4.4-21
Technology and Application of PET Training
Blowing Nomenclature
� Pre Blow - First Blowing Pressure
� PET requires a slow inflation rate to achieve designed orientation and stretch levels
� High Blow - Second Blowing Pressure
� High pressure is required to form the corners and quench material in base
� Flow controls change the rate of blowing
� All stations have flow controls for low air, some machines have flow controls on the high air system
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Technology and Application of PET Training
PackageDesign
MaterialProperties
PerformanceRequirements
ProcessRequirements
Preform Heating
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4.4-22
Technology and Application of PET Training
Preform Heating
� Objectives:
� Understand the Nature of the source of IR Energy and the absorption of IR by PET preforms
� Learn why preforms tend to be hotter on the outside than on the inside after heating with IR
� Understand some of the limitations of the IR heating process
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Electromagnetic Radiation
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4.4-23
Technology and Application of PET Training
IR Absorption Characteristic of PET
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Wavelength (µm)
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Technology and Application of PET Training
IR Transmission Characteristic of PET
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4.4-24
Technology and Application of PET Training
Output of Quartz Heater Elements
0.0E+00
2.0E+11
4.0E+11
6.0E+11
8.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.2E+12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wavelength (µm)
2400 K
2000 K
1800 K
2200 K
1600 K
1400 K
Mo
no
chro
mat
ic R
adia
tin
g P
ow
er (
J/(m
2*s)
Spectral Radiation Distribution
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Sidel IR Heaters
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4.4-25
Technology and Application of PET Training
Absorption of IR by PET Preform
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Absorption Properties Of PET
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000
Wavelength, Microns
Slow Heating Resin
Medium Heating Resin
Fast Heating Resin
IR Absorption of PET
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
1.000 1.050 1.100 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300
Wavelength (µM)
Slow Heating ResinMedium Heating ResinFast Heating Resin
PET Resins Vary In Absorption Properties
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4.4-26
Technology and Application of PET Training
This Affects How Quickly Preforms Heat Up
Comparison of Heatup Rates
90
95
100
105
110
115
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Inside to Outside Wall Position
Tem
pe
ratu
re a
tB
low
, De
g. C
Fast heating
Medium Heating
Slow Heating
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Oven
The oven is used to heat preforms:
� The function of the infrared oven is to bring the preforms to a temperature of between 90 and 120 degrees C before they are stretched and blown in the blow wheel.
� The oven boxes around the edge of the oven wheel are needed to reheat the preforms.
� Each oven box is personalized for the preform.� The oven can have different number of lamps to fit the need of
the preform.
� The oven box can be removed easily� It is connected to the power supply by a multi-pin plug.
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4.4-27
Technology and Application of PET Training
Schematic of Heating System
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Oven
Courtesy of SIDEL
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4.4-28
Technology and Application of PET Training
Oven
� The number of the lamps depends on the type of preform to be reheated and the bottle to be blown
� On each module there are two fans
� One which blows air towards the ends of the lamps
� A second fan forces air flow across for the preform to keep the outside of the preform from overheating.
� Neck shields with circulating water protect the necks bypreventing the infrared radiation from heating the finish
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Technology and Application of PET Training
More SIDEL Heating Hardware
Clean Reflective Plate 15 mm Lamp Holder
15 mm
Spacer �Lamp Out�
Spacer �Lamp In�
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4.4-29
Technology and Application of PET Training
SIDEL Heating Hardware
�Dirty� Heater Side Reflector Clean Cooling Side Reflector
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Oven Adjustments
Courtesy of SIDEL
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4.4-30
Technology and Application of PET Training
Air Circulation Through the Oven
� Air is blown on the finish after the preform leaves the first row of ovens and before entering the second row of ovens
� Air is blown across the preform to cool the surface of the preform
Courtesy of SIDEL
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Technology and Application of PET Training
100%
1mm 1mm 1mm 1mm
Example for A Wavelength Where 1 mm of PET absorbs 10%
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4.4-31
Technology and Application of PET Training
100%
1mm 1mm 1mm 1mm
Example for A Wavelength Where 1 mm of PET absorbs 10%
90%
Layer Absorbs 10%
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Technology and Application of PET Training
100%
1mm 1mm 1mm 1mm
Example for A Wavelength Where 1 mm of PET absorbs 10%
90%
Layer Absorbs 10%
81%
9%
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4.4-32
Technology and Application of PET Training
100%
1mm 1mm 1mm 1mm
Example for A Wavelength Where 1 mm of PET absorbs 10%
90%
Layer Absorbs 10%
81%
9%
73%
8%
Preform is Hotter Towards Outside
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Technology and Application of PET Training
IR Heatingin PET with 2000 Watt Lamps
25%450 Watts90 Volts1490 Degrees C
65%1160 Watts165 Volts1885 Degrees C
100%1800 Watts220 Volts2150 Degrees C
The length of the wave emitted by the infrared lamps is only optimal when the lamps have nearly reached their rated power
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4.4-33
Technology and Application of PET Training
Explanation of Interaction of Heaters
� Intensity is greater in the center of the array.
� Each heater affects a large area.
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Zone ShieldQuartz Focusing Lens and Bracket
Special Hardware to Control Heat Zones Precisely
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4.4-34
Technology and Application of PET Training
Material Distribution Example, Zone 3 Power to 55%
0.348mm / 0.0137″
0..332mm / 0.0130″
0.287mm / 0.0113″
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Material Distribution, Increasing Zone 3 Power to 99%
0.306mm / 0.0125″
0.364mm / 0.0143″
0.280mm / 0.0110″
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4.4-35
Technology and Application of PET Training
Free Blowing at Different Temperatures
2 Liter 950
2 Liter 1100
2 Liter 1150
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Oven Lamp Control, Krones
Individual Lamps can be turned on and off. Lamp power can be adjusted in conditioning ovens.
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4.4-36
Technology and Application of PET Training
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Power Output Curve to Regulated Ovens
� The oven will switch to the standby setting when all of the preforms have exited the oven
� The power will change to 100% when preform loading has been pressed
� The % of power will switch to the production startup setting after the oven has reached the loading set point and preforms will start to enter the machine
� The percent of power will change to adjust the heat to meet the preform set point (IN AUTO)
Courtesy of SIDEL
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4.4-37
Technology and Application of PET Training
Oven Control
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Important Considerations in Reheating Process
� Material is heated from the outside to inside
� Cooling air is a process aid to prevent overheating of the outside
� Absorption characteristics of PET resins vary widely
� Heat zones in a quartz oven are highly �coupled�
� Adding and subtracting heat usually is a better process change to move material
� Running heat zones above 50% is generally a good practice
� Peak output wavelength is more favorable to penetrate PET
� Old quartz tubes tend to emit longer wavelength energy
� Ovens should be relamped on a bi-annual basis, more frequently for demanding applications such as preforms with high blow up ratios
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4.4-38
Technology and Application of PET Training
Preform Heating Summary
� The purpose of the heat profile controls is to impart an axial temperature distribution on the preform which controls material distribution in containers
� The nature of this temperature distribution is very complex
� PET Preforms tend to be hotter on the outside than on the inside after heating with IR
� Single stage process tends to run a hotter preform than the two stage process
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Technology and Application of PET Training
Stretch Rod Movement
P10 (P ten)
Refers to the angle in degrees at the point where the stretch rod fully stretches the preform
P0 (P zero)
Refers to angle in degrees at the point where the stretch rod engages the preform
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