PX434 – Physics of the Standard ModelDr Steven Boyd : P448
ATLAS Event Display
Intro Stuff
Lectures are divided in chapters – each chapter has a writeup which will be put onlineThere is a module homepage
http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/teach/module_home/px434/
Books:D. Griffiths,Introduction to Elementary Particles,
Prentice-HallD. Perkins, Introduction to High Energy PhysicsR. Feynman, Lectures on Physics Vol II F. Halzen and A.D.Martin, Quarks and Leptons
Griffiths is the main text, supplemented by Perkins. Halzen andMartin is quite technical, and somewhat out of date for material from the last 10-15 years
Recommended Text
Course Overview History of Particle Physics : Beginning Lecture Chapter 1 : Introduction and Preliminaries : Standard Model, Feynman Diagrams,
Conservations Laws and Symmetries, Units and Relativistic Kinematics, Decay rates and Cross sections, Group Theory Chapter 2 : Quantum Electrodynamics : Bosons and Fermions, The Klein-Gordon
and Dirac Equations, Spinors, Feynman diagrams, Electron-Muon Scattering Chapter 3 : The Strong Interaction : Isospin, Strangeness, The eight-fold way,
Quark theory and evidence for quarks, evidence for colour, QCD, Confinement and asymptotic freedom Chapter 4 : The Weak Interaction : Weak and Neutral currents, Parity violation and
the V-A current, Cabibbo theory and the GIM mechanism, Kaon oscillations, CP violation Chapter 5 : Pulling it all together – the Standard Model : The Weak coupling,
Electroweak unification, Weinberg angle, Z0 decay Chapter 6 : Spontaneous Symmetry breaking and the Higgs : Mass in the
Standard Model, Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, The Higgs potential, Higgs mass and the LHC Chapter 7 : Beyond the Standard Model : Problem with the Standard Model,
Grand Unification, Unanswered Questions, Where to go from here
Including an examples class after every chapter
A brief history of particle physics
Concept of the atom developed by Democritusand several ancient schools of early Hindu philosophyin India.
6-5 Century BC
1709-1899
Discovery of electrons – ending with JJ Thompson andthe plum pudding model of the atom
1917-1919
Discovery of protons by Rutherford with his famousgold foil experiment
A Brief History of Particle Physics
1930's
Neutron (after 1932)Neutrino (proposed, but not seen until 1956)Photon
1932
Positron, predicted by Dirac, discovered byAnderson
Neutron discovered by Chadwick
Pions and Muons
Yukawa suggested that the nuclear force was due to the exchange of particles (mesons)
Muon discovered, prompting Rabi to say“Who ordered that” at a major conference
Charged pion discovered, and found to decay to muons
Neutral pion discovered
1935
1937
1946
QED1950
Feynman, Schwinger and Tomonaga synthesised a coherent theory of electron-photon interactions from early quantum mechanics. This is called Quantum Electrodynamics
Strangeness
1946 : particle physics understood. Nothing really new to discover
1947 : Kaon discovered, followed by the Lambda. Thesenew particles were tagged as “strange” particles
Produced in strong interactionbut decay via weak interaction
Always produced in pairs : Gell-Mann and Nishijima propose a new conservedquantum number : Strangeness
The Particle Zoo
1950's – 1970's : Bewildering array of new particlesdiscovered. Physicists begin to despair about understandingflood of new particles.
The Eight-Fold Way1961 : Murray Gell-Mann fits all the known particles intosimple frameworks. Later it turns out that these structuresare predicted from group theory and the proposition of quarks
Quarks1964 : Why is the eight-fold way successful? Gell-Mann and Zweig propose that all known particles made up ofquarks and anti-quarks which he imagines as localisedquantum numbers, but not localised particles
Noone believes them to be anything other than anaccounting trick until 1974.
1964 : Brout, Englert, Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble and Higgspropose a mechanism by which particles attain mass.This is tested, off and on, for the next 45 years.
1974 : Discovery of the charm quark in the J/Ψ – thisvalidates the quark model and cements quarks as “real”particles.
QCD1970's : a theory of the strong interaction is devised by Gell-Mann and Feynman calledQuantum Chromodynamics involving a newquantum number called colour.
1970's : improved understanding of the weak interactionallows Salam, Glashow and Weinberg to unify it withthe EM interaction to create the “Electroweak” Interaction
More particles
1973 : Neutral Current interactions are discovered
1975 : the tau lepton is detected at SLAC
1978 : the bottom quark is detected at Fermilab
1979 : the gluon – the colour force carrier is discovered at DESY
More particles
1983 : the W±/Z0 - the electroweak force carriers are measured at CERN by UA1 and UA2
1995 : the top quark is (finally) discovered at Fermilabwith a mass of 172 GeV.
Up-to-date
1998 – Now : Neutrinos are shown to be massive throughneutrino flavour oscillations (see PX435)
Two months ago : a Higgs-type thing is discovered.
What next?
GoalThe goal of this course is to discuss thephysics behind the Standard Model.We will not, explicitly, write the entire Model down as, although doing so can give us some insights, it requires a bit of background.
If you want to see the model, take the Gauge Theories and the Neutrinos course next term.
We will look at the physics of each of main forces in turn, and try to outline experimental evidence for their current formulation
Quantum ElectrodynamicsThe Strong Force and Quantum ChromodynamicsThe Weak forceSpontaneous Symmetry breaking and the Higgs Field.
The Standard Model
GoalThe goal of this course is to discuss thephysics behind the Standard Model.We will not, explicitly, write the entire Model down as, although doing so can give us some insights, it requires a bit of background.
If you want to see the model, take the Gauge Theories and the Neutrinos course next term.
We will look at the physics of each of main forces in turn, and try to outline experimental evidence for their current formulation
Quantum ElectrodynamicsThe Strong Force and Quantum ChromodynamicsThe Weak forceSpontaneous Symmetry breaking and the Higgs Field.
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