PUNCTUATION!!Review of end marks, commas, ellipsis, dash, and spelling rules.

END MARKS.!?

•An end mark is a mark of punctuation placed at the end of a sentence. The three kinds of end marks are the period, the question mark, and the exclamation point.

•Use a period at the end of a statement or declarative sentence.

•Example:•___________________________________________

_______________________

•Use a period or an exclamation point at the end of a request or command, an imperative sentence.

•Example: __________________________________________________________________

•Use an exclamation point at the end of an exclamatory sentence.

•Example: __________________________________________________________________

•Use a question mark at the end of a question, or interrogative sentence.

• Example: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

•Commas: A comma is generally used to separate words or a group of words so that the meaning of a sentence is clear.

•Words in a series are separated by a comma.

•Example: ▫Barbecue, hammock, canoe, and moccasin

are four of the words that the English Language owes to the American Indians.

▫You Try

•Phrases in a series are separated by a comma.

•Example:▫Checking his shoelaces, fastening his

helmet strap, and positioning his kneepads, Tommy prepared for the skateboarding competition.

You tryIn your reading, you will find that sometimes

the comma is omitted before a conjunction such as and, or, or nor, when it joins the last two items in a series. Sometimes a comma is still necessary to make the meaning of the sentence clear. Notice how the comma affects the meaning in the following examples.

▫Luanne, Zach and I are going riding. (Is Luanne being addressed, or is she going riding?)

▫Luanne, Zach, and I are going riding. (Three people are going riding.)

But…If all of the items are joined by and, or, or nor, do not use a comma to separate them. See if you can write an example.

_____________________________________________________________________

Use commas to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun.

You Try:_____________________________________________

________________________

•Compound Sentences: Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet) when it joins independent clauses in a compound sentence.▫I enjoyed The King and I, but Oklahoma! is

still my favorite musical.

▫The water is cold, yet it looked inviting.▫You can remove the conjunction and change

the comma to a ; semi-colon with two independent clauses too

You Try: ____________________________________________________________________

•Use commas to set off nonessen6tial participial phrases and nonessential subordinate clauses.

• Example:▫ This small turtle, crossing the street slowly, was in

danger. (The main idea of the sentence remains This small turtle was in danger.)

▫ Harvard College, founded in 1636, is the oldest college in the United States. (The main idea remains, Harvard College is the oldest college in the United States.) With the removed section, the main idea does remain the same. (nonessential)

You Try: __________________________________________________________________________________________

•CAPITALIZATION•Capitalize the first word in every

sentence.•Capitalize proper nouns. _______________.•Capitalize the first word in a quote, when

it is a complete sentence.•Example:

▫“This oil tanker is so big,” said the tour guide, “that three football fields could fit on its deck.”

Ellipsis…Use the ellipsis when quoting material and

you want to leave out some words.Use the ellipsis to indicate a pause in the

flow of a sentence, especially in a quote.

•Dash-•Use a dash to indicate an abrupt break in

thought or speech.•Example:

▫Ms. Alonzo –she just left- will be one of the judges of the talent show.

Place the dashes where they should be in the following sentences. (Be prepared to come up and share.)

1.2.3.

SPELLING RULES:• ie or ei? Learn the rhyme, then learn the

common exceptions to the rule. I before e except after c, or when sounded like a, as in neighbor and weigh!

• Words that follow the rule:▫ Achieve, believe, brief, chief, die, friend (ie)▫ Ceiling, conceive, receive, receipt (ei)▫ Eight, eighty, freight, sleigh (A sound)Exceptions: caffeine, either, foreign, forfeit, height,

leisure, neither, protein, their, weird, species, ancient, science. Can you think of any exceptions to this rule? _________________________________________

Words ending in cede, ceed, and sede.• The only English word ending in sede is supersede.• Three words end in ceed: proceed, exceed, and succeed.• You can remember these three words by thinking of the

following sentence; If you proceed to exceed the speed limit, you will succeed in getting a ticket.

• All other words ending with the “seed” sound are spelled with cede, as in precede, recede, secede.

ADDING PREFIXES:Keep the spelling of the root word the same, and add the prefix.co+operate=cooperate mis+spell=misspelldis+appeal=disappear

• Adding suffixes:• When the suffix you are adding begins with a

vowel, like –ing, er, ed, or y, double the final consonant.▫ Mud+y=muddy put+ing=putting

begin+ing=beginning

Exceptions:Don’t double the final letter if the word ends in s, w, x,

or y. (buses, waxy, employer)Don’t double the final consonant before the suffix –ist if

the word has more than 1 syllable (violinist, guitarist)

When a word ends in a vowel and y, keep the y.When a word ends in a consonant and y, change the y

to i if the suffix doesn’t begin with i. Keep the y if the suffix you are adding begins with i like –ing.

Commonly Misspelled Words