Put these in the correct order.
• Order
• Class
• Species
• Genus
• Phylum
• Kingdom
• Family
Classification of Living Organisms
_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms
TAXONOMY
Early Taxonomist
Aristotle
Linnaeus
The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago.
(300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE
Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html
Aristotle’s Classification
- Two groups- Plants - based on size
- Herbs
- Shrubs
- Trees
- Animals – where they lived- Land
- Air
- Water
Common names can vary
Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar . . . are all names for same animal
Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg
By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism
Common names vary
ChipmunkStreifenhornchen (German)Tamia (Italian)Ardilla listada (Spanish)
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
Common names can be misleading
Sea cucumber sounds like a plant
but… it’s an animal!
Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is!
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish
Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg
By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing.
Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species.
Latin and Greek
Linnaeus’s System
Based on physical and structural similarities
Developed the two word system of naming organisms• Binomial Nomenclature
• First word = Genus
• Second word = Species
Linnaeus’s SystemOrganisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR ____________
Each organism has a two part scientific name
= _________________________
TAXONS
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Modern Classification System
Based on Evolutionary relationships DNA comparisons Physiological comparisons (biochemistry) Anatomic comparisons (structure) Breeding behaviors
Taxonomic Rankings
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Largest
Most Specific
Scientific Name
The more taxonomic rankings two organisms have in common the more alike those organisms are.
King Phillip came over from great Spain. Keep people close or fights get started. Kids prefer cheese over fried green
spinach
What has been added in the recent years that is missing?
KingdomPhylum
Class Order
Family Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leohttp://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________– Always capitalized
2nd name = _________________–Always lower case
Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.
GENUS NAME
SPECIES NAME
UNDERLINED ITALICS
GENUS = group of closely related species
GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears)
SPECIES = unique to each kind of bearhttp://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gifhttp://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg
Ursusarctos
Ursusmaritimus
Ursusamericanis
Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg
Grizzly Bear
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Ursidae
Ursus
arctos
Polar Bear
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Ursidae
Ursus
maritimus
Bobcat
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Lynx
rufus
Red Fox
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae
Vulpes
vulpes
White Tail Deer
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Artiodactyla
Cervidae
Odocoileus
virginianus
Which two organisms are the most closely related?
Cladograms
Used to show the evolutionary relationships of derived characteristics
Derived Characteristics – appear in recent organisms but not older organisms
Dorsal and Ventral nerve cord
Lamprey
Backbone
Tuna
Paired Legs
Bull Frog
Amnion
Snapping Turtle
Mammary Glands
Kangaroo
The Three Domains
Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Protista
Characteristics of Living Things
Organization Reproduction Adaptation Growth and Development Response Homeostasis
In order to be classified organism must be alive
Why Viruses are not Classified
DNA surrounded by protein coat:
Viruses are not living
no reproduction
The Prokaryotes
Kingdom Eubacteria
Prokaryotes - true bacteria
Found everywhere
Kingdom Archeabacteria
Prokaryotes – ancient bacteria
Found in hot springs, sulfur springs, salt lakes, inhospitable places
The Eukaryotes
Kingdom Protista
Most diverse kingdom
Mostly microscopic
Most Unicellular
Lacks a complex organ system
May be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Eukaryotes con’t
Kingdom Fungi
Heterotrophs
May be multicellular or unicellular
Absorbs nutrients from organic material in the environment
Eukaryotes con’t
Kingdom Plantae
Eukaryotes con’t
Kingdom Animalia
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