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Put these in order from
smallest to largest� Organism
� Organ
� Cell
� Organ System
� Tissue
Organization of the Body
Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Organization of the Body
Organism
Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organization of the Body� Example 1
NeuronNervous
tissue Brain Nervous system
Human
Organization of the Body� Example 2
CellMuscle tissue
HeartCirculatory
system Human
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Types of Tissue1. Muscle tissue
Most abundant tissue in body
• Controls internal movement of materials
• Ex. Blood through circulatory system
• Ex. Food through digestive system
Controls external movements of the entire body
There are three major types of muscle
tissue:
Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
� Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control.
� Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control.
� Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.
Functions of Muscle tissue� Smooth Muscle Tissue: controls slow, involuntary movements such as the
contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the stomach and intestines.
� The muscle of the arteries contracts and relaxes to regulate the blood pressure and the flow of blood.
� Skeletal Muscle Tissue: function in pairs to bring about the coordinated movements of the limbs, trunk, jaws, eyeballs, etc.
� ◦Skeletal muscles are directly involved in the breathing process.
� Cardiac (Heart) Muscle Tissue: plays the most important role in the contraction of the atria and ventricles of the heart.
� ◦It causes the rhythmical beating of the heart, circulating the blood and its contents throughout the body as a consequence.
4 Types of Tissue2. Epithelial tissue
� Closely packed cells
� Covers the surface of the body
� Lines internal organs
Types of Epithelial Tissue� Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups
depending on the number of layers of which it is composes.
� One cell thick is known as simple
� epithelium.
� Two or more cells thick such as
� the skin, it is known as stratified
� epithelium
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Functions of Epithelial Tissue
� •Protection
� From injury, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and from excessive loss of water.
� •Sensation
� Tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on the tongue.
� •Secretion
� Secrete specific chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids.
� •Absorption
� Absorb nutrients from the digestion of food.
� •Excretion
� Excrete waste products from the body and reabsorb needed materials from the urine. Sweat is also excreted from the body in the sweat glands.
� •Diffusion
� Diffusion of gases, liquids and nutrients.
Types of Tissue3. Connective tissue
� Holds organs in place
� Binds different parts of the body together
� Ex. Tendons and ligaments
� Support for the body
� Adipose tissue: storage site for fats (lipids), also pads and protects
certain organs and regions of the body. An insulating layer under the skin which helps regulate body temperature.
� Areolar tissue: the most widespread connective tissue of the body. It is used to attach the skin to the underlying tissue. It also fills the spaces between various organs and thus holds them in place as well as cushions and protects them.
� Reticular tissue: provides support to the organs, tissues, and individual cells.
� Elastic tissue: Made mostly of elastin (a stretchy protein), stretch and easily snap back into shape
� Tendon tissue: tissue that connects muscle tissue to bone. They are composed almost entirely of collagen, a fibrous protein.
� Ligaments: Bone to Bone
� Blood: Transports oxygen
� Bone: Gives shape and form
Types of Tissue4. Nervous tissue
� Receives messages from the body’s external and internal environments
� Analyzes data
� Directs the response
� This tissue is what makes up the body’s nervous system, which is split into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
� Central nervous system: found in the brain and spinal cord.
� Peripheral nervous system: all nerves and related tissue outside of these areas and it gathers signals from all parts of the body and sends them to the central nervous system.
� Nervous tissue is responsible for many of the body’s activities and processes, including memory, reasoning and emotions. Signals from this tissue also cause muscle contractions.
Tissue Lab
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Human Body Systems� Nervous
� Integumentary
� Excretory
� Circulatory
� Respiratory
� Immune
� Reproductive
� Digestive
� Skeletal
� Muscular
� Lymphatic
What is the goal of these
systems?� Goal:
� Maintain Homeostasis
� Carry out functions that allow an organisms (Humans) to carry out the necessary functions for survival.
NERVOUS SYSTEMStructures
� Brain
� Spinal cord
� Peripheral nerves
Neuron
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Function� Coordinates
body’s response to internal and external environments
Comparison to HumanSea Jelly: Nerve Net
Crayfish: Dorsal Nerve Cord
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
� Skin
� Hair
� Nails
� Feathers
� Scales
� Fur
Structures
� Skin
� Hair
� Nails
� Sweat and oil glands
Function� Barrier against infection
and injury
� Helps regulate body temp
� Protects against UV rays from sun
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UV Radiation Damage
Integumentary Structures Integumentary Structures
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMStructures
� Nose
� Pharynx
� Larynx
� Trachea
� Bronchi
� Lungs
� Alveoli
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Function� Provides O2 for cell
respiration
� Removes excess CO2
from body
Respiration Structures
Respiration SturcturesDIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Structures� Mouth
� Pharynx
� Esophagus
� Stomach
� Small & large intestines
Function� Breaks food into small
molecules for cells
� Absorbs food
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Feeding� Sponges-Fliter Feeders
� Earth worm-
� Plant-
Digestive Systems
PlantsEXCRETORY SYSTEM
Structures� Skin
� Lungs
� Kidneys
� Ureters
� Urinary bladder
� Urethra
Function� Eliminates cellular waste
� Maintains homeostasis
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Excretory SystemSKELETAL SYSTEM
Structures� Bones
� Cartilage
� Ligaments
� Tendons
Function� Supports body
� Protects organs
� Movement
� Stores minerals
� Site for blood cell formation
Cross Section of a Bone Bone Cells
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Joints
ExoskeletonMUSCULAR SYSTEM
Structures� Skeletal muscle
� Smooth muscle
� Cardiac muscle
Function� With skeletal system,
provides voluntary movement
� Helps circulate blood
� Helps move food through digestion
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEMStructures
� Heart
� Blood vessels
� Blood
Facts about the HeartStructures of the
Circulatory System/Heart� Arteries-
� Take blood to the body
� Veins-
� Bring Blood to the heart
� Atria-
� Receive blood
� Ventricles-
� Pump blood away from the heart
Function� Brings O2, nutrients, and
hormones to cells
� Fights infection
� Regulates body temp
Blood Flow through the HeartBody
Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Body
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Open Circulatory Systems
Open Heart
Vascular Tissue of Plants� Xylem-
� Transports water
� Phloem-
� Transports food and minerals
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMStructures
� Hypothalamus
� Pituitary
� Thyroid
� Adrenals
� Pancreas
� Ovaries (in females)
� Testes (in males)
Function� Controls growth,
development, metabolism, and reproduction
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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• Ensure the survival of the species.• Sexual Reproduction
• Joining of male and female Gametes
• Asexual Reproduction
• One parent produces a identical daughter cell
• Internal Fertilization
• Gametes are joined internally in the female
• External Fertilization
• Female and Male gametes are joined outside both
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Definitions Function
Reproductive StrategiesExternal Fertilization Plants and Pollen
Reproductive StrategiesLYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Structures� White blood cells
� Thymus
� Spleen
� Lymph nodes
� Lymph vessels
Function
� Protect body from disease
� Collects fluid lost from blood vessels & returns it to circulatory system
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Plant Structures� Roots
� Anchor
� Absorb H2O
� Dissolve nutrients from soil
� Stems
� Produce leaves
� Provide support
� Transport substances
� Leaves
� Stoma
� Gas exchange & transpiration
� Absorb light
� Photosynthesis
Plant TissuePlant Tissue Systems � Dermal
� Epidermal
� Cuticle
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