
5 -0.* 82 Phenyl ing
= -=(.(1 82 Phenyl ing
10(0.*- 8> ?mines
- 1095.1= 8> ?mines
9 1(=1.9 8' ?lcohols, ethers
10 10=.15 8> ?mines
11 15.*- 8V8 ?romatic ring
1( 150.5* 8V8 ?romatic ring
1* (=0.-* 8V8 ?lenes
1 1*0.(1 8V' ?ldehydes, Retone
,carbo!ylic acids A esters
15 1950.1 8is82V82 8V8 ?symmetric
compound
1= (*59.0( 8V> >itrile
1 (9=0.-* ?lyl ;ethyl
1- *10.(= >2 ?mines
19 *=1-.5- '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols A
phenols
(0 *=-9.95 '2 2 K #onded ?lcohols A
phenols
,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI)K &OUCE* 9D&E "n $rude #or:
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*!a'h8+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s'!#%(c #&aine% a 4500C
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&able(*Deference table for C&I pea values
Table268R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin&compounds
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%r. 9o. 0eak Ialue Type f "ond Types f $ompound
1 5*.9 Phenol ing
4ubstitution
?ny
( 11.= ?romatices ;onosubstituted
#en$ene
* *-.= ?romatices ;onosubstituted
#en$ene
-0.* ?romatices ;etasubstituted
#en$ene
5 90(.( Einyl ;onosubstituted
?lene
= 9-5.== Einyl ;onosubstituted
?lene 100=.-- 8> ?mines
- 10-.0* 8> ?mines
9 1(=5.*5 8' 82* ?lcohols, ether,
carbo!ylic acids A
esters
10 1*=.5- 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl
11 15.*- 82 ?lane
1( 1=*.1 8V8 ?lene
1* 1*(.1* 8V' ?ldehydes,
Retonecarbo!ylicacids A esters
1 19(.*- 8is
82V82
8V8 asymmentric
compound
15 (**0.09 '2 carbo!ylic acids
1= (=5.*= '2 carbo!ylic acids
1 (-5=.= 82 ?lane
1- (9(0.*( 82 ?lane
19 *0=-.-5 82 ?lene
,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI)K &OUCE* 9D&E res"due:
*!a'h9++Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s !esi%(e #&aine% a 4500c
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&able(5Deference table for C&I pea values
Table28R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds
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%r. 9o. 0eak Ialue Type f "ond Types f $ompound
1 (.*5 Iodoalanes ?ny
( (.5- Iodoalanes ?ny
* 5*=.(* 82 ?lynes
(*.** ?romatic ;onosubstituted
#en$ene
5 -0(.1 Phenyl ing ;etasubstituted
#en$ene
= 10(-.09 8> ?mines
1091.5 8> ?mines
- 1(=1.9 8' ?lcohols, ethers
9 1*1.* 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl
10 1=(.09 8> ?mines
11 110.9( 8V' ?ldehydes, Retone
,carbo!ylic acids A
esters
1( (0(1. >V8V',
>V8V>,8V8
V'
Isocyanates,diimides
A etones
1* (**.59 8V> >itrile
1 (==*.- 8V',82 ?ldehydes, Retone
15 (-50.-- 8V' carbo!ylic acids
1= (9((.*5 8V' carbo!ylic acids
1 **5.5 >2 ?mines
1- *=1=.=5 '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols
A phenols
19 *=91.-- '2 2 bonded ?lcohols
A phenols
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,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI &)A*TIC WA*TE 9&ol7ole#"ns "n $rude
#or:
*!a'h10-Res(l #) )i!s &ach,s'!#%(c #&aine% a 6000C
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&able(*Deference table for C&I pea values
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Table2C8R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds
%r. 9o. 0eak Ialue Type f "ond Types f $ompound
1 =-.( Iodoalanes ?ny( 5(.0( 82 ?lynes
* 19. ?romatic ;onosubstituted #en$ene
-0(.1 Phenol ing ;etasubstituted #en$ene
5 -9=.9* 82 Phenyl ing
= 10((.*1 8> ?mines
1095.= 8> ?mines
- 1(=1.9 8' ?lcohols, ethers carbo!ylic,
acids A esters
9 1*5.(9 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl
10 15-.(* 8> ?mines
11 1=5.** >2 ?mines1( 101.( 8V' carbo!ylic, acids A
%erivatives
1* (*==. 8V> >itrile
1 ((. 82 ?ldehydes A Retone
15 (-5(.-1 carbo!ylic, acids A
%erivatives
?ny
1= (9((.(5 carbo!ylic, acids A
%erivatives
?ny
1 *0(.1 ?romatic ing ?ny
1- *=1-.5- '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols Aphenols
19 *=95.* '2 2 bonded ?lcohols A
phenols
,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI &)A*TIC WA*TE 9&ol7ole#"ns "n $rude
#or:
*!a'h11+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s'!#%(c #&aine% a 4500c
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&able(9Deference table for C&I pea values
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Table4?8R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds
%r. 9o. 0eak Ialue Type f "ond Types f $ompound
1 =(.9* Iodoalanes ?ny( 5*.9 82 ?lynes
* 19. ?romatices ?ny
-0.* 82 Phenyl ing 4ubstitution
5 -9=.9* 82 Phenyl ing 4ubstitution
= 100-.- 8' ?lcohols, ethers carbo!ylic,
acids A esters
109.5* 8' ?lcohols, ethers carbo!ylic,
acids A esters
- 1(1.1* 8' ?lcohols, ethers carbo!ylic,
acids A esters
9 1**.*= 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl
10 15=.* 8> ?mines
11 1=0.-* 8V8 ?romatic ring
1( 1=5.** 8V8 ?lenes
1* 10*.( 8V' carbo!ylic, acids A
%erivatives
1 (1-5.( >V8V',
>V8V>,
8V8V'
Isocyanates,diimides A
etones
15 (*((.* 8V> >itrile
1= (=*.* 8V' ?ldehydes A Retone
1 ((9.* 82 ?ldehydes A Retone
1- (-5=.= 8arbo!ylic
acid
?ny
19 (9(0.*( 8arbo!ylic
acid
?ny
(0 *00.- ?romatic ing ?ny
(1 *=*.* '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols A
phenols
(( *=91.-- '2 2#onded ?lcoholA Phenol
,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI &)A*TIC WA*TE 9&ol7ole#"ns res"due:
*!a'h12+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s !esi%(e #&aine% a 4500c
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&able(*Deference table for C&I pea values
Table428R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds
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%r. 9o. 0eak Ialue Type f "ond Types f $ompound
1 0.=5 Iodoalanes ;etasubstituted
( 5*0. Phenol ing ?ny
* 19. ?romatic ;onosubstituted
#en$ene
-0.* Phenyl ing ;etasubstituted #en$ene
5 -5.1 82 Phenyl ing
= 10(.( 8> ?mines
109.5* 8> ?mines
- 1(=1.9 8' ?lcohols, ethers
carbo!ylic acids A esters
9 1*1.* 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl
10 1=0.1= 8> ?mines
11 1599.0 82 ?romatic bonding
1( 195.9 8V' carbo!ylic, acids
1* (*59.0( 8V> >itrile
1 (515.(= 8V' 4aturated etone
15 (-50.-- 8V' carbo!ylic acids A
derivatives
1= (9(0.*( 8V' carbo!ylic acids A
derivatives
1 *=1-.5- '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols A
phenols
1- *=95.* '2 2 bonded ?lcohols A
phenols
&he residue obtained at =000c is in coal form so we cannot do the C&I test of
residues of all three wastes obtained at =000c.
.6. CA)ORI,IC VA)UE
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&he calorific value of a fuel is the +uantity of heat produced by its
combustion at constant pressure and under HnormalH conditions. &he combustion
process generates water vapor and certain techni+ues may be used to recover the
+uantity of heat contained in this water vapor by condensing it.
&he 2igher 8alorific Ealue :or Gross 8alorific Ealue G8E< suppose that
the water of combustion is entirely condensed and that the heat contained in the
water vapor is recovered. &he Fower 8alorific Ealue :or >et 8alorific Ealue
>8E< suppose that the products of combustion contains the water vapor and that
the heat in the water vapor is not recovered.
&he calorific value is a characteristic for each substance. It is measured in
units of energy per unit of the substance, usually mass, such asD cal)g, @)g,
@)mol, #tu)m.2eating value is commonly determined by use of a bomb
calorimeter.
"e carried out colorific value test at E>I&, >agpur.
i&'8$#LR+1TR
CA)ORI,IC VA)UE O, DI,,ERENT &ETRO)EUM &RODUCT*
Table448$alorific value of 5ifferent uels
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Cuels Ealues:Rcal)gmatural gas
4."iomass
#&ricultural residues
Paddy straw
ice hus
;ango leaves
Groundnut
4ugarcane
"heaat straw
8otton stals
;ai$e stals
;ai$e cobs#ajra stals
Gram straw
;asoor straw
;oong straw
6.orestry residues
"ood wastes
#ar
A.#nimal wastes
8owdung8owdung cae
5000(*10
=900
10-00
10500
10*00
1000
9=00
-000 9-0
*000
*00
**90
(00
*-00
*-00
00
*500
*-50
*950
*-10
*9-0
(500 *-50
(500 (-50
*(90*10
Tale 46% Results #or $alor"#"$ ;alue o# !rodu$t ota"ned at 6$.
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%r. 9o. 9ame of 0roduct
(crude form!
$alorific Ialue
(=cal/&m!
1 Polystyrene 1=*.9
( Polyolefines 1=-(.-
* 2igh density polyethylene 19*.(
Crom above tables we compare the different calorific values of standard fuel
product with our product. 4o we can say that our product values come near to
the petroleum product i.e. diesel.
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PYROLYSIS (A way to utilize plastic waste)2
OTER *TUD5 TE*T
1. &our &o"nt + Cloud &o"nt
&he Pour point is defined as the temperature 5 0C:(.- 0c< higher than that
at which the oil ceases to flow when cooled A tested according to prescribed
condition.
&he cloud point is defined as the temperature at which oil becomes cloudy
when it is cooled in a specific manner.
Test %pecial 7rade 7rade 3# 7rade B"
Pour point = = 1(
&able*5DPour point
2. *oke &o"nt
4moe Point is the ma!imum flame height in millimeters to which a diesel
will burn without smoing in a standard apparatus.
Test %uperior 7rade +nferior 7rade
4moe point (0 1(
&able*=D4moe point
4. An"l"ne &o"nt
It is defined as the temperature at which a li+uid just becomes
completely miscible with an e+ual volume of aniline. ?niline is a organic
compound. &he molecular formula is :8=25>(
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&he ignition +uality of diesel fuel is measured in a standard engine by
matching against blend of two reference fuels A e!pressed in terms of cetane
number. 8etane number of diesel is about 0 to 50.
6. O$tane Nuer
&he antinoc +uality of a fuel is measured in a standard engine in
terms of relative performance of two standard fuels A then e!pressed as its
octane number.
C/a!ter>
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Cost Est"at"on
&he primary intention to demonstrate is that waste plastics has great potentials forresource such as fuel production. 4uch ind of project will first focus on technical,
environmental and social viability with its financial returns as the least priority
Crom below table the operating costs involves feedstoc cost, electricity cost, fi!ed
cost :au!iliary e+uipments
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Pyrolysis is feasible in laboratory if temperature conditions and leaage is
control. &he temperature re+uirement of three different plastic wastes are shown
in below table*-,
1aterial Temperature
(oc!
Polystyrene waste (50
2igh %ensity Polyethylene waste ((0
'lefinic waste (0
&hrough e!perimental study we calculated that thermal pyrolysis has high
efficiency and minimum losses. ?s the range of temperature varies at wide range
C&I study shows wide range of product distribution. &hrough that we could
conclude that to obtain narrower range of hydrocarbon we need to eep our
temperature range narrower. ;ost important conclusion is made by observing
flash point data, fire point data, density and calorific value data.
Tale 4@% Co!arat";e result o# all test !rodu$ts ota"ned at $
C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e $
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!.# ae!ial
Tess
P $PE PO
OE"E
iesel
1 Clash point 55 =9 0 =(
( Cire point =0 -1 5= -1
* %ensity:g)cm*o.5(-.
*. @. ?.#rydson, Plastic ;aterial , second edition ,butter worth group, chapter 11, page
no.( to (*.
. #. R. ao,? &e!tboo of Petrochemical &echnology, first edition,page no 1*519
5. Project report on Xpyrolysis guided by Prof.>..#halerao, batch (009(010.
&A&ER*%
1. &urning mi!ed plastic wastes into a useable li+uid fuel 4.F. Fow, ;.?. 8onnor and
G.2. 8ovey %epartment of 8hemical ngineering 3niversity of ;elbourne
;elbourne, Eictoria *010 ?ustralia.
(. 8onverting "aste Plastics into a esource 8ompendium of &echnologies 8ompiled
by 3nited >ations nvironmental Programme %ivision of &echnology, Industry and
conomics International nvironmental &echnology 8entre 'saa)4higa, @apan.
*. &hermolysis of waste plastics to li+uid fuel ? suitable method for plastic waste
management and production of value added products? world prospective ?chyut
R. Panda a,b,W, .R. 4ingh a,1, %.R. ;ishra b,( a %epartment of 8hemical
ngineering, >ational Institute of &echnology, ourela, 'rissa, India b @agannath
Institute for &echnology and ;anagement, Parlahemundi, = 4uryanagar,
#hubaneswar 5100*, 'rissa, India.
. En4-mart Technl"ie 4er4ie5 5ate platic t dieel 6uel
inn4ati4e en4irnment technl".
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5. ecycling techni+ues of polyolefins from plastic wastes by %.4. ?82IFI?4, .
?>&'>?R'3,8.'3P?RI?4,P.;G?F'R'>';'4,?.F?PP?4, Faboratory
of 'rganic 8hemical &echnology %epartment of 8hemistry, ?ristotle 3niversity of&hessalonii G 51 ( &hessalonii, Greece ,Faboratory of nvironmental Cuels
and 2ydrocarbons, 8PI G 50 01 &hermi, &hessalonii, Greece.
=. ;unicipal 4olid "aste ;anagement in ?siaD ? 8omparative ?nalysis 8. Eisvanathan
and @. &ranler nvironmental ngineering A ;anagement, 4chool of nvironment,
esources and %evelopment, ?sian Institute of &echnology, P. '. #o! , Rlong
Fuang, Pathumthani 1(1(0, &hailand.
. Oadgaonarscofriendly, Plastic Cuel 8onversion of "aste Plastic into Fi+uid
2ydrocarbons ) nergy, ? major breathrough in the arena 'f >onconventionalsources of energy, Information #rochure ?nd &echnical "rite3p by Prof. ;rs. ?la
Oadgaonar ?sst. Professor A 2ead, %ept. of ?pplied 8hemistry, G. 2. aisoni
8ollege of ngineering, >agpur.
-. PF?4&I8 "?4& 4&?; #y ;elanie 4mith.
9. Rinetics of the Fow&emperature Pyrolysis of Polyethene, Polypropene, and
Polystyrene ;odeling, !perimental %etermination, and 8omparison with Fiterature
;odels and %ata . ". @. "esterhout, @. "aanders, @. ?. ;. Ruipers,W and ". P. ;.
van 4waaij Caculty of 8hemical ngineering, eaction ngineering Group,
3niversity of &wente, P.'. #o! (1, 500 ? nschede, &he >etherlands.
10. @en Rovcs, "hat is #iomass Pyrolysis 8onsumer energy information. nergy
fficiency and enewable nergy >etwor. 3.4.
11. @'3>?F % P2\4I3 IE 8ollo+ue 8, supplment au @ournal de Physi+ue 111,
Eolume *, novembre 199* ecycling of polymers by pyrolysis ". R?;I>4R\
Institute or Tec!nical and "acromolecular #!emistr$% &ni'ersit$ o Hambur(%
Bundesstrasse )*% +,,, Hambur( -% /erman$.
1(. PF?4&I84 P\'F\4I4 AN0 #OAL #OPRO#ESSLN/ 1ITH 1ASTE PLASTI#S;. 4. ;ulgaonar, 8. 2. Ruo, ?. . &arrer8hemical ngg %ept ?uburn 3niversity
?uburn. ?l*=-9
1*. PyrolysisD ? method for ;i!ed Polymer ecycling by ;atthew @ohnson, 4ean
%erric, Green ;anufacturing Initiative.
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WEB*ITE*%
1. www.envis.com
(. www.eosvest.com*. www.enviroliteracy.com
. www.thermo.com
5. www.motherearthnews.com
=. www.biodiesel.org
. www.greenstudentu.com)encyclopedia)recycling)plastic.
-. www.hubbertpea.com)2ubbert)195=)195=.pdf.
9. www.wcaslab.com)tech)tbftir.htm.
http://www.envis.com/http://www.ekosvest.com/http://www.enviroliteracy.com/http://www.thermo.com/http://www.motherearthnews.com/http://www.biodiesel.org/http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/recycling/plastichttp://www.hubbertpeak.com/Hubbert/1956/1956.pdfhttp://www.envis.com/http://www.ekosvest.com/http://www.enviroliteracy.com/http://www.thermo.com/http://www.motherearthnews.com/http://www.biodiesel.org/http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/recycling/plastichttp://www.hubbertpeak.com/Hubbert/1956/1956.pdfTop Related