Project Implementation Agency Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project
Government of Puducherry
Environmental Impact Assessment Study for Reconstruction and Modernization of Puduchery Fishing Harbour
April 2011
WAPCOS Limited
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WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. GENERAL The Puduchery fishing harbour is constructed on Ariyankuppam river mouth at Thengaithittu in Puducherry. At present 115 mechanized boats are operated from this fishing harbour. The other facilities available in this fishing harbour are 2 Nos. of Auction hall, Work shed, Diesel (bunk) outlet, Vehicle parking shed, Fishing boat repair yard, Fishing Harbour Management Society Office, One power room with 440 volts capacity receiving 315 KW power from transformer, Overhead tank capacity of 80,000 litres. Puducherry fisheries department proposes the reconstruction and modernization works in the existing fishing harbour at Puduchery to augument the above mentioned facilities for additional fish catch. The present document outlines the Executive Summary of the EIA study of Reconstruction and Modernization of Puducherry fishing harbor. 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed of Reconstruction and Modernization of Puducherry fishing harbor envisages the following facilities:
� Extension of Quay and providing appropriate fender on the quay. � Modernisation of sloping yard � Marine Mechanized Workshop � Boat making and repairing yard � Fish Processing Unit � Ice Plant � Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage
2.1 EXTENSION OF QUAY Puducherry Fishing Harbour has 119 wooden mechanized boats and 83 are FRB boats with inboard Engine. The total length of quay required for Mechanised and FRB boats shall be 540 m. A wharf of 330 m length is already available, and it is proposed to extend the wharf by another 200 m to accommodate additional number of boats. It is proposed to have the lower level for anchoring the FRP boats and to dredge upto -2.5m level on the basin side for facilitating the berthing of vessels without any hardship. 2.2 MODERNIZATION OF SLOPING YARD There is no proper rail arrangement and cradle system to receive the boats and there is no proper hauling system to beach the boat for repairing and the fisherman communities are finding great difficulty for beaching their vessel for repair. Following works are proposed for the modernization of sloping yard:
� Construction of cofferdam in front of the sloping hard to rectify the damage if any.
� The disturbed portion of the existing sloping hard floor is proposed for improvement.
� Providing CR100 Rail of 2.5 m at 3 m apart in sloping hard area, transfer bay area for the movement of transfer cradle and also in the boat making and repair yard.
� Providing winch room with winch of suitable capacity. � Fabrication of sloping cradle, Boat trolley and Transfer cradle.
There is no proper workshop for the repair of engines, propeller etc., and the fisherman find it difficult to repair them. Therefore, it is proposed to have one workshop at the harbour. 2.3 BOAT MAKING AND REPAIR YARD The proposed boat making and Repair Yard is placed at northern side of the sloping yard. It consists of 3 Bays on each side and each bay is provided with CR100 Rail arrangements. There is no boat making and repair yard at present in Puducherry and the fishermen are finding it difficult to build or repair the Boat. The fisherman has to go to Cuddalore for utilising the boat making and repair yard facilities. In this Boat making and Repair yard, 6 Nos. of Boats can be repaired or build at a time. 2.4 ICE PLANT
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As per CMFRI data the total fish catch at Puducherry is 26 tonne per day. Approximately 50% of total fish catch is considered for iceing, hence the total quantity of ice required at Puducherry harbor is estimated to be 53 tonnes. The ice plants available in Puducherry do not fulfill the ice requirement at Puducherry. Hence, it is proposed to provide a ice plant with a capacity of 50 tonnes per day. 2.5 FISH PROCESSING UNIT
The fish process consists of mainly processing unit, freezing unit and chilled storage unit. It is proposed to have a fish processing unit of 6T capacity initially which will be expanded to 12T capacity at ultimate stage (year 2040) to process, freeze and preserve the low value fishes and to supply the same in the local market at higher cost. 2.6 NET MENDING SHED At present there is no proper net mending shed to mend their nets and the fishermen are using the existing auction halls for this purpose and therefore it is proposed to construct the same.
2.7 TREATMENT OF SULLAGE On the commencement of full-fledged commercial activity in modernised Puducherry fishing harbour, it is expected that around 750 fishermen (150 x 5) and around 250 outsiders may use the harbour. The average fish catch per day is 26 Tonnes and the total sullage expected to be generated in the fishing harbour is estimated as 40,000 litres/day. In addition, around 10,000 litres/day is expected to be generated in the pre-processing unit. Hence the total quantity of sullage likely to be generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour shall be 50,000 litres. It is proposed to provide a comprehensive sullage collection and treatment system . 2.8 DREDGING As per the Feasibility Report, during the Pre-stake holder’s meeting conducted on 24.04.2009, it was unanimously demanded to dredge the mouth as well as the fishing harbour area for navigation and berthing of vessels. A detailed Bathymetry survey to ascertain the depth available in front of the wharf and along the approach channel in the river was carried out. From the Bathymetry chart, it is seen that the depth available in front of the wharf and upto the tip of the break water is less than required. The total quantity of dredging envisaged is 272764 m3. The project layout map as superimposed on HTL/LTL map is enclosed as Figure-1. The Cost Estimate has been prepared and the total cost for the Puducherry Fishing Harbour has been estimated as Rs.1907.70 lakhs.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS
The Study Area considered for the EIA study has been considered as the area within radius of 10 km considering the proposed project site at the centre. As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for various aspects and the same is summarized in the following sections: 4.1 METEOROLOGY In the project area the average annual rainfall is 1245 mm. Majority of rainfall is received in the period from October to December. In the project area, the temperature starts increasing from February end and it reaches up to 37oC. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during the summer season are 43oC and 27oC respectively. 4.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out with a frequency of two samples per week at three locations in August / September, 2010. The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:
• PM 10
• PM 2.5
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
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• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The PM2.5 concentration varies from 21.46 to 31.68 µg/m3 at various stations Values of PM10
ranged from 23.33 to 35.57 µg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 60 µg/m3 and 100
µg/m3 respectively. The concentration of SO2 at various stations ranged from 5.21 to 8.59
µg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3. Similarly NOX concentration was below detectable limits. 4.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT Baseline noise levels were recorded at 3 locations in the study area and equivalent noise level were calculated. The day time noise level ranged from a minimum of 29 dB(A) to a maximum of 40 dB(A). The night time noise level ranged from a minimum of 26 dB(A) to a maximum of 33 dB(A), which area well below the permissible limit. 4.4 LANDUSE PATTERN The landuse pattern of the study area has also been studied using satellite data. The major portion of study area is occupied by water bodies (51.78%). Area under vegetation and agriculture accounts for about 17.29 % and 19.56 % of the total study area respectively. The settlements and barren area are about 3.62%, and 6.22 % respectively. 4.5 MARINE WATER QUALITY The temperature of the surface water samples ranged from 24°C to 26°C. pH value also did not exhibit insignificant variation and was in the range of 8.0 – 8.2. There is no fresh water influence was recorded during the time of collection and thus the salinity of surface water samples varied from 29 to 31 ppt. The DO values recorded in the four stations ranged from 4.20 mg/l to 4.60 mg/l. Biochemical Oxygen Demand varied from 1.04 to 1.35 mg/l. The phosphate and nitrates concentrations varied between 0.329 to .538 µmol/l and 1.071 to 1.115 µmol/l respectively. Major Elements and Trace Metals The concentration of cadmium in the water samples varied from 0.19 to 0.31 µg/l. The concentration of Zinc in the study areas varied between12.0 to 13.80 µg/l. The estimated concentrations of lead ranged from 3 to 4.2 µg/l. The mercury level varied from 12 mg/l to 13 mg/l. 4.6 Sediment Quality The pH of sediments at various samples ranged from 8.1 to 8.2. The total phosphorus concentrations were varied between 1.65 and 2.1 mg/g. The total nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.45 and 1.92 mg/g. zinc recorded at high concentrations in the range from 16.9 to 18.9 µg/g. The concentrations of lead varied between 5.9 and 6.4 µg/g. The maximum concentration of mercury was recorded as 49 µg/g. 4.7 Marine Ecology Detailed marine ecological survey was conducted from 5 locations to establish the existing status of the marine water around the proposed project site. The parameters covered in marine survey includes primary productivity, Chlorophyll’a, Phaeo-pigment, Phytoplankton, Total Biomass, Zooplanktons, Macrobenthos, Meio-benthos et; The net primary productivity varies from 1.20 to 1.918 mg/m3. Chlorophyll’a content varied between 1.19 to 1.29 mg/m3. Phaeophytin content was analyzed in the range of 1.11 to 1.19 mg/m3. The phytoplankton density varies from 625 Nos./l to 5898 Nos./l. The zooplankton population ranged from 400 to 4725 Nos./l. The macro benthos recorded in the sampling locations were in the range of 9 - 36 nos./m2.
4.8 Socio-economic Aspects As per the Marine Fisheries Census 2005 of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, the total number of fishermen in the Union of Puducherry is 43,028 in 11,541 households. Out of 43,028 fisherfolk population, only 10,341 fisherfolk populations are active fishermen. Out of this, 9,503 are full time fishermen, 401 are part time fishermen and 437 are occasional
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fishermen. In Puducherry region 2,539 fishermen are full time fishermen and 1,166 are part time fishermen. 5. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been briefly described in the following sections. 5.1 WATER ENVIRONMENT a) CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impacts due to effluents from labour camps The peak labour requirement during construction phase be about 200. The total water requirement for the laborers works out to 30 m3/day and the sewage generated will be about 24 m3/day. It is proposed to treat the sewage from labour camps prior to disposal. Impacts due to dredging The total dredging envisaged in this project works out to 58,020 m3. The potential environmental effects of dredging can be categorized as impacts due to dredging process itself and those due to disposal of the dredged material. During the dredging process may have some adverse impacts like loss material during transport to the surface, overflow from the dredger whilst loading and loss of material from the dredger and/or pipelines during transport. Impacts on benthic organisms The increase in turbidity results in decrease in the depth that light is able to penetrate the water column which may affect submerged seaweeds and plants, by temporarily reducing productivity and growth rates. However none of macro-and meio-faunal species observed at the site were coming under rare, endangered or threatened category. Hence, no major impacts are anticipated. Impacts due to dredging and disposal of organic matter and nutrients
The release of organic rich sediments during dredging or disposal can result in the localised removal of oxygen from the surrounding water which may lead to the suffocation of marine animals and plants within the localised area or may deter migratory fish or mammals from passing through. However, removal of oxygen from the water is only temporary, as tidal exchange would quickly replenish the oxygen supply. Therefore, in most cases where dredging is taking place in open coastal waters, this localised removal of oxygen has little, if any, effect on marine life.
Impacts due to contaminated sediments
In all the sites surveyed, the sediment samples analyzed did not show the presence of any appreciable levels of contamination and hence may not pose any such problems. Impact on phytoplanktons and primary productivity Dredging and disposal may lead to increased turbidity and consequent reduction of light penetration for short periods. This may affect primary productivity and plankton biomass. However, turbidity due to dredging and dumping will be observed only in a localised area and only for a very short duration. Hence these impacts are not expected to be significant in nature in the proposed project. Impacts on fisheries The high turbidity due to heavy suspended solid load during dredging or disposal of dredged materials results in clogging of gills of fishes thereby causing asphyxiation. Fishes generally swim away from the area being dredged. Once the turbidity is over due to currents, they come back to the area. Due to this capability of the fishes there is no significant adverse impact on fishes and fisheries is expected on fisheries as a result of dredging. Impacts due to operation of construction equipment The combustion of diesel in construction equipment could be one of the possible sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase. However, incremental concentration
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estimated during operation phase is quite low and does not require any specific control measure. Socio Economic Environment In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labourers, is estimated at about 200. About 50% of the labour population are likely to come from nearby sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities, so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met. B) OPERATION PHASE Apart from the domestic sewage, totally 50,000 litres of sullage is likely to be generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour. The sullage generated from two auction halls, Pre-processing unit, Ice plant and Mechanised workshop will be collected in the manholes at the respective location and finally treated in the Effluent Treatment Plant and shall be reused for the horticulture purposes after treatment.
Solid waste
The predicted total Municipal Solid Waste (including Fish Waste) is expected to be about 3.0 tonne/day .Solid waste comprises all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc.
5.3 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT (a) Construction phase The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of construction equipment and transport vehicles. It has been observed that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The nearest residential areas are at a distance of about 500 m from the proposed project site. Hence, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the proposed project. b) Operation phase No major impacts on noise environment are anticipated during project operation phase. 5.4 IMPACTS ON AIR ENVIRONMENT (a) Construction phase Impacts due to fugitive emissions The major pollutant in the construction phase is SPM being air-borne due to various construction activities. The vehicular movement generates pollutants such as NOx, CO and HC. But, the vehicular pollution is not expected to lead to any major impacts. The fugitive emissions generated due to vehicular movement are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300 m. The impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be significant, since, there is no habitation in the vicinity of the site. (b) Operation phase The major source of air pollution in the post-project phase is the vehicular movement for transportation of fish catch to different destinations of markets. On an average about 10 to 20 trucks per day will move in the area. The pollution levels due to those are not expected to be significant to cause significant adverse impact on ambient air quality. 5.5 IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (a) Construction phase In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labour, is estimated at about 200. About 100 labour population are likely to come from nearby sites. The balance, i.e. 100 labour and their family members are likely to stay near construction sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities, so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met. (b) Operation phase
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At present the fishing activities are already in place without any safe berthing. However reconstruction and modernization of the harbour will further enhance the fishing activities with safe berthing along with increased hygienic conditions on the land side. 5.6 SUMMARY OF IMAPCTS The summary of impacts is given in Table-1
TABLE-1 SUMMARY OF PREDICTION
Issues considered for prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
Air Quality Impacts
• Vehicular emission during transportation of construction materials
• The increase in the concentration of NOX, CO and HC at a distance of 500m is negligible and the overall concentration conform to NAAQS
• The impacts are short term, temporary and shall cease to exist after construction is complete.
Low in the long term and with suitable EMP like covering trucks with tarpaulin sheets, regulation of vehicle speeds and regular emission checks
• Vessel emission • Increase in concentration within the fish landing centre, but will return to background levels as the vessels are of low capacity
Low
Shoreline changes
• Extension of Quay and
Modernization of sloping yard
• Negligible littoral drift calculated, thereby resulting in negligible accretion / erosion
• Low
Land / Aesthetics
• Disposal of solid wastes from canteen, fish meal, rotten fish, ship wastes, vessel repair wastes inland inside the fish landing centre
• Increased organic, toxic and heavy metal loads from runoff
• Odour and pests infection
• Low, when appropriate management measures are implemented.
Water Quality / Ecological Impacts
• Construction activities • Increased turbidity from boulder laying
• Smothering of benthic flora/fauna
• The impacts are short-term and cease after construction is complete.
• Provide nurseries and breeding grounds after construction is complete
• Medium during construction phase
• Beneficial in the long term after construction ceases
• Fishing operations, wastewater disposal, boat repairs
• Increased pathogen, organic loads leading to DO depletion, Eutrophication resulting in fish kills, decomposition and infection
• Toxics and hazardous wastes may lead to bioaccumulation and bio magnification especially in juveniles
• High (-ve)
• Low when integrated with Environmental and Fish landing centre management plans and non-fisheries impacts (from municipal sewage) are regulated;
• Discharge of oil sewage and waste water from
• Increased organic loads, oil and grease inside the breakwater with
• Low when onshore facilities for reception of oily wastes, slop
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Issues considered for prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
vessels insufficient mixing and wastewater are provided. Adherence to EMP items shall be ensured by the Dept. of Fisheries.
Socio Economics
Livelihood and employment • The region is a fishing village with no other means of livelihood. Increased employment opportunities to locals from fisheries associated activities like net mending, boat repairs, markets, exports etc.,
• High (Positive)
Risk
Fuelling Operations • Impacts from Worst Case Scenario are limited to the fish landing centre. However, considering the generally crowded nature of fish landing centre it is required to provide fire hydrants in the vicinity of berthing locations
• Adequate care needs to be taken for protection of the fuel pipelines
• Low significance under normal operating conditions
• Consequences limited to fish landing centre only, during abnormal conditions as low quantities of fuel shall be handled.
• Adequate Fire hydrants and first aid facilities shall be provided within the fish landing centre.
• Marine Environment
Dredging
Impact on Marine water quality, marine ecology, disposal of dredged material. The dredged material has to be disposed at identified location which is having minimum impact on the marine environment. Physical and chemical nature of the dredged material determines the disposal method. It was observed that the proposed area is free from any chemical contamination and sewage pollution. The dredge material is proposed to use for raising the platform level of fishing harbour above the high flood level. As per the soil investigation report, the dredged material shall be non expansive to low expansive and hence it can be used for refilling purposes
• Low significance under normal operating conditions
• Dredging area is free from any chemical contamination and sewage pollution
• Net Impacts • Low (-ve) significance for short term
• Net Benefits • High (+ve) significance for long term
6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed fishising harbour is briefly described in the following sections:
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6.1 SURFACE WATER QUALITY The following measures are recommended:
• Various construction activities should be well coordinated and optimized to avoid time and cost over-run.
• Dredging shall not be carried out during the fish breading season (during April 15 to May 31)
• Spillage of fuel / engine oil and lubricants shall be prevented by suitable precautions and also by providing necessary mechanisms to trap the spillage.
• Temporary colonies of the construction workers shall be established sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall be provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area.
• Construction activities like dredging, etc will be carried out in the confined manner to reduce the impacts on marine environment.
• Construction waste including the debris shall be disposed safely in the designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the marine environment.
6.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
• All regularly used roadways around the site must be swept daily with a tank mounted road sweeper and washed by a trunk mounted cart.
• All transport shall be properly covered at the bottom and top with perfect sealing of plastic/tarpaulin sheets, so that no coal dust spills and spreads out during present operation.
• All vehicles/ equipment deployed in the project shall have valid emission control certification from respective authorities.
• All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards of CPCB and be maintained properly.
• Use of Ready-mix concrete wherever possible shall be explored. In the case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be mounted on shelter with top and slides closed.
6.3 NOISE QUALITY
• Measures for minimizing noise generated from vehicles and other mechanical devices should be adopted which may include damping, absorption, dissipation and deflection methods. Depending on the noise levels, measures such as construction of sound enclosures, deployment of mufflers, mounting noise sources on isolators and use of materials with damping properties, shall be deployed during construction.
• DG sets shall be installed with acoustic enclosures and silencers so as to reduce noise up to the standard level as far as possible.
• Ear protective devices shall be used by the construction workers where they are exposed to steady noise levels above 85 dB (A).
6.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT
• Construction of fish landing centre should be carried out as per applicable regulations such as local planning requirements, fishery sector guide lines, coastal zone regulations and other environment regulations of Government of India and The World Bank.
• Planning and design should be as per earthquake resistant design and construction guidelines / practices laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards [IS:1893 (Part –1) : 2002] and approved by the competent authorities. No deviation from the approved implementation plan, layout and design specifications should be made.
• Hazardous materials like diesel, LPG and paints, etc., required during various stages of construction should be stored as per the explosives act of GoI and necessary permissions / authorizations shall be secured prior to the deployment of such material.
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6.5 MARINE ENVIRONMENT
• Dredging shall not be undertaken during fish breeding season and other special weather situations.
• Vessels operating during construction phase such as dredger shall be equipped with spill response kits.
• Suitable dredging methods to be used to minimise the loss of sediments into the neighbouring water column and cause minimum disturbance to the marine ecology of the area using crawl cat dredger or coastal dredger or pontoon mounted system for grabbing and sufficient number of barges for dumping transporting and disposal to the project site and dumping site.
• Total Suspended Solids in sea water to be monitored at various locations in and around the dredging/construction work areas in order to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts;
• Disposal of dredge spoils shall be carried out at the designated sites as per the stipulated guidelines.
• Green belt shall be developed in the fish landing centre by planting of trees along the entrance gate, road side, net mending shed etc.
• disposal of sewage from the construction work area in to sea, shall be prevented with suitable wastewater treatment measures
• Strict management of the aquatic environment should be followed during the construction phase through waste control, use of minimum disturbance techniques during construction for ensuring minimal changes to the aquatic environment.
6.6 WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
• Total 50,000 litres of sullage and 24 m3 is likely to be generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour. Sequential Batch Reactor Technology based Sewage cum Effluent Treatment Plant is proposed as a part of the reconstruction and modernization project. The treated water will be used in gardening and toilet flushing.
6.7 OIL SPILL MITIGATION DURING THE OPERATION OF FLC
• Oil boom is proposed near the complex so that any oil that is spilled can be arrested by using the boom. The trapped oil is sucked out using a hand suction pump and transferred to the Oil collection container.
• Waste oil will be collected in 200-litre oil drums and soled to oil processing companies for reprocessing.
6.8 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• The solid wastes so generated will contain Solid waste comprising all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc. The total solid waste to be generated would be of the order of 3 t/day, which will be collected and recyclable waste will be recycled. The balance solid waste will be disposed of at designated landfill site.
6.9 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT
• It is proposed to develop greenbelt around various project appurtenances, which will go a long way to achieve environmental protection and mitigation of pollution levels in the area. About 2 ha of land is proposed to be afforested as a part of Greenbelt Development Plan. . The plantation will be at a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m. The width of the greenbelt will be 30 m. About 1,600 trees per hectare will be planted.
6.10 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The summary of Environmental Management Plan is given in Table – 2
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TABLE - 2 Summary of Environmental Management Plan
S. No.
Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility
During Construction Stage
1 Infrastructure provisions at construction camps
The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour as per the requirements of applicable labour regulations of Government of India.
All the work sites and camp sites shall also be provided with basic sanitation and infrastructure as per the requirements of Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996.
Contractor
2 Transportation of construction materials
The contractor should bring construction material only from approved quarries. Heavy vehicles shall be covered with Tarpaulin sheets to minimize fugitive dust during transportation
Contractor
3 Ambient Air quality All the vehicles must have valid PUC certificates, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site. All the DG sets used for construction shall have valid consents from TNPCB
Contractor
4 Noise The construction materials shall be properly maintained and barricades shall be provided around the site for reducing the noise levels. All the workers will be provided with personal protective equipment including ear plugs and other necessary provisions by the contractor.
Contractor
5 Water The quality of water (marine, river and wastewater discharged from the camps) shall be analysed once in three months during construction, for its compliance to the disposal standards of pollution control authority.
Contractor
6 Emergency Management
First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be provided by the contractor at the work sites, camp sites and all other ancillary facilities.
Contractor
7 Greenbelt development
Green belt with adequate number of trees shall be developed and shall be maintained to ensure at 80% survival rate.
Contractor and Fisheries Department
8 Marine Environment
• Dredging has to be carried out using crawl cat dredger or coastal dredger or pontoon mounted system.
• Dredging to be avoided during April 15 to May 31 to avoid the impacts on fish
Contractor
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility
breeding
• Dredged material to be disposed by suction and pumping through pipeline to disposal site.
• Vessels operating during construction phase such as dredger shall be equipped with spill response kits.
Operation Stage
1 Monitoring Operational Performance
The PIU and Fishing harbour management shall monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation measures implemented in the project. This shall include overall hygiene practices of the Fishing harbour, performance of wastewater treatment plant, impacts due to dredging material dump site etc;
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
2 Water & Waste water
Surface water, ground water, marine water and treated / untreated wastewater quality shall be analysed by on a quarterly basis
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
3. Air Environment Ambient air quality and DG stack monitoring shall be done once in a quarter.
Water sprinkling for dust suppression and Greenbelt development shall be carried out in the premises.
Proper maintenance of boats shall be ensured to reduce the emissions.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
4. Noise DG sets with acoustic enclosures shall be deployed.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
5. Solid Waste Solid waste from the site should be source segregated and collected into biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. The biodegradable waste will be treated in organic waste converter (OWC) and used as manure, whereas the non biodegradable waste shall be sent to authorised recyclers.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
6 Emergency Management
First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be maintained by the Fishing harbour operating agency. Adequate fire extinguishers shall be provided in the premises with clear fire exit signals and sign boards are displayed for evacuation.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING OPERATION PHASE The summary of Environmental Monitoring during operation phase is given in Table- 3.
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TABLE – 3 Details of Environmental Monitoring during Operation Phase
S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
1. Marine water
Physico-chemical parameters
pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.
Once in three months
3 sites
Biological parameters Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons
Once a year
3 sites
2. Sediments
Physico-chemical parameters
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates
Once in three months
3 sites
Biological parameters Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
Once in a year 3 sites
3. Greenbelt Develoment
Growth of various species, need for any additional inputs in the form of agro-chemicals, irrigation, protection etc.
Once in three months
Greenbelt sites
8. COST ESTIMATE The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.27 million. The details are given in Table-4.
TABLE-4 Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
S. No.
Parameter Cost (Rs. million)
1. Solid Waste Management 3.70
2. Waste Water Treatment 20.00
2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.80
3. Treatment of effluent from workshops 0.50
4. Greenbelt development 0.12
5. Purchase of noise meter 0.05
6. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase (Refer Table-6.3)
1.60
Total 26.67 say Rs. 27.0 million
The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year
Project Implementation Agency EIA Study for Reconstruction and Modernization (Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project) of Puducherry fishing harbour
WAPCOS Limited 1-1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Union Territory of Puducherry comprises of 4 maritime regions namely
Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. The Puducherry is located on the east
coast of India near the state of Tamil Nadu facing Bay of Bengal. Puducherry has a
coastline of 24 km. There are 15 marine fishing villages in Puducherry region with
10,270 fishermen families. Out of 43,028 fishermen population in Puducherry region,
only about 10,341 fishermen populations are active fishermen.
1.2 REGULATORY AUTHORITIES FOR CRZ REGULATION
National Coastal Management Authority (NCZMA) –The Authority examines and
accords approval to area specific management plans, based on the
recommendations of the State Coastal Zone Management Authorities and Union
Territory Coastal Zone Management Authorities
State Coastal Management Authority (SCZMA)
Based on the CRZ notification in 1991, the state Government constitutes Coastal
Zone Management Authority (SCZMA). The SCZMA is designated as having the
power to take various measures for protecting and improving the quality of the
coastal environment and preventing, abating and controlling environmental pollution
in areas of the respective State/UT. For the present project, shall review the project
and make recommendations to the National Coastal Zone Management Authority for
according clearance under CRZ notification.
District Coastal Management Authority (DCZMA)
The State/ Union Territory Government constitutes the District Coastal Zone
Management Authorities (DCZMA) with Collector of the District as its Chairman, to
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monitor, enforce and implement the provisions of Coastal Regulation Zone at the
district level. Proposals seeking clearance under Coastal Regulation Zone
Notification are first scrutinized by the District Coastal Management Authority and
then submitted to State Coastal Zone Management Authority (SCZMA). The DCZMA
assists the State Coastal Zone Management Authority in discharging the expected
duties apart from attending to the local issues concerned with the Coastal Regulation
Zones.
1.3 FISHERIES IN PUDUCHERRY
As mentioned earlier, Puducherry region has coastline of 24 km with rich marine
fishing resources. As per the 2000 census of Department of Fisheries and
Fishermen Welfare, Government of Puducherry, the total number of mechanized
boats were 789 and the total numbers of traditional crafts were 4515 in the entire
Puducherry Union. Karaikal region had the maximum number of 590 mechanized
boats and Puducherry region had only 201 mechanized boats. Mahe and Yanam
had 40 and 20 mechanized boats respectively. Among the traditional crafts
Puducherry region had the maximum of 2293 traditional crafts and Karaikal had
1297 carfts. In Mahe and Yanam, there were 350 and 575 crafts respectively. The
total number of fishing crafts in Puducherry region as per the 2000 census was 5304.
The list of marine fishing villages alongwith number of fishermen families in each
village is given in Table-1.1.
TABLE-1.1 Marine fishing villages in Puducherry Region
S. No. Name of the Marine Fishing Village No. of families
1. KanagaChettikulam 227
2. Periyakalapet 720
3. Chinnakalapet 414
4. Pillaichavady 387
5. Solainagar 814
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S. No. Name of the Marine Fishing Village No. of families
6. Vithikuppam 773
7. Kurusukuppam 597
8. Vambakeerapalayam 1,646
9. Periyaveerampattinam 2,005
10. Chinnaveerampattinam 263
11. P. Pudhukuppam 325
12. Nallavadu 673
13. Pannithittu 545
14. Narambai 483
15. Moorthukuppam Pudhukuppam 398
Total 10,270 Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry
In the Union Territory of Puducherry out of 43,028 fisherfolk population, only 10,341
fisherfolk populations are active fishermen. Out of this, 9,503 are full time fishermen,
401 are part time fishermen and 437 are occasional fishermen.
The average marine fish production in the Union Territory of Puducherry is about
0.13 lakh tones during the period 1969 to 2008. As per 2000 census of Department
of Fisheries and Fishermen Welfare, Government of Puducherry, there are total no.
of 201 and 2293 mechanized boats and traditional crafts, respectively in Puducherry
region. The gill nets contributed more to the total fishing gears. In Union Territory of
Puducherry, there are about 37099 fishing gears including small, medium and large
totaling to about 32331 accounting for about 87.14% of the total fishing gears. The
other types of fishing gears used in the region are trawl nets, drift nets, hook and
lines, troll lines, shore seines, longlines, ring seines and scoop nets. The details of
fishing gears as per CMFRI census -2005 for Union Territory of Puducherry are
given in Table-1.2.
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TABLE-1.2
Details of fishing gears in Puducherry Region
S. No. Name of Gear Numbers
1. Trawl net 1,598
2. Boat seine 1
3. Fixed Bag Net 14
4. Drift Net 1,376
5. Gill Net (Large) 1,402
6. Gill Net (Medium) 15,148
7. Gill Net (Small) 15,781
8. Hooks and Lines 918
9. Longlines 16
10. Troll lines 419
11. Ring seines 6
12. Shore seines 19
13. Scoop net 30
14. Others 371
Total 37, 099 Source: Marine Fisheries Census 2005, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin.
The estimated marine fish landings from different fishing gears operated from
different crafts in Union Territory of Puducherry are given in Table- 1.3.
TABLE-1.3
Estimated Marine Fish landings from different gears during 2008, in Union Territory of Puducherry
S. No.
Type of craft / gear Quantity of
landings (tonnes) % contribution
1. Mechanized trawl net 5666 44.19
2. Mechanized boat gill net 785 6.12
3. Inboard engine / gill net 854 6.66
4. Outboard motor / gill net 1202 9.38
5. Outboard motor / Drift gill net 3874 30.22
6. Outboard motor / Hook and lines 332 2.59
7. Outboard motor / Shore Seine 108 0.84
Total 12821 100
Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry
The total catch from the trawl net and gill net of all types is about 5666 tons and
6715 tons respectively which accounts for 44.19% and 52.37% respectively of total
fish landing.
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1.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT
The Puduchery fishing harbour was constructed in Ariyankuppam river mouth at
Thengaithittu in Puducherry during the year 2000 at an estimated cost of Rs. 6
crores under the centrally sponsored scheme of Government of India. The
Puducherry fishing harbour has a quay of length of 330 m. At present 115
mechanized boats are berthed in this fishing harbour. At one end of the wharf, FRP
boats with inboard engines are berthed. The other facilities available in this fishing
harbour are as follows:
• Auction hall - 2
• Work shed - 1
• Diesel (bunk) outlet - 1
• Vehicle parking shed - 1
• Fishing boat repair yard - 1
• INCOIS PMSSS CRS Information System to denote wind speed, wave heights etc.
• Fishing Harbour Management Society Office
• One power room with 440 volts capacity receiving 315 KW power from transformer
• 52 Sodium Vapour lamps and 24 Metalloid Vapour lamps
• A tower for shore to vessel communication system
• Overhead tank capacity of 80,000 litres
To augument the above mentioned facilities for additional fish catch, it is proposed to
reconstruct and modernize the same in existing fishing harbour at Puduchery
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA STUDY
The objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment for the reconstruction and
modernization of existing fishing harbour at Puducherry are to assess the likely
impacts on the existing quality of land, marine water, noise, air quality, marine as
well as terrestrial ecology and socio-economic environment. Mitigating measures in
the form of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) have also been outlined as a
part of the EIA report.
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The key components of the EIA study include:
- assessment of the existing status of physico-chemical, ecological (terrestrial and marine) and socio-economic aspects of environment
- identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due
to activities envisaged during construction and operational phases of the proposed reconstruction and modernization of existing fishing harbour.
- prediction of significant impacts on major environmental components. - delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to
minimize adverse impacts during construction and operational phases of the proposed project.
- formulation of environmental quality monitoring programme for construction
and operation phases. 1.7 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE EIA STUDY
The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps carried out in an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. The same are briefly described in
the following paragraphs.
Environmental Baseline study
Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of
appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the
implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey emanates from short
listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline study involved both
field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of
data which may already have been collected for other purposes.
As per the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) guidelines, the Study Area for
the EIA study has been considered as the 10 km radius keeping the proposed
project site at the centre. The baseline data on various environmental parameters
like land use pattern, water quality, noise, meteorology, air quality, demography and
socio-economics, terrestrial ecology and marine ecology was collected through field
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studies, literature review and collection of secondary data as available with various
departments and locals.
The methodology adopted for various aspects of data collection is briefly described
in the following paragraphs:
• Marine Ecology
The marine ecological survey was conducted in the month of August, 2009. The
surface as well bottom water samples were collected using mechanized vessels.
Each location was fixed on benchmark and after reaching the site, the vessel was
anchored.
Parameters like temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were estimated by an
YSI temperature, salinity oxygen meter respectively at the site itself.
Plankton samples were collected by filtering a known volume of water by a plankton
not of <60 µ mesh size bolting silk. Surface water was collected using a clean bucket
without causing any disturbances. Likewise, the bottom water samples were
collected by Nansen bottle. Sediment samples were collected by a grab sampler
operated from the vessel.
The data on various aspects like major aquatic floral and faunal species, rare and
endangered species, fisheries, crabs, prawns, mangroves, etc. was also collected as
a part of primary data collection. Apart from this, the secondary data/information as
available from the reported literature have been appropriately utilized in the EIA
report.
• Ambient Air quality
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Ambient air quality monitoring was conducted at three locations in and around the
project area. The parameters monitored were PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx.
• Noise Environment
Noise levels in the study area were recorded with A-weighted noise level meter at
various sampling locations in and around the project area. The readings were taken
during day and night time and equivalent noise levels were estimated and used in
the EIA report.
• Socio-economic Aspects
The data on demography, socio-economics was collected from secondary data
sources like Census handbook, Statistical handbook, and revenue records, etc.
• Landuse pattern
The landuse pattern of the study area has been studied using digital satellite data,
which was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad in
the form of CD-ROM for IRS-1C, LISS III. Detailed ground truth studies were
conducted for formulation of signature data set. A supervised classification was then
conducted using the GIS & IMAGINE processing software packages available in
house at WAPCOS Centre for Environment. The landuse pattern has been also
studied with use of revenue data (Census handbook).
Assessment of Impacts
With knowledge of the baseline conditions, project characteristics, the intensity of
construction and operation activities and current critical conditions, detailed
projections were made for the influence of the proposed project on physio-chemical,
biological and social environment in the area. The impacts on environment due to
construction and operation activities of the proposed project were identified.
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The various aspects of the environment covered as a part of the Impact Assessment
were:
• Land Environment
• Air Environment
• Noise Environment
• Terrestrial Environment
• Socio-Economic Aspects.
An attempt was made to predict future environmental scenario quantitatively to the
extent possible. However, for non-tangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been
done.
Environmental Management Plan
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was delineated to ensure that the
adverse impacts likely to accrue are altogether removed or minimized to the extent
possible. After selection of suitable and feasible environmental mitigation measures,
the cost required for implementation of various environmental management
measures has been estimated to have an idea of their cost-effectiveness.
Environmental Monitoring Programme
A post-project environmental monitoring programme has been suggested to oversee
the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and
reality and to suggest the remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage
but during the operation phase and to generate data for further use. The equipment,
manpower and cost required for the implementation of environmental monitoring
programme were also suggested.
1.8 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT
The contents of the EIA report are arranged as follows:
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Chapter 1: The chapter gives an overview of the need for the project, objectives and
need for EIA study etc.
Chapter 2: A brief write-up on various project appurtenances, construction schedule
and construction material requirement have been covered in this chapter.
Chapter 3: Baseline environmental conditions including physical, biological and
socio-economic parameters, resource base and infrastructure have been described
in this chapter. Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline
conditions of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly
affected by the implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey
emanates from short listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline
study involves both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary
for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes.
Chapter 4: Anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the construction
and operation of the proposed project were assessed in the Chapter. Prediction is
essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project
area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of
the proposed project. An attempt has been made to predict future environmental
conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters, which
cannot be quantified, the general approach is to discuss such intangible impacts in
qualitative terms so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence
as well as their possible implications.
Chapter 5: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for amelioration of anticipated
adverse impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed project. The approach
for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the
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positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. After selection of
suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of
various management measures is also estimated.
Chapter 6: Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project
construction and operation phases has been delineated in this Chapter. The
objective is to assess the adequacy of various environmental safeguards and to
compare the predicted and actual scenario during construction and operation phases
to suggest remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising
during these phases and to generate data for further use. The cost for required for
implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme has also been summarized
in this chapter.
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CHAPTER-2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
In Puducherry Fishing Harbour, fish catch is 26 t/day and considering 200 effective
fishing days in a year the total annual fish catch is around 5200 tonnes. To increase
the fish catch, additional infrastructure facilities need to be created as a part of
reconstruction and modernization of existing Puducherry Fishing Harbour. The
following components are proposed under the reconstruction and modernization of
Puducherry Fishing Harbour:
• Extension of Quay and providing appropriate fender on the quay.
• Modernisation of sloping yard
• Marine Mechanized Workshop
• Boat making and repairing yard
• Fish Processing Unit
• Ice Plant
• Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage
2.2 EXTENSION OF QUAY
The number of boats using the Puducherry Fishing Harbour as of now is 119 of
which 116 are wooden mechanized boats and 83 are FRB boats with inboard
Engine, which is also treated as mechanised boat. The Sectoral Analysis study
indicates that there shall be a likelihood increase in the FRB fleet using the harbour.
It is necessary to extend the length of quay to accommodate higher number of
fishing boats. The total length of quay required for Mechanised and FRB boats shall
be 540 m.A wharf of 330 m length is already available, and it is proposed to extend
the wharf by another 200 m to accommodate additional number of boats.It is also
proposed to lay the slab of 6m width and the total area likely to be concreted is 1200
sq.m. The existing wharf is made up of cantilever diaphragm wall, which was
completed in the year 2005. To match wit the existing structure cantilever diaphragm
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wall is proposed. The angle of shearing resisting has considered as 35° in the design
as per the Engineering Report of the project. Considering the tidal variation of 1.31
m, the top level of the proposed quay is fixed +2m on bar with the existing quay top.
It is proposed to have the lower level for anchoring the FRP boats and to dredge
upto -2.5m level on the basin side for facilitating the berthing of vessels without any
hardship.
2.3 MODERNIZATION OF SLOPING YARD
The existing sloping hard in the fishing harbour was made in 1 on 10 slope and
paved concrete is in damaged state and peeled and also it is not as per the standard
norms. There is no proper rail arrangement and cradle system to receive the boats
and there is no proper hauling system to beach the boat for repairing and the
fisherman communities are finding great difficulty for beaching their vessel for repair.
Normally the sloping hard for hauling the fishing vessel is to be provided from -2.5m
to -3m level. On the land side, winch machine is to be constructed for hauling the
vessel and the return pulley block of suitable capacity is also to be provided and this
will be useful for launching the vessel.Under the modernisation scheme, the
following works are proposed:
� Construction of cofferdam in front of the sloping hard to rectify the damage if any.
� The disturbed portion of the existing sloping hard floor is proposed for improvement.
� Providing CR100 Rail of 2.5 m at 3 m apart in sloping hard area, transfer bay area for the movement of transfer cradle and also in the boat making and repair yard.
� Providing winch room with winch of suitable capacity. � Fabrication of sloping cradle, Boat trolley and Transfer cradle.
2.4 MECHANIZED WORKSHOP
As per the records of Department of Fisheries, the total number of Wooden
registered Boats is 116 and Steel registered Boat is one number and FRP registered
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Boat is 83 and the total number of registered Mechanised Boat being operated from
Puducherry fishing harbour is 199. The capacity of the engine normally fitted in
wooden mechanised Boat is from 15 to 120 HP and engine fitted in FRP boat is 9 to
10 HP. At present there is no proper workshop to remove defects, if any in the
engine, propeller, propeller shaft etc., and the fisherman find it difficult to repair them.
Therefore, it is proposed to have one workshop of size 30 x 15 m. The installation of
lathe, welding unit, timber log, gantry crane, etc., are to be taken by the Fishing
Harbour Management Society and the same is not included in the proposal as
decided during the meeting held on 05.03.2010.
2.5 BOAT MAKING AND REPAIR YARD
The proposed boat making and Repair Yard is placed at northern side of the sloping
yard. It consists of 3 Bays on each side and each bay is provided with CR100 Rail
arrangements. There is no boat making and repair yard at present in Puducherry and
the fishermen are finding it difficult to build or repair the Boat. The fisherman has to
go to Cuddalore for utilising the boat making and repair yard facilities. In this Boat
making and Repair yard, 6 Nos. of Boats can be repaired or build at a time.
2.6 ICE PLANT
All fishing vessels prior to their sale need to carry ice block in sufficient quantity for
preservation fish. Block ice is cheaper, convenient to carry, requires less space and
has less melt water, in comparison to any other form of ice. Therefore, modern block
ice manufacturing units is proposed to supply quality ice to the fishing industry by
using potable water.
In Puducherry, a small capacity of ice plant (less than 3 tonne) is available in
Pillaichavady, Vaithikuppam, Vembakeerapalayam and Periyaveerampattinam. The
production of ice from these ice plants is less and is insufficient to meet the
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requirements in the village for the fishermen living in these villages. The fishermen
with wooden mechanised and FRP mechanised boats have to bring the ice box from
far off places for the day to day fishing activities. Therefore, it is necessary to
develop an Ice Plant. The details of number of boats going for week long fishing and
daily fishing and ice requirement for auctioning and processing etc., have been
worked out as per the standard procedures.
As per the Feasibility Report, vessels going for week long fishing require about 30
Nos. of 60 Kg Ice box. Similarly for daily fishing about 6 to 7 Nos of 60 kg box is
required per boat. The daily requirement is about 300 Kg/boat (30 x 60/6). Six days
duration is considered for week long fishing.
Quantity of ice required per day for week long Fishing (considering 10 boats per day) = 10 x 300
= 3000 kg. Quantity of ice required for daily fishing = 7 x 60
= 420 kg. Ice required for daily fishing for 60 boats(mechanised) = 25,200 kg. Ice required for FRP boat = 60 x 200
= 12,000 kg. Total = 40,200 kg
In addition to fishing, ice is also required for Auctioning / Packing the fish to local
market and also for preserving the fish in chilled storage freezing plants and fish
processing plants.
It is assessed that 80% of fish catch are consumed fresh and another 20% of fish is
may be sent for processing. Considering the power requirements and other
constraints, 50% of the fish catch is taken as the quantum of ice required and
therefore the ice required for packing, chilling, etc., are detailed below.
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As per CMFRI data the total fish catch is 26 tonne per day in Puducherry Fishing
Harbour. Considering all the above, 50% of total fish catch is considered for iceing
= 0.5 x 26 = 13 Tonnes
Ice required for fishing fleet = 40.2 Tonnes Total quantity of ice required = 53.2 Tonnes
Hence the capacity of ice plant required to be provided is 50 Tonnes. The size of Ice
Plant is 40 m x 20 m and the revised location is marked in the general layout
drawing. Two numbers of 54 tonne of refrigeration capacity compressor is required
for 50T ice productions at -15° evaporation and +40° condensing temperature. The
capacity of motor required is 125 HP and totally 155T of refrigeration is required for
the ice plant to produce the 50T of Ice.
Water requirement of Ice Plant
It is roughly estimated that for an ice plant, an equal amount of fresh water will be
needed. (Source: Planning of Fishing Harbours by C.T.Betgeri). Therefore for 50
tonne capacity ice plant, the requirement of fresh water by taking into account 2 to 3
days reserve storage is = 50x3= 150 Tonnes = 1,50,000 Litres
Therefore the drawl of water to meet out the above requirement was discussed with
Puducherry local body authorities and they informed that there will not be any
problems to supply the water as the ice plant is proposed to be maintained by the
fishing harbour management society.
To explore the possibility of ground water usage for ice making, three numbers of
land bore holes have been driven in different locations of Puducherry fishing harbour
area and water samples were also collected during bore hole investigation. The
collected samples are tested for various parameters including chlorides and
sulphates were analysed. The chlorides and sulphates value were observed to be
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well above the permissible limit specified for potable water. Thus, the option of using
groundwater from the harbour area was disordered. The only option available was tp
get from the local authorities.
Area of Ice Plant
The MPEDA has standardised the area requirement with respect to production of Ice
per day. According to the norms for setting up an ice plant of 20 Tonne per day, an
area to the extent of about 300 sqm is required. Therefore, it is proposed to provide
the Ice plant with size 40 m x 20 m approximate with reference to the quantum of ice
arrived based on CMFRI data
2.7 FISH PROCESSING UNIT
The fish process consists of mainly processing unit, freezing unit and chilled storage
unit. It is proposed to have a fish processing unit of 6T capacity initially which will be
expanded to 12T capacity at ultimate stage (year 2040) to process, freeze and
preserve the low value fishes and to supply the same in the local market at higher
cost.
It is proposed to have plate freezer with 11 trays to freeze 500 kg at a time. Each
load will take 1½ hour to 2 hour. Therefore per day 12 loads can be freezed. Thus,
total quantity can be freezed (12 x 500) 6000 kg or 6T.
The various item of components to be developed in construction of fish processing
unit are:
• Earth work Excavation
• Reinforced cement concrete
• Provision of glazed wall tiling
• Provision of Granite flooring
• Provision of Stainless steel tray for main processing and pre-processing.
• Provision of compressor for freezing and cold storing.
• Provision of Air conditioning arrangement inside the building.
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The total sullage expected to be generated from the fish processing unit is 36
m3/day.
2.8 NET MENDING SHED
At present there is no proper net mending shed to mend their nets and the fishermen
are using the existing auction halls for this purpose and therefore it is proposed to
construct a Net Mending Shed of size 20 m x 8 m with openings around.
2.9 ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK
Since there is no proper office complex to manage the fishing harbour, an
Administrative Office Building will be constructed as a part of the project.
2.10 TREATMENT FOR DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENT SULLAGE
The common liquid wastes that pollute the fishing harbour are:
� Sewage from sanitary facilities � Waste water from fish cleaning operations � Outfalls from processing plants � Galley waste from boats � Deck and fish-hold washings and � Laundry discharges.
In addition,
� Effluents from shore-based industries and � Human waste from settlements upstream and to the pollution load in
some harbours. � The harbour should provide reception facilities for large vessels to
discharge their sewage.
� In order to maintain good hygienic conditions in fishery harbour, it is proposed that the auction halls and wholesale markets where fishery products are displayed for sale must:be covered and have walls which are easy to clean.
� have water proof flooring which is easy to wash and disinfect and laid in such a way so as to facilitate the drainage of water and have hygenic waste disposal system.
� be equipped with sanitary facilities with an appropriate number of wash basins and flush lavoratories. Wash basins shall be equipped with materials for cleaning the hands and single use hand towels.
� be well fitted to facilitate the inspection of fishery products � when they are used for display or storage of fishery products, not be
used for other purposes; vehicle emitting exhaust fumes which may
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impair the quality of the fishery products must not be admitted to markets; undesirable animals must not be admitted.
� be cleaned regularly and atleast after each sale; crates must, after each sale to be cleaned and rinsed inside and outside with potable water or clean sea water; where required, must be disinfected.
However in the existing Puducherry fishing harbour, the auction hall/packing hall and
other constructions are not as per the above EU norms. Modernisation of Auction
hall also is taken up as an additional services as directed to improve the drainage for
easy drain of water in line with the above standards.
On the commencement of full-fledged commercial activity in modernised Puducherry
fishing harbour, it is expected that around 750 fishermen (150 x 5) and around 250
outsiders may use the harbour. As per CMFRI data, the total fish catch is 26 Tonnes
per day on an average and the total sullage expected to be generated in the fishing
harbour is taken as(2 x 26,000 x 0.75) 39,000 litres/day, say, 40,000 litres/day or 40
m3/day. In addition, around 10,000 litres/day is expected to be generated in the pre-
processing unit and totally 50,000 litres of sullage is likely to be generated in the
Puducherry fishing harbour.
Hence it is planned to provide a comprehensive sullage collection system comprising
of manholes, drainage channels, etc., A separate lift manhole/ collection chamber of
2 m diameter and 2.5 m depth is proposed to be constructed and all sullage will be
collected through manholes and are to be let out in lift manhole/ collection chamber.
A submersible pump of suitable capacity will be installed in the lift manhole with
automatic control systems and from there the sullage shall be treated.
2.11 DREDGING
The wave pattern prevailing in Puducherry region have been studied in detail and it
is observed that most frequently occurring wave height is 1.5 m with 30% occurrence
and wave period of 5 to 6 seconds is noticed. The wave at the fishing harbour point
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in all the time is generally less than 0.3m, which is more favourable for berthing the
fishing vessels.
The tidal observations were taken up by the Fisheries Department, Puducherry. The
tides at Puducherry coast is semi-diurnal and the salient tidal data is as follows:
• Mean higher high water = + 1.31 m
• Mean lower high water = + 1.07 m
• Mean lower low water = + 0.73 m
• Datum = 0.00
The littoral drift along the east coast of India is predominant towards North and it
depends on the angle of approach of wave towards the shore and position of the
surf-zone. The detailed studies carried out by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Chennai in Puducherry port limit and other recent literature were also collected.The
annual littoral drift in the entire east coast is around 1 Mm3/year. In Puducherry, the
littoral drift towards north is 0.45 Mm3/year and towards south is 0.045 Mm3/year.
Thus, the net littoral drift is 0.4 Mm3/year towards north. The drift material moves
along the coast and whenever the velocity of flow in the river gets reduced for self
cleaning, then the drift material will accumulate on the mouth.
As per the Feasibility Report, during the Pre-stake holder’s meeting conducted on
24.04.2009, it was unanimously demanded to dredge the mouth as well as the
fishing harbour area for navigation and berthing of vessels. A detailed Bathymetry
survey to ascertain the depth available in front of the wharf and along the approach
channel in the river was carried out. From the Bathymetry chart, it is seen that the
depth available in front of the wharf and upto the tip of the break water is less than
required.
The total quantity of dredging envisaged is 272764 m3.
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2.12 COST ESTIMATE
The Cost Estimate has been prepared and the total cost for the Puducherry Fishing
Harbour has been estimated as Rs.1907.70 lakhs. The details are given in Table-
2.1.
TABLE-2.1 Details of cost for development of Puducherry Fishing Harbour
S. No. Components Total Amount (Rs. lakh)
1 Extension of quay 296.50
2 Modernisation of slip way 89.20
3 Marine mechanised work shop 43.00
4 Boat making & repair yard 69.00
5 Pre- processing unit 14.00
6 Ice plant 190.00
7 Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage 40.00
8 Administrative block 151.00
9 Dredging 1000.00
10 Net mending shed 15.00
Total 1907.70
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CHAPTER-3
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 3.1 GENERAL The assessment of baseline environmental setting is an essential component of
any EIA study. Based on the “Scoping Matrix”, various parameters to be covered
for assessment of baseline environmental setting are identified. Assessment of
environmental impacts due to reconstruction and modernization of the
Puducherry fishing harbour project requires a comprehensive and scientific
consideration of various environmental aspects and their interaction with natural
resources, namely, physico-chemical parameters i.e. meteorology, air quality,
noise quality, land use and water quality, biological parameters i.e. terrestrial
flora and fauna, marine flora and fauna, fish species, etc. and socio-economic
parameters i.e. demography, occupational profile, etc.
As a part of the EIA study, a large quantum of related secondary data as
available with departments like Forest, Fisheries, Revenue, etc. has been
collected. Field surveys were conducted for primary data generation on various
aspects including ambient air quality, water quality, noise, marine ecology,
landuse pattern, etc. The Study Area considered for the EIA study is the area
within radius of 10 km considering the proposed project site at the centre. The
study area map is enclosed as Figure-3.1. The major portion of the study area is
under water. In such settings, impacts likely to accrue as a result of project
reconstruction and modernization are expected to be occurring mainly on water
front i.e. on marine environment. Thus, as a part of the EIA study, appropriate
emphasis has been given to marine environment.
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As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for the
following aspects:
• Physiography
• Geology
• Soils
• Meteorology
• Water Resources
• Ambient air quality
• Noise environment
• Landuse pattern
• Marine Water Quality
• Sediments
• Marine Ecology
• Socio-economic Aspects
3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY
The Union Territory of Puducherry lies in the macro region called coastal plains
and islands of Indian Union. On the basis of diverse physiographic
characteristics, the Union Territory has been divided into following three micro
regions:
� North Kerala coast � Coromandel Coast � Goodavari Delta The proposed project area lies in the Coromandel Coast micro region. It covers
districts Puducherry and Karaikal of Puducherry Union Territory and the districts
of Chengalpattu M.G.R. Madras, Thanjavur, Tirucharipalli, South Arcot and
Pudukottai of Tamil Nadu.
3.3 GEOLOGY
The geological beds in the project area range from cretaceous to recent period.
The cretaceous beds comprise of marine limestone, calcareous marls, sandy and
calcareous shale, limestone, calcareous sand stones and granular yellow
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limestone. The other belt is of miocene-pilocene age is of Recent and Sub-
Recent ages i.e. coastal sands, alluvium soil and laterite.
3.4 SOILS
In project area , coastal alluvium red ferruginous soil and black clayey soils are
the main soil types .. Coastal alluvium is found in the coastal tract and it is more
sandy over its eastern part and more clayey over its western part.. The nitrogen,
phosphate and potash levels are low. The main sub-order association of the soil
present in the project area is Psamments-Tropepts.
3.5 METEOROLOGY
The Project area experiences hot and tropical maritime climate. As it it located in
the tropical maritime zone summers are hot and humid, and winters are mild.
There are four distinct seasons namely south-west monsoon (June to
September), north-east monsoon (October-December), winter (January &
February) and summer season (March to May). The annual rainfall in the project
area was estimated as 1245 mm. About 62% (772 mm) of the rainfall is received
under the influence of north-east monsoons during the months from October to
December. South-west monsoons (June-September) on an average contribute
344 mm of rainfall which is nearly 27% of the annual rainfall. The balance rainfall,
i.e. 74 mm (6%) and 55 mm (5%) are received in the summer months (March to
May) and winter months (January and February) respectively.
In the project area, the temperature starts increasing from February end and it
reaches up to 37oC. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during
the summer season are 43oC and 27oC respectively. Sea-breeze and pre-
monsoon thunder showers reduce the temperature and the diurnal range of
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temperature is low. The months of December and January coolest part of the
year with the minimum average temperature at about 22oC.
3.7 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY The ambient air quality was monitored as a part of the EIA study. The ambient
air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two samples per
week at three locations in August / September, 2010.
The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:
• PM 10
• PM 2.5
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The ambient air quality monitoring stations covered as a part of EIA study are
given in Table-3.1.
TABLE-3.1 Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations
Stations Location
AQ1 Bar mouth
AQ2 STTP near Light house
AQ3 Project Site – Fishing harbor
The findings of the ambient air quality monitoring survey are given in Table-3.2.
The ambient air quality standards are enclosed as Annexure-I.
The results of ambient air quality monitoring observed is given in Table-3.2.
TABLE-3.2 Ambient air quality status (Unit: µg/m3)
S. No Location PM 2.5 PM 10 SO2 NOX
1 Bar mouth 21.46 23.33 5.21
BDL
2 STTP near Light house 30.55 35.29 6.47
BDL
3 Project Site – Fishing harbor
31. 68 35.57 8.59 BDL
NAAQ Standards (24 hr Concentration)
60 100 80 80
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It is observed from Table-3.2 that the average concentration of PM2.5 at various
stations ranged from 21.46 to 31.68 µg/m3 where as PM10 ranged from 23.33 to
35.57 µg/m3 at various locations. The observed values are well within the
prescribed limits of NAAQ standards.
It is observed from Table-3.2 that, the average concentration of SO2 at various
stations in the study area was much below the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3
specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. The highest SO2
concentration of 8.59 µg/m3 was observed at project site and minimum of 5.21
µg/m3 was observed at bar mouth. All the observation of NOx are below
detectable limit.
3.8 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Baseline noise data has been measured using A weighted sound pressure level
meter. The survey was carried out in calm surroundings. Sound Pressure Level
(SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound pressure
level meter. The ambient noise levels are given in Table-3.3. The ambient noise
standards are enclosed as Annexure-II.
TABLE-3.3
Equivalent noise levels in the study area (Unit : dB(A))
Location Noise level (day time)
Noise level (night time)
Bar mouth 29-32 26-31
STTP near Light house 33-39 27-32
Project Site – Fishing harbor 35-40 29-33
Noise Standards 55 45
It may be seen from the Table-3.3 that the day time noise level ranged from a
minimum of 29 dB(A) to a maximum of 40 dB(A). The night time noise level
ranged from a minimum of 26 dB(A) to a maximum of 33 dB(A). The day and
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night time noise level at various sites were compared with Ambient Noise
Standards (Refer Annexure-II) and were observed to be well below the
permissible limit.
3.9 LANDUSE PATTERN
The Puducherry Fishing Harbour is located on the northern bank of
Ariyankuppam River in Thengaithittu Village. The landuse pattern of the study
area, i.e. the area within 10 km radius of the project site has been studied based
on the satellite data for the study area. The IRS, P6-LISS III digital satellite data
has been procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad
for assessing the landuse pattern of the study area. The raw satellite imagery
has been processed using ERDAS IMAGINE software. The signals of satellite
imagery were verified by performing ground truthing and then final classification
of satellite imagery was done. Based on this classification the landuse pattern of
the study area was obtained. The FCC and the classified imagery of the study
area are enclosed as Figure 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. The landuse pattern of the
study area based on the satellite data is given in Table-3.4.
TABLE-3.4
Landuse pattern of the study area
Landuse category Area (ha) % of the total study area
Vegetation 5386 17.29
Agriculture 6092 19.56
Settlement 1128 3.62
Water Bodies 16126 51.78
Barren 1937 6.22
Sand/saltpan 476 1.53
Total 31145 100
It is observed from Table-3.6, that the major landuse of the study area is water
body accounting for about 51.78% of the total study area. The area under
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agriculture accounts for about 19.56% of the total study area. The area under
vegetation comprises about 17.29% of the total study area. Settlements account
for about 3.62% of the total study area
3.10 MARINE WATER QUALITY
The status of marine ecology in the pre-project stage and the likely impacts on
marine ecology due to the construction and operation activities of the proposed
fishing harbour project are the important aspects EIA study.
Detailed marine ecological survey was conducted by Centre for Oceanography
and Coastal Area Studies, Algappa University to establish the existing status of
the marine water around the proposed project site. The study includes data
collection and analysis of physico-chemical and biological characteristics of
marine water and sediment samples, collection of mangrove samples for
detailed analysis, enquiry with fisheries department and local fishermen. Keeping
in view the proposed location the navigational channel, shallow and deep
regions, point of inflow, outflow and human activities, water and sediment
sampling were done at five locations.
Floats were anchored for identification of sample locations. The surface samples
were collected using a plastic bucket and polyethylene bottle and glass bottle.
Parameters like temperature, pH, total depth, light penetration, dissolved
oxygen, salinity, conductivity and productivity were recorded at site. Samples for
laboratory analysis were transferred to well rinsed and labeled containers. The
bottles were tightly capped and transported in iceboxes. Flow meter was used to
measure the velocity and the quantity of water sampled through plankton net.
The flow meter was attached with plankton net to know the actual amount of
water passed through the net.
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The status of marine ecology before the project and the impacts on marine
ecology due to the construction and operation of the proposed project are the
important aspects of this project. The baseline data on marine ecology has been
collected through a marine ecological survey conducted in the month of June
2009. The details of the sampling sites are given in Table 3.5.
TABLE-3.5 Details of the sampling locations
Site No. Site Name Coordinates of the site
1 River & Sea Joint Lat. 11˚54'22.7" N Long. 079˚49'48.3" E
2 Backwater Lat. 11˚54'36.2" N Long. 079˚49' 36.7" E
3 Construction Area Lat. 11˚54'29.4" N Long. 079˚49'28.6" E
4 Old Harbour Area Lat. 11˚54'30.0" N Long. 079˚49'21.2" E
5 Boat Build Area Lat. 11˚54'31.7" N Long. 079˚49'18.5" E
The sediments (sea bed) samples were collected from the above referred
sampling stations. The collected samples were analysed for physico-chemical
and biological parameters. The analysis results of various physico-chemical
parameters in water samples are listed in Tables-3.6.
TABLE-3.6 Water quality in marine water samples
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Temperature
The temperature of surface water samples varies from 24 to 26oC. There was
not much variation in the water temperature. The temperatures are generally
within the accepted optimum range for aquatic organisms.
pH
pH is interdependent with other water quality parameters, such as carbon
dioxide, alkalinity, and hardness. It can be toxic in itself at a certain level, and
also known to influence the toxicity as well of hydrogen sulfide, cyanides, heavy
metals, and ammonia (Klontz, 1993). pH can also affect fish. For most
freshwater species, a pH range between 6.5 - 9.0 is ideal, but most marine
species typically cannot tolerate as wide range pH as freshwater species, thus
the optimum pH is usually between pH 7.5 and 8.5 (Boyd, 1998). Below pH 6.5,
some species experience slow growth (Lloyd, 1992). At lower pH value, the
organism’s ability to maintain its salt balance is affected (Lloyd, 1992) and
reproduction ceases. At approximately pH 4.0 or below and pH 11 or above,
most species die (Lawson, 1995).
S.No. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Temperature(ºC) 25 24 24 25 26
2 Salinity(ppt) 29 31 30 31 31
3 pH 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.1
4 Depth(m) 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2
5 Electrical Conductivity(x103mol)
51.1 52.6 50.8 49.8 53.6
6 DO(mg/l) 4.6 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.3
7 BOD(mg/l) 1.04 1.01 1.24 1.34 1.35
8 Total Phosphorus(µmol/l)
0.329 0.462 0.360 0.413 0.538
9 Nitrates((µmol/l) 1.071 1.110 1.030 1.079 1.115
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The pH value remained alkaline, i.e. 8-8.1 at various stations. pH value also did
not exhibit insignificant variation and was within range prescribed by CPCB (pH
6.5 -9.0) and optimal range for marine fisheries.
Salinity
The variation in salinity in water samples ranged from 29 to 31 ppt. The salinity
levels are observed to be within average range reported in marine waters.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen is a measure of the ability of surface waters to support aquatic
life. Dissolved oxygen values observed in the area are an indicator of good
coastal water. DO is needed by fish to respire and perform metabolic activities.
Thus, low levels of DO are often linked to fish kill incidents. On the other hand,
optimum levels can result to good growth. Oxygen is also needed by other
organisms such as bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. They consume
large amounts of dissolved oxygen as well. Decomposition of organic materials
is the greatest consumer of oxygen in the system. However, most of the
countries have set >5.0 mg/l as the ideal concentration both for marine and
freshwater.
The DO level in water samples ranged from 4.2 to 4.6 mg/l. The DO levels
indicate the absence of pollution sources in the area.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD refers to the quantity of Oxygen required by bacteria and other
microorganisms in the biochemical degradation and transformation of organic
matter under aerobic conditions. The BOD values in water samples ranged from
1.01 to 1.35 mg/l. The DO levels indicate the absence of pollution sources in the
area.
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Total Phosphorus
Phosphorus (P) is found in the form of inorganic and organic phosphates (PO4)
in natural waters. Inorganic phosphates include orthophosphate and
polyphosphate while organic forms are those organically-bound phosphates.
Phosphorous is a limiting nutrient needed for the growth of all plants- aquatic
plants and algae alike. However, excess concentrations especially in rivers and
lakes can result to algal blooms. However in marine waters, such possibilities do
not exist. Phosphates are not toxic to people or animals, unless they are present
in very high levels. Digestive problems could occur when phosphates levels are
very high.
The total phosphate in water samples ranged from 0.329 to 0.538 µmol/l. The
value of total phosphorus in various samples was observed to be in the range
normally observed in marine water samples. The value of Total phosphorus
shows that the coastal water is unpolluted, thus, no major adverse impacts on
fisheries is anticipated due to phosphate level observed in marine water in the
project areas.
Total Nitrogen
The nitrate concentration also shows wide variation in the samples. It behaves
conservatively. The primary source of nitrogen in seawater is nitrate and it is
thermodynamically most stable form of nitrogen and limiting factor for primary
productivity. The concentration of nitrites in water samples ranged from 0.03 to
0.04 µmol/l.
HEAVY METALS IN WATER
The analysis results of heavy metals in marine waters are given in Table-3.7.
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TABLE 3.7 Analysis results of Heavy metals in marine water
PARAMETERS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Zinc (µg/l) 12.6 13.0 12.0 13.9 13.8
Cadmium(µg/l) 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.25 0.29
Lead (µg/l) 4.2 3.5 3.9 3.0 3.7
Mercury (ng/l) 12.5 12.9 12.0 13.0 12.9
Zinc
The concentration of Zn in the study areas varied between 12.0 and 13.8 µg/l.
The maximum value recorded at Old harbor area and boat build area and
minimum value was recorded at back water area. Zinc is not reported to
adversely affect marine organisms, until observed in high concentration, which is
not the case in the present project. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on
marine organisms due to zinc concentration observed in marine waters in the
project area.
Cadmium
Cadmium is one of the most mobile and toxic heavy metals in the marine
environment. Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal. The most common sources
are electroplating, nickel plating, smelting, engraving, batteries, sewage sludge,
fertilizers and zinc mines. In fishes, acute toxic exposure results to damage of
the central nervous system and parenchymatous organs. Chronic exposure have
adverse effects on the reproductive organs, maturation, hatchability and larval
development as well as mortality (Svobodova et al., 1993; Lloyd, 1992). Toxic
level is reduced by high concentrations of calcium and carbon dioxide, since
these two elements compete with cadmium for binding sites. Thus, cadmium is
less toxic in hard or marine water. Due to its binding properties, most cadmium
ends up in sediments where its biological availability is limited and thus there is
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less toxic. As per USEPA, the permissible limit for marine water fisheries is 9.3
µg/l. The results of cadmium concentration varied from 0.19 to 0.31 µg/l. Thus,
no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to cadmium
concentration observed in marine waters in the project area.
Lead
Lead (Pb) comes from deposition of exhaust from vehicles in the atmosphere,
batteries, waste from lead ore mines, lead smelters and sewage discharge. Its
toxicity is dependent on pH level, hardness and alkalinity of the water. The toxic
effects on fish is increased at lower pH level, low alkalinity and low solubility in
hard water. Chronic lead toxicity in fish leads to nervous damage which can be
determined by the blackening of the fins (Dojlido and Best, 1993). Acute toxicity,
on the other hand causes gill damage and suffocation (Svobodova et al., 1993).
As per USEPA, the permissible limit for marine water fisheries is 8 µg/l. The
estimated concentrations of lead for surface waters ranged from 3 to 4.2 µg/l.
Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to low lead
concentration observed in marine waters in the project area.
Mercury
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment.
Mercury (Hg) is toxic to both aquatic life and humans. Inorganic form occurs
naturally in rocks and soils. It is being transported to the surface water through
erosion and weathering. However, higher concentrations can be found in areas
near the industries and agriculture. The most common sources are caustic soda,
fossil fuel combustion, paint, pulp and paper, batteries, dental amalgam and
bactericides.
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There are many cases of death and diseases which were directly related to
mercury contamination. The most popular is the Minimata disease which
happened in Japan wherein hundreds of people died due to the mercury
effluents coming from a vinyl processing plant. Mercury remains in its inorganic
form (which is less toxic) until the environment becomes favorable, i.e. low pH,
low dissolved oxygen, and high organic matter where some of them are
converted into methylmercury (the more toxic organic form). Methylmercury
tends to accumulate in the fish tissue, thus making the fishes unsafe to eat. The
lethal levels on fish range from 1 mg/l for tilapia, to 30 mg/l for guppies and 2
mg/l for crustacean (Cyclops abyssorum) (Mance, 1987).
The results of Hg concentrations varied widely from 12.0 to 13.0 ng/l, which is
much lower than toxic levels for fisheries. Also the project site does not have any
source of mercury pollution, hence, adverse impacts due to mercury are not
expected.
Observations on marine water characteristics
Redox potential (eH ) and pH are two variables that control the characteristics of
chemicals and heavy metals in water and sediment. As long as the pH remains
around 8 and eH < 150 mV , most of the chemicals and metals will remain
bound to the solid phase without being released into the surrounding water. Only
anoxic conditions reduce the eH below this level and hence if dissolved oxygen
level is normal no leaching of chemicals and heavy metals will occur.
In the present survey sites for marine water pH was 8.0-8.2 and dissolved
oxygen was 4.2 – 4.5 mg/l which is ideal for a marine ecosystem. Dissolved
oxygen levels are not reduced to anoxic conditions. Under these circumstances,
there is no possibility of any of the chemicals or metals being leached into the
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water. Moreover, sediment samples collected from all the sites were
uncontaminated. As such no adverse impact due to dredging or dumping on the
chemical characteristics of water or sediment is expected.
3.11 SEDIMENTS
Physico chemical characteristics of the sediment did not show the presence of
any pollutants or high levels of heavy metals harmful to the aquatic fauna.
Nutrient content of the sediment was slightly higher than that of the water.
Physico chemical characteristics of the sediment are shown in Table 3.8.
TABLE – 3.8 Physico-chemical characteristics of sediment
S. No. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 pH 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.1
2 Total Phosphorus (mg/g)
2.1 1.9 1.8 1.82 1.65
3 Total Nitrogen (mg/g)
1.78 1.56 1.62 1.45 1.92
Source : Primary Data
TABLE – 3.9 Texture of Sediment
S. No. Sediment Texture
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Sand (%) 80 70 65 75 70
2 Silt (%) 10 10 10 5 10
3 Clay (%) 10 20 25 20 20 Source : Primary Data
pH
The pH of sediment varied from 8.1 to 8.2. The pH ranges from 8.1 to 8.2, which
is the optimal range for sustenance of marine organisms, thus, no adverse
impact of pH level is anticipated.
Total Phosphorus
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The total phosphorus concentrations were varied between 1.65 and 2.1 mg/g.
The maximum concentration of phosphorus was recorded at old harbour area
and minimum value recorded at river and sea joint. Phosphorus is not toxic to
organisms, unless they are present in very high levels. The phosphorus level are
quite low, hence, adverse impacts on marine ecology is not anticipated.
Total Nitrogen
The total nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.45 to 1.92 mg/g. Increase in
total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the
clayey substratum and decreases with increasing grain size of the sediment.
Since, sediments are mainly sandy in texture, as sand content ranges from 65 to
80% in various locations, concentration of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus
(TP) is low in the sediments of the area. Thus, no major adverse impacts are
anticipated on this account.
HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENT
The concentration of heavy metals in sediments is given in Table-3.10.
TABLE – 3.10 Heavy metals in Sediment samples
PARAMETERS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Zinc (µg/g) 18.9 17.6 17.0 17.4 16.9
Lead (µg/g) 6.4 6.2 5.9 6.0 6.1
Mercury(ng/g) 47 49 48 46 47
Zinc (µg/g) 7.6 7.4 7.6 7.0 7.8
Zinc
Zinc occurs as trace constituent in number of silicate minerals, but it is a major
component in a few economic sulphide mineral deposits. Among the
environmentally important trace metals analyzed, zinc recorded at high
concentrations in the range from 16.9 to 18.9 µg/g with a mean concentration of
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17.9 µg/g in the sediments. The maximum concentration was recoded at river
and sea joint and minimum at boat build area.
Zinc is not reported to adversely affect marine fisheries, until observed in high
concentration, which is not the case in the present project. Thus, no adverse
impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to zinc concentration observed
in marine waters in the project area.
Cadmium
Cadmium ranged from 5.9 to 6.4 µg/g with a mean concentration of 6.2 µg/g in
the sediments. The minimum concentration was recorded at construction area
and it was maximum at river and sea joint. The cadmium level in sediments is
not expected to lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.
Lead
Lead is a heavy metal that occurs in nature mainly as lead sulphide. The
concentrations of lead varied between 46 and 49 µg/g with a mean concentration
of 47 µg/g is observed in the sediment. The lead level in sediments is not
expected to lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.
Mercury
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment. The
Hg concentrations in the sediment varied widely from 7.0 ng/g to 7.8 ng/g with
mean concentrations of 7.4 ng/g. The maximum concentration (7.8 ng/g) was
recorded at boat build area and minimum concentration (7.0 ng/g) was recorded
at old harbor area. The mercury level in sediments is not expected to lead to
adverse impacts on marine organisms.
Observations on sediment characteristics
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Physico-chemical characteristics of sediments are mainly dependent on the
characteristics of the overlying water. The interphase between water and
sediment surface provides provision for exchange of these chemical constituents
between the two. Another important factor is the possibility of certain heavy
metals or pollutants getting deposited in the sediment surface. These chemicals
may become suspended in water during the dredging process and lead to
temporary contamination of the water column. However, in the present study
sites no such contaminants were noticed at significantly higher levels. The
biomass of macro and meio benthos has got great importance since they
constitute an important source of food for bottom feeding fishes. In the present
study sites, the project impacted area will be very small compared to the open
sea and the effect of any change in the ecological characteristics will be
negligible.
Physico chemical characteristics of the sediment did not show the presence of
any pollutants or high levels of heavy metals harmful to the aquatic fauna.
Nutrient content of the sediment was slightly higher than that of the water.
3.12 MARINE ECOLOGY The primary productivity as observed at various sampling stations for marine
water is given in Table-3.11.
TABLE – 3.11
Primary productivity in marine water
S.NO PRAMETERS SURFACE(mg/m3)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Respiratory action 1.120 1.11 0.99 1.001 1.214
2 Gross Production 0.916 0.98 0.986 1.100 1.110
3 Net Production 1.212 1.20 1.22 1.211 1.918
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4 Chlorophylla (mg/m3)
1.29 1.25 1.21 1.20 1.19
5 Phaeophytin (mg/m3)
1.19 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.16
6 Biomass (mg/1) 0.271 0.20 0.21 0.218 0.219
Primary productivity
The primary productivity of all the five stations was studied. The maximum net
production 1.918 mg/m3 was recorded at boat build area site and minimum 1.20
mg/m3 was at back water area. The values indicate moderate productivity in the
area.
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll’a content of all the five stations was analyzed and it varied between
1.19 and 1.29 mg/m3. The maximum was recorded (1.29 mg/m3) at river and sea
joint area and minimum (1.19 mg/m3) at boat build area respectively. The values
indicate moderate productivity in the area.
Phaeo-phytin
Phaeo-phytin content also analyzed and it was recorded as minimum (1.11
mg/m3) at construction area and boat build area and maximum (1.19 mg/m3) at
river and sea joint area. The values indicate moderate productivity in the area.
Total Biomass
The minimum total biomass 0.20 mg/l was recorded at back water and maximum
total biomass of 0.271 mg/l at river and sea joint area. The values indicate
moderate productivity in the area.
Phytoplanktons
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The phytoplankton population at all the five stations were analyzed and the
results are enclosed as Annexure-III. The total phytoplankton populations of the
five stations were identified. The phytoplankton density varied from 625 Nos./l to
5898 Nos./l. The minimum was recorded at boat build area and maximum was
at river and sea joint area. The presence of various phytoplankton species
indicate that the site is free of pollution.
Zooplanktons
The zooplankton population was analyzed at five stations and two results are
enclosed as Annexure-IV. The zooplankton populations of all the five stations
were analyzed. The minimum population 400 Nos./l was recorded at construction
site and old harbour area. The maximum zooplankton population 4725 Nos./l
was recorded at river and sea joint area. Of these, Pontellid nauplius sp were
predominantly observed at all the stations, except station 5 (boad build area
site).
Macrobenthos
The numerical abundance of macrobenthos in all the five sampling sites were
studied and the results are summarized in Annexure-V. The minimum of 9
no/m2 was recorded at seaboat build area and maximum of 36 no/m2 was
recorded at river and sea joint area. The Murex trapa and Telescopium sp. were
most dominant macrobenthos in the region of river and sea joint site.
Meio-benthos
The abundance of meiobenthos in all the five sampling sites studied and the
results are summarized in Annexure-VI. The minimum meiofauna (3 no/10cm2)
was identified between boat build area and maximum(31 no/10cm2) at river and
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sea joint site. Meiobenthos community of the five sampling sites were most
dominated by Textularia stricta, Nematodes sp.
Observations on marine ecology
Marine ecological parameters mentioned above will have a profound influence
on the productivity of the area. Concentration of nutrients and trace metals in
water determine the primary productivity, chlorophyll content , zooplankton
diversity and fish production in the sea. Any drastic variation in these factors may
directly and indirectly result in fluctuations in fish production. These fluctuations
are dependent on the extent of variations and area covered. In the present
context the area which will be affected is very small and hence fluctuations
expected are also expected to be minor.
The high chlorophyll content, increased primary productivity, high plankton
biomass and ideal environmental conditions of the surrounding areas have
resulted in the high diversity of fish fauna. Since diversity and abundance of
phytoplankton and zooplankton in all the study sites are comparatively high, the
presence and abundance plankton feeding fishes (both phytoplankton feeders
and zooplankton) are also high. Similarly demersal fishes and other bottom
feeding pelagic species are also found in the areas.
3.13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
As per the Marine Fisheries Census 2005 of Central Marine Fisheries Research
Institute, the total number of fishermen in the Union of Puducherry is 43,028 in
11,541 households. A comparison with 1980 census to show the increase in
population of fisherfolk is given in Table-3.13 During the year 1980, the number
of fishermen household which was 4,625 increased to 11,541 during 2005.
Similarly, the fishermen population, which was 25,312 during 1980, increased to
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43,028 during 2005. However, the family size which was 5.47 during the year
1980 got reduced to 3.73 during the year 2005.
TABLE – 3.12 Marine fishermen house hold population landing centres and fishing
villages in Puducherry UT
Parameter Year
1980 2005
No. of fishermen household 4625 11541
Fishermen population 25312 43028
Family size 5.47 3.73
No. of landing centres 27 26
No. of fishing villages 27 28 Source: Marine Fisheries Census 2005, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin.
There are 15 marine fishing villages in Puducherry region and the same are
listed in Table-3.13
TABLE-3.13 Marine fishing villages in Puducherry UT
S. No. Name of the Marine Fishing Village No. of families
1. KanagaChettikulam 227
2. Periyakalapet 720
3. Chinnakalapet 414
4. Pillaichavady 387
5. Solainagar 814
6. Vithikuppam 773
7. Kurusukuppam 597
8. Vambakeerapalayam 1,646
9. Periyaveerampattinam 2,005
10. Chinnaveerampattinam 263
11. P. Pudhukuppam 325
12. Nallavadu 673
13. Pannithittu 545
14. Narambai 483
15. Moorthukuppam Pudhukuppam 398
Total 10,270
Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry Active Fishermen
In the Union of Puducherry out of 43,028 fisherfolk population, only 10,341
fisherfolk populations are active fishermen. Out of this, 9,503 are full time
fishermen, 401 are part time fishermen and 437 are occasional fishermen. In
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Puducherry region 2,539 fishermen are full time fishermen and 1,166 are part
time fishermen.
Occupational Profile
In the UT of Puducherry out of 43,028 fisherfolk population 10,341 are active
fishermen. The members involved in other fishing allied activities are 6,393 in
marketing of fish, 6,030 in making / repairing net, 364 in curing / processing, 714
are labourers and 1,989 are in other allied activities. Thus, a total of 10,095 are
involved in fishing and fishing allied activities. 1,967 fishermen are engaged in
occupation other than fishing. A total of 22,133 fishermen are totally occupied.
The details are given in Table-3.14.
TABLE-3.14 No. of total members involved in fishing allied activities in Puducherry UT
Parameter Number
Active fishermen 10,341
Marketing of fish 6,393
Making / Repairing Net 630
Curing / Processing 364
Peeling 5
Labourer 714
Others 1989
Total 10,095
Other than fishing 1,697
Total occupied 22,133
Total fisherfolk population 43,028 Source: Marine Fisheries Census 2005, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin.
In Puducherry region out of 10,270 fishermen 2,539 are engaged full time in
fishing, 1,166 are engaged as part time fishermen and 5,542 are engaged allied
fishing activities (Reffer Table 3.15.
TABLE-3.15 Details of population involved in allied fishing activities
S. No. Category Number
1 Marketing of Fish 2039
2 Repairing of Boats 2246
3 Processing of fish 1102
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4 Fish and Prawn seed collection 9
5 Other related activities 146
Total 5542 Source: Animal Husbandry and Animal Welfare Department, Puducherry - Fisheries Statistics – 17th All India Livestock Census.
3.14 SUMMARY OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
The Baseline Environmental Status of the proposed project area reveals the
following;
• The ambient air quality and noise levels are well within the
prescribed National standards in and around project area.
• The marine water quality and sediment analysis indicates that
there is no coastal pollution in the project area
• No rare, endangered or threatened species of terrestrial or aquatic
Flora or Fauna is reported in and around project area
• The marine ecological survey of the project area indicates that the
area has moderate productivity.
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CHAPTER-4
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts
that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been identified.
The Environmental Impact Assessments for quite a few disciplines are subjective in
nature and cannot be quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been
quantified. However, for intangible impacts, a qualitative assessment has been done.
This Chapter deals with anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to the
construction and operation of the proposed reconstruction and modernization of
Puducherry fishing harbour.
4.2 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The evaluation of the impact characteristics and its parameters are more significant
in a project. The impacts are subdivided into two phases viz construction phase and
operation phase.
4.2.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Water Environment Impacts due to effluents from labour camps The peak labour strength likely to be deployed during construction phase for
construction of fish loading centre shall be about 200. Most of the labour force will
come from nearby villages. The labour force engaged by the contractor could come
from outside areas. A part of the labour population would stay in area. The balance
are likely to stay in labour camps close to the project site during construction phase.
It is assumed that about 50% i.e. 100 labour will stay at the site.
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Based on this the total water requirement for the labours congregating in the area for
constructing fishing harbour who will stay during the construction phase are
estimated as below:
• Peak labour strength : 200
• Labours likely to stay at construction site (50%) : 100
• Married families (80% of 100) : 80
• Single : 20 Husband and wife both working (80% of 80) : 64
• Families (64/2) : 32
• Families where only husband is working (50% of 32) : 16
• Family size (assumed) : 6
• Total number : 32x6+16x6+20 =308 --- (A)
• Add 5% for the persons who will be service provider : 15 like shops, repairing facilities, etc.
• 50% of service providers will have families : 8
• Total number : 8x6+7=55 --- (B)
Total population (A+B) = (A + B) = 308+55=363 Say 365
Water requirement : 70 lpcd Total water requirement : 25.6 m3/day
About 50 labour would stay at the construction site, only during working hours. The
water requirement for such labour shall be 4.50 m3/day @ 45 lpcd. Thus, total water
requirement works out to (25.6 +4.50) about 30 m3/day.
The sewage generated is normally taken as 80% of the total water requirement i.e.
(0.8 x 30)about 24 m3/day. The domestic water normally contains high BOD, which
needs proper treatment and disposal, otherwise, it can have an adverse impact on
the DO levels of the receiving body.
The disposal of sewage without treatment can cause problems of odour and water
pollution. BOD is the major pollutant, as far as sewage is concerned. Normally
untreated sewage would find its way to natural drainage system which ultimately
confluences into the sea. However, these natural drains are seasonal in nature and
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are likely to remain dry in the non-monsoon months. During this period, the flow of
untreated sewage from the labour colonies in these drains can lead to development
of anaerobic conditions, with associated water quality problems. However, in the
present case it must be mentioned that the total quantity of sewage (24 m3/day)
generated by the labour during construction phase is quite small and is not expected
to cause any adverse impact on the marine water quality. However, it is proposed to
treat the sewage from labour camps before disposal. The details are outlined as a
part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Chapter-5 of this Report.
Impacts due to dredging
The wave pattern prevailing in Puducherry region have been studied in detail and it
is observed that most frequently occurring wave height is 1.5 m with 30% occurrence
and wave period of 5 to 6 seconds is noticed. The wave at the fishing harbour point
in all the time is generally less than 0.3m, which is more favourable for berthing the
fishing vessels.
The tidal observations were taken up by the Fisheries Department, Puducherry. The
tides at Puducherry coast is semi diurnal and the salient tidal data is as follows:
• Mean higher high water = + 1.31 m
• Mean lower high water = + 1.07 m
• Mean lower low water = + 0.73 m
The littoral drift along the east coast of India is very predominant towards North and
it depends on the angle of approach of wave towards the shore and position of the
surf-zone. The detailed study carried out by IIT Chennai in Puducherry port limit is
also studied and other recent literature were also collected. The annual littoral drift in
the entire east coast is around 1 Mm3/year. In Puducherry, the littoral drift towards
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North is 0.45 Mm3/year and towards South is 0.045 Mm3/year and the net littoral drift
is 0.4 Mm3/year towards North. The drift material moves along the coast and
whenever the velocity of flow in the river gets reduced for self cleaning, then the drift
material will accumulate on the mouth.
A detailed Bathymetry survey to ascertain the depth available in front of the Wharf
and along the approach channel in the river was carried out. From the Bathymetry
chart, it is seen that the depth available in front of the wharf and upto the tip of the
break water is less than required. The total quantity of dredging estimated is about
58,020 m3.
The potential environmental effects of dredging can be categorized as impacts due
to dredging process itself and those due to disposal of the dredged material. During
the dredging process effects may arise due to the excavation of sediments at the
bed, loss material during transport to the surface, overflow from the dredger whilst
loading and loss of material from the dredger and/or pipelines during transport.
The evaluation of the environmental effects of dredging and disposal must take
account of both the short-term and long-term effects that may occur both at the site
of dredging or disposal (near field) and the surrounding area (far field). Near field
effects are simply defined as ‘phenomena occurring within the geographic bounds of
the activity, or less than approximately 1 km from the activity’, and far field effects as
occurring more than approximately 1 km from the activity'.
In addition to the environmental effects that may occur as a direct result of dredging
and disposal activities, the environmental effects that may occur as a result of the
physical changes to bathymetry and hydrodynamic processes that dredging makes
also need to be considered.
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These changes can be impacts are as below:
• alterations to coastal or estuary morphology, for example alteration of sediment pathways and changes to siltation patterns, which may affect coastal habitats and species in addition to marine ones,
• alterations to water currents and wave climates, which might effect navigation and conservation interests, and
• reduction or improvement of water quality.
Various potential impacts are outlined in the following sections:
Impacts on benthic organisms
During all dredging operations, the removal of material from the sea bed also
removes the animals living on and in the sediments (benthic animals). With the
exception of some deep burrowing animals or mobile surface animals that may
survive a dredging event through avoidance, dredging may initially result in the
complete removal of animals from the excavation site.
In areas to be covered under maintenance dredging well-developed benthic
communities are not expected to occur in or around the area. Since, the significant
macro-and meio-fauna is not developed in the area, hence dredging is not expected
to lead to significant adverse impacts.
The macro-and meio-faunal species observed at the site are not coming under rare,
endangered or threatened category. All were common benthic species.
The recovery of disturbed habitats following dredging ultimately depends upon the
nature of the new sediment at the dredge site, sources and types of re-colonising
animals, and the extent of the disturbance. In soft sediment environments recovery
of animal communities generally occurs relatively quickly and a more rapid recovery
of communities has been observed in areas exposed to periodic disturbances, such
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as maintained channels. Thus, in area under maintenance dredging in subsequent
years, recovery of benthic organisms is not expected to be significant.
Recovery rates are generally more rapid in highly disturbed sediments in estuaries
that are dominated by opportunistic species. In general, recovery times increase in
stable gravel and sand habitats dominated by long-lived components with complex
biological interactions controlling community structure. Thus, at the dredging sites of
the proposed project, texture of the sediments is ranges from sandy to clayey,
hence, recovery time is expected to be quick at some of the sites. However, at some
of the sites, recovery time could be high. Since, productivity in the area is moderate,
hence, significant impact on this account is not expected.
Impacts on turbidity levels
When dredging and disposing of non-contaminated sediments, the key impacts
include increase in suspended sediments and turbidity levels. Any dredging method
releases suspended sediments into the water column, during the excavation itself
and during the flow of sediments from hoppers and barges. In many cases, the
locally increased suspended sediments and turbidity associated with dredging and
disposal is obvious from the turbidity ‘plumes’ which may be seen trailing behind
dredgers or disposal sites.
Increase in suspended sediments and turbidity levels from dredging operations may
under certain conditions have adverse effects on marine animals and plants by
reducing light penetration into the water column and by physical disturbance. The
increase is likely to last for a period of 10-15 days after the cessation of dredging
activities. This trend is noticeable under flood as well as ebb conditions.
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Increased suspended sediments can effect filter feeding organisms, such as
shellfish, through clogging and damaging feeding and breathing process. Similarly,
young fish can be damaged if suspended sediments become trapped in their gills
and increased fatalities of young fish have been observed in heavily turbid water.
Adult fish are likely to move away from or avoid areas of high suspended solids,
such as dredging sites.
The increase in turbidity results in a decrease in the depth that light is able to
penetrate the water column which may affect submerged seaweeds and plants, by
temporarily reducing productivity and growth rates. Since, the benthic fauna is
moderately developed in the areas, hence impacts on this account are not expected
to be significant. The degree of resuspension of sediments and turbidity during
dredging and disposal depends on:
• sediments being dredged (size, density and quality of the material),
• method of dredging (and disposal),
• hydrodynamic regime in the dredging and disposal area (current direction and speed, mixing rate, tidal state), and
• existing water quality and characteristics (background suspended sediment and turbidity levels).
In most cases, sediment resuspension is only likely to present a potential problem if
it is moved out of the immediate dredging location by tidal processes. In general, the
effects of suspended sediments and turbidity are generally short term (<1 week after
activity) and near-field (<1km from activity). These are of concern only, if sensitive
species are located in the vicinity of the maintained channel. Since, no sensitive
species are observed in the areas to be dredged, hence, no adverse impacts are
anticipated.
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Impacts on marine water quality
Redox potential (eH ) and pH are two variables that control the characteristics of
chemicals and heavy metals in water and sediment. As long as the pH remains
around 8 and eH < 150 mV , most of the chemicals and metals will remain bound to
the solid phase without being released into the surrounding water. Only anoxic
conditions reduce the eH below this level and hence if dissolved oxygen level is
normal no leaching of chemicals and heavy metals will occur.
In the present survey sites pH was 8.0-8.2 and dissolved oxygen in bottom water
maples ranged from 4.2 to 4.6 mg/l which is normal for a marine ecosystem.
Dissolved oxygen levels are not reduced to anoxic conditions. Under these
circumstances, there is no possibility of any of the chemicals or metals being
leached into the water. Moreover, sediment samples collected from all the sites were
uncontaminated. As such no adverse impacts are anticipated due to dredging on the
chemical characteristics of water or sediment.
Impacts due to dredging and disposal of organic matter and nutrients
The release of organic rich sediments during dredging or disposal can result in the
localised removal of oxygen from the surrounding water. Depending on the location
and timing of dredging this may lead to the suffocation of marine animals and plants
within the localised area or may deter migratory fish or mammals from passing
through. However, removal of oxygen from the water is only temporary, as tidal
exchange would quickly replenish the oxygen supply. Therefore, in most cases
where dredging is taking place in open coastal waters, this localised removal of
oxygen has little, if any, effect on marine life.
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Impacts due to contaminated sediments
Another possible impact is the release of toxicants from the sediment if the sediment
is contaminated. In the case of contaminated sediment acute toxicity, chronic toxicity
and bioaccumulation are the possible effects. But all these are short term and
insignificant and no serious effects have been reported from any earlier instances or
experimental studies.
In all the sites surveyed, the sediment samples analyzed did not show the presence
of any appreciable levels of contamination and hence may not pose any such
problems.
Impacts on benthos
The dredging and dumping generally affect the benthos. These are related to
removal of the benthic organisms from the dredging site and burial of benthic
organisms at the dumping site. The dredged material takes away most of the
benthos along with it and while dumping it most of the organisms present are buried
under the deposited material. This will result in reduced number and diversity of
benthic organisms at the dumping site. However, earlier studies show that the
dredged site will be colonized by benthic organisms within a very short time.
Moreover biomass and diversity of benthos will also be restored to the earlier level
within a very short time. Benthic fauna did not contain any rare or endangered
species and consisted of common species only. It can be expected that these
species will colonize within a short time from dislodging.
Impacts on fisheries
The most important impact on fishes may be suspended solid load or changes in the
food chain. The high turbidity due to heavy suspended solid load during dredging or
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disposal of dredged materials results in clogging of gills of fishes thereby causing
asphyxiation. But since fishes are free swimming they shall avoid such areas and
move to safer areas. Once the turbidity is over due to currents, they come back to
the area. Due to this capability of the fishes, no significant adverse impact on fishes
and fisheries is as a result of dredging.
Noise Environment
The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of
construction equipment. The noise levels generated by various construction
equipments various between 70-90 dB (A). Based on the noise modelling, it has
been observed that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the
increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The
nearest residential areas are more than 500 m away from the proposed fish landing
centre. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the
proposed project.
Air Environment
Impacts due to fugitive emissions
The major pollutant in the construction phase is SPM being air-borne due to various
construction activities. The vehicular movement generates pollutants such as NOx,
CO and HC. But, the vehicular pollution is not expected to lead to any major impacts.
The soils in the project area are sandy in texture, and are likely to generate dust as a
result of vehicular movement. However, the fugitive emissions generated due to
vehicular movement are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300 m.
The impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be
significant, since, there is no habitation in the vicinity of the harbour.
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Impacts due to operation of construction equipment
The combustion of diesel in construction equipment could be one of the possible
sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase.
The major pollutant likely to be emitted due to combustion of diesel in various
construction equipment shall be SO2. The short-term increase in SO2 concentration
has been predicted using Gaussian plume dispersion model. It has been observed
from the modeling that the maximum short-term increase in SO2 is observed as
0.00119 µg/m3, which is at a distance of 400 m from the emission source. The
incremental concentration is quite low and does not require any specific control
measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any
major impact on the ambient air quality as a result of the project.
Socio Economic Environment
In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labourers, is
estimated at about 200. About 100 labour population are likely to come from nearby
sites. The balance, i.e. 100 labour and their family members are likely to stay near
construction sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities,
so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met.
4.2.2 OPERATION PHASE
Water Environment
In the Puduchery fishing harbour ,the total sullage likely to be generated in the is
about 40,000 litres per day. In addition, around 10,000 litres/day is expected to be
generated in the pre-processing unit and hence, totally 50,000 litres of sullage is
likely to be generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour. The sullage generated from
two auction halls, Pre-processing unit, Ice plant and Mechanised workshop will be
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collected in the manholes at the respective location and finally let into the Effluent
Treatment Plant .The details of effluent treatment plan is given in Environmental
Management Plan in chapter-5 of this report.
Solid waste
The predicted total Municipal Solid Waste (including Fish Waste) is expected to be
about 3.0 Tons/Day .Solid waste comprises all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and
netting, broken fish boxes etc. A typical collection point made of locally available
stone and concrete (the size of the waste centre depends on local requirements)
shall be constructed.
Metal items shall be collected and sold to scrap dealers. Tyres can be turned into
fenders and timber fish boxes can be sold as fuel wood. Styrofoam boxes should be
avoided because they break up easily and cannot be recycled safely .
Fish should be cleaned and gutted on the journey back to the landing centre. Offal
should never be dumped inside the fish landing centre basin or discarded in corners
within the fish landing centre area because, besides giving off offensive smells, it
also poses a health hazard by attracting pests. Plastic 100-litre drums with airtight
lids should be bought and used to collect offal from fish markets or moored boats.
The details of solid waste management is given in Environmental Management Plan
in chapter -5 of this report.
Noise Environment
No major impacts on noise environment are anticipated during project operation
phase.
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Air Environment
During operation stage apart from emissions generated due to vehicular movement,
no other sources of air pollution are anticipated. The major source of air pollution in
the post-project phase is the vehicular movement for transportation of fish catch to
different destinations of markets. On an average about 10 to 20 trucks per day will
move in the area. The pollution levels due to those are not expected to be significant
to cause significant adverse impact on ambient air quality.
IMPACTS ON ECOLOGY
Impacts on terrestrial flora
The direct impact of construction activity for any project is generally limited in the
vicinity of the construction sites only. The construction sites include berthing, storage
and infrastructure facilities. There is no forest with tree cover in the vicinity of the
project site. The study area has no major forest cover. Hence, no significant impacts
are envisaged on terrestrial flora as a result of the proposed project.
Socio-Economic Environment
The proposed project will give a boost to fishing activities in the area. The proposed
reconstruction and modernization of the project will develop the following
infrastructure as well:
• Extension of Quay and providing appropriate fender on the quay.
• Modernisation of sloping yard
• Marine Mechanized Workshop
• Boat making and repairing yard
• Fish Processing Unit
• Ice Plant
• Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage
Thus, the project would have a significant positive impact on the overall economy of
the area.
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At present the fishing activities are already in place without any safe berthing.
However reconstruction and modernization of the harbour will further enhance the
fishing activities with safe berthing along with increased hygienic conditions on the
land side. More over there is no marine outfall of sewage / effluent is envisaged.
4.3 SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS
The summary of impacts is given in Table-4.1.
TABLE-4.1
SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS
Issues considered for
prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
Air Quality Impacts
• Vehicular emission during
transportation of
construction materials
• The increase in the
concentration of NOX, CO and
HC at a distance of 500m is
negligible and the overall
concentration conform to
NAAQS
• The impacts are short term,
temporary and shall cease to
exist after construction is
complete.
Low in the long term and with
suitable EMP like covering trucks
with tarpaulin sheets, regulation
of vehicle speeds and regular
emission checks
• Vessel emission • Increase in concentration within
the fish landing centre, but will
return to background levels as
the vessels are of low capacity
Low
Shoreline changes
• Extension of Quay and Modernization of sloping yard
• Negligible littoral drift calculated,
thereby resulting in negligible
accretion / erosion
• Low
Land / Aesthetics
• Disposal of solid wastes
from canteen, fish meal,
rotten fish, ship wastes,
vessel repair wastes inland
• Increased organic, toxic and
heavy metal loads from runoff
• Odour and pests infection
• Low, when appropriate
management measures are
implemented.
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Issues considered for
prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
inside the fish landing
centre
Water Quality / Ecological Impacts
• Construction activities • Increased turbidity from boulder
laying
• Smothering of benthic
flora/fauna
• The impacts are short-term and
cease after construction is
complete.
• Provide nurseries and breeding
grounds after construction is
complete
• Medium during construction
phase
• Beneficial in the long term
after construction ceases
• Fishing operations,
wastewater disposal, boat
repairs
• Increased pathogen, organic
loads leading to DO depletion,
Eutrophication resulting in fish
kills, decomposition and
infection
• Toxics and hazardous wastes
may lead to bioaccumulation
and bio magnification especially
in juveniles
• High (-ve)
• Low when integrated with
Environmental and Fish
landing centre management
plans and non-fisheries
impacts (from municipal
sewage) are regulated;
• Discharge of oil sewage
and waste water from
vessels
• Increased organic loads, oil and
grease inside the breakwater
with insufficient mixing
• Low when onshore facilities
for reception of oily wastes,
slop and wastewater are
provided. Adherence to EMP
items shall be ensured by the
Dept. of Fisheries.
Socio Economics
Livelihood and employment • The region is a fishing village
with no other means of
livelihood. Increased
employment opportunities to
locals from fisheries associated
activities like net mending, boat
repairs, markets, exports etc.,
• High (Positive)
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Issues considered for
prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
Risk
Fuelling Operations • Impacts from Worst Case
Scenario are limited to the fish
landing centre. However,
considering the generally
crowded nature of fish landing
centre it is required to provide
fire hydrants in the vicinity of
berthing locations
• Adequate care needs to be
taken for protection of the fuel
pipelines
• Low significance under
normal operating conditions
• Consequences limited to
fish landing centre only,
during abnormal conditions
as low quantities of fuel shall
be handled.
• Adequate Fire hydrants and
first aid facilities shall be
provided within the fish
landing centre.
• Marine Environment
Dredging
Impact on Marine water quality,
marine ecology, disposal of
dredged material. The dredged
material has to be disposed at
identified location which is having
minimum impact on the marine
environment. Physical and chemical
nature of the dredged material
determines the disposal method. It
was observed that the proposed
area is free from any chemical
contamination and sewage
pollution. The dredge material is
proposed to use for raising the
platform level of fishing harbour
above the high flood level. As per
the soil investigation report, the
dredged material shall be non
expansive to low expansive and
hence it can be used for refilling
purposes
• Low significance under
normal operating conditions
• Dredging area is free from
any chemical contamination
and sewage pollution
• Net Impacts • Low (-ve) significance for
short term
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Issues considered for
prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
• Net Benefits • High (+ve) significance for
long term
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CHAPTER-5
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
5.1 GENERAL
The Environmental Management Plan proposes to integrate the baseline
conditions, impacts likely to occur, and the supportive and assimilative capacity of
the system. The most reliable way to achieve the above objective is to incorporate
the management plan into the overall planning and implementation of the project.
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed fisheries harbour is
classified into the following categories:
• Land Environment
• Water Environment
• Air Environment
• Control of Noise
• Greenbelt Development
• Socio-Economic Environment 5.2 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES (EMP) DURING PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE
5.2.1 Site Clearance
The proposed site does not involve any demolition or clearance activities and it
does not involve in any displacement of general public. However an area of
0.3875ha is proposed to be developed. Forest clearance for the same has already
been taken.
5.2.2 Tree cutting:
The proposed project site is located on Ariyankuppam river mouth at Thengaithittu in
Puducherry. The propose reconstruction and modernization of Puducherry fishing
harbour is proposed on the existing harbour site. The site is a vacant land and free
from trees, however as a part of greenbelt development, adequate numbers of
trees shall be planted within the site. Total space allotted for greenbelt development
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will be on an area of 2 ha and approximately 1600 Nos. of trees shall be in the
designated areas.
5.2.3 Joint Field Verification
Detailed Environmental Management Plan has been prepared for mitigating the
impacts caused by the development. This shall be implemented by the contractor.
The monitoring and verification of the same shall be done by the dedicated
environmental supervisor/engineer of the Fisheries Department.
5.3 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES (EMP) DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The environmental impacts of the construction phase would basically be transient in
nature and are expected to wear out gradually on completion of the construction
programme. After completion of the construction programme, impacts of the
operation stage would overlap the impacts generated during the construction
phase. The impacts during construction phase would not be severe as no large
scale construction activities would take place. To restrict the assessed impacts
within tolerable limits the following mitigation measures are suggested.
5.3.1 Surface Water Quality
The following measures are recommended:
• The impact on coastal environment during construction phase would be
mainly from the activities in the inter-tidal phase due to construction of
fishing harbour. The impact on coastal marine ecology during the
construction phase would be largely confined within the construction
period itself. An important factor in minimizing adverse impacts would
be optimizing the construction period and avoidance of activities
beyond the specified area of implementation. Hence, as a part of the
management strategy various activities should be well coordinated and
optimized to avoid time and cost over-run.
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• To avoid impacts on marine environment, the construction specially on
marine front including dredging shall not be carried out during the fish
breading season (during April 15 to May 31)
• Spillage of fuel / engine oil and lubricants from the construction site are
a source of organic pollution which impacts marine life, particularly
benthos. This shall be prevented by suitable precautions and also by
providing necessary mechanisms to trap the spillage.
• Temporary colonies of the construction workers should be established
sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall
be provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area.
• The construction activities like dredging, etc will be carried out in the
confined manner to reduce the impacts on marine environment.
• The construction waste including the debris shall be disposed safely in
the designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the marine
environment.
5.3.2 Ambient Air Quality
• Dust will be generated with the movement of vehicles and handling of
construction materials. Water sprinkling shall be done at least thrice a
day at the construction sites, haul roads and other access roads of the
project area. Measures such as covering the trucks while transporting
the construction material shall be initiated to control fugitive dust as
also to control the re-suspension of particulate matters from the
excavated materials.
• Smoke emission from vehicles and other mechanical devices like D.G
set, etc, which may be used during construction, should be controlled
with suitable mitigation measures and all vehicles/ equipment deployed
in the project shall have valid emission control certification from
respective authorities..
• All the staff involved in construction shall be provided with suitable
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPEs) such as dust masks, ear plugs,
gum boots, gloves, etc.
• Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment should be avoided during
loading and unloading of construction material.
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• All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards of
CPCB and be maintained properly.
• Use of Ready-mix concrete wherever possible shall be explored.
In the case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be
mounted on shelter with top and slides closed.
5.3.3 Noise Quality
• Measures for minimizing noise generated from vehicles and other
mechanical devices should be adopted which may include damping,
absorption, dissipation and deflection methods. Depending on the noise
levels, measures such as construction of sound enclosures,
deployment of mufflers, mounting noise sources on isolators and use
of materials with damping properties, shall be deployed during
construction.
• DG sets should be installed with acoustic enclosures and silencers so
as to reduce noise up to the standard level as far as possible.
• Ear protective devices should be used by the construction workers
where they are exposed to steady noise levels above 85 dB (A).
5.3.4 Land Environment
• Construction of fishing harbour should be carried out as per applicable
regulations such as local planning requirements, fishery sector guide
lines, coastal zone regulations and other environment regulations of
Government of India and The World Bank.
• Planning and design should be as per earthquake resistant design and
construction guidelines / practices laid down by the Bureau of Indian
Standards [IS:1893 (Part –1) : 2002] and approved by the competent
authorities. No deviation from the approved implementation plan, layout
and design specifications should be made.
• Hazardous materials like diesel, LPG and paints, etc., required during
various stages of construction should be stored as per the explosives
act of GoI and necessary permissions / authorizations shall be secured
prior to the deployment of such material.
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• To minimize soil erosion land clearing activities should be kept to as
minimum as possible.
5.3.5 Marine Environment
• Dredging shall not be undertaken during fish breeding season and
other special weather situations;
• Vessels operating during construction phase such as dredger shall be
equipped with spill response kits.
• Suitable dredging methods to be used to minimise the loss of sediments
into the neighbouring water column and cause minimum disturbance to
the marine ecology of the area using crawl cat dredger or coastal
dredger or pontoon mounted system for grabbing and sufficient number
of barges for dumping transporting and disposal to the project site and
dumping site.
• Sea water quality is indicative of impacts on marine ecology and should
be assessed.
• Suitable fence shall be erected for near water construction areas to
minimise rock fall into the marine environment;
• Dredging and construction activities to be scheduled and planned to
minimise impacts on fishermen and marine ecology;
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various
locations in and around the dredging/construction work areas in order
to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts;
• Waste consignment notes to be prepared and documented for the
disposal of dredged material.
• Disposal of dredge spoils shall be carried out the designated site as per
the stipulated guide lines.
• Aqueous discharge in to sea during dredging, shall be prevented
• disposal of sewage from the construction work area in to sea, shall be
prevented with suitable wastewater treatment measures
• Strict management of the aquatic environment should be followed
during the construction phase through waste control, use of minimum
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disturbance techniques during construction for ensuring minimal
changes to the aquatic environment.
• After completion of the construction activities adequate clean-up of the
area including the inter-tidal area should be undertaken and all
discharged materials should be removed from the site. The sub-tidal,
inter-tidal, and supra-tidal areas should be restored to their original
contours and the aesthetic quality of the surroundings should be
restored.
• Green belt shall be developed in the fishing harbour by planting of trees
along the entrance gate, road side, net mending shed etc.
5.3.6 WATER ENVIRONMENT
The total sullage likely to be generated in the Puduchery Fishing Harbour is 40,000
litres per day. In addition, around 10,000 litres/day is expected to be generated in
the pre-processing unit and hence , totally 50,000 litres of sullage is likely to be
generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour. The sullage generated from the
existing two auction halls, Pre-processing unit, Ice plant and Mechanised workshop
will be collected in the manholes at the respective location and finally let into the
Effluent Treatment Plant for treatment. After treatment, the final treated water will
be used for gardening, agriculture and toilet-flushing purposes.
The Effluent Treatment Plant shall be designed to treat the raw effluent in a single
stage fully automatic C-Tech Plant based on Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology.
Advantages Of C Tech Process
C Tech is the most advanced Cyclic Effluent Treatment Technology in the World.
The technology is based on Activated Sludge Process adapted to Sequential Batch
Reactor Technology. This technology was developed in the USA in the 80’s and
has been adopted worldwide since 1990’s. There are more than 200 installations
worldwide based on this technology. The Salient Features of this technology are:
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Excellent Quality of Treated Effluent
The outlet characteristics obtained out of C Tech as compared to other
technologies are:
PARAMETER C TECH CONVENTIONAL
BOD < 10 < 30
COD < 100 < 250
TSS < 10 < 30
The treated Effluent out of C Tech is several times better than any conventional
treatment. The C Tech plant has an inbuilt mechanism for Nitrification, De-
nitrification and Biological Phosphorous Removal to degrade nutrients like Total
Nitrogen (TN) and Phosphorous (TP). In case the treated Effluent is discharged into
a lake body, it is critical to have TN < 5 ppm and TP < 1 ppm, as otherwise these
nutrients lead to massive algae / other aquatic plants growth which leads to
depletion of the dissolved oxygen in the lake and subsequent cause extensive
damage to the marine ecology. The C Tech process ensures removal of all
nutrients to acceptable levels in the single stage biological process.
50% reduction in Power Consumption
C Tech uses 50% less power to get 6 times better outlet characteristics. Hence the
plant has a payback period.
50% reduction in Land Requirements
The main problem in Cities is the availability of Land. C Tech uses 50% less land
area compared with other conventional technologies, thus saving huge amounts on
purchase of land
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Variable Design
The complete system is capable to handle variable flow and load conditions. The
system is self-adjusting in nature and automatically adjusts to the new feed
conditions by changing cycle times, aeration intensity etc. Each batch of Effluent is
analyzed wrt bio degradability and optimum treatment is automatically given to
ensure minimum utilization of power and energy.
Fully Automatic, Computerized, Internet Controlled
C Tech is fully automatic, computer controlled. This does not require any operator
attention. The plant can be operated from anywhere in the world through Internet.
This results in huge savings on manpower and operating costs.
Excellent Material of Construction
C Tech uses all underwater metal parts in SS and non-metallic parts in imported
PVC. The diffusers are in EPDM and all Pumps, Instruments etc. are from the best
manufacturers worldwide. This result in a plant life 6 times better than conventional
plants and very little maintenance costs.
Proved World Wide C Tech has installations in almost all countries in the world, Including, USA, UK,
Germany, France, Austria, China, Russia, Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and most
importantly India.
Capital and Operating Cost
C Tech requires the lowest investment and operating costs as compared to any
other technology, when compared on a like to like basis, with respect to outlet
parameters, MOC, Land required and Power consumed.
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PROCESS CHEMISTRY
The following steps indicate the process chemistry within the C TECH Basin,
1. Nitrification (aerobic)
NH3-N + O2 + Nitrosomonas = NO2 + O2 + Nitrobacter = NO3
2. De nitrification (anoxic)
NO3 + organic substrate + Heterotrophic = N2 + CO2 + H2O + New cells
3. Phosphorous removal (anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic)
VFA (organics) +Acinetobactor = release O-P O-P + Bacteria + O2= new cells + cell maintenance
Co Nitrification/ Denitrification
In the C Tech basin, excess oxygen is provided to oxidise ammonical
nitrogen into nitrates. This is an aerobic process. The biological process is
regulated in such a way that the biofloc profile allows for nitrification at the
peripheral sections and denitrification at the inner parts of the flocs.
Ammonical nitrogen (NH4-N) is converted into nitrates (NO3-N) during the
aeration process. Aeration is then stopped to allow for settling of the
biomass. During this time, anoxic conditions set in which allow for
denitrifnication of the nitrates (NO3N) into nitrogen (N2) and carbon di oxide
(CO2) gas. Also at the start of each cycle, part of the settled biomass is
recycled into the selector zone using the RAS pumps, where in raw effluent
is also fed.
The raw effluent acts as a substrate for the denitrification bacteria and under
the influence of, anoxic conditions denitrification occurs. Elemental oxygen is
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released during this phase. This process of co Nitrification and Denitrifictaion
result in complete removal of Nitrogen from the effluent.
Co Current Nitrification Denitrification
Phosphorous (P) Removal :The key to Phosphorous removal is exposure of
microorganisms to alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The alternating
condition stresses the microorganism to uptake higher concentration of dissolved
phosphorous, from the effluent thereby reducing the Phosphorous level in the
effluent. Phosphorous is used by the microorganism for cell maintenance,
synthesis, energy transport and is also stored for future requirements. The treated
sewage/effluent from C TECH is fit for low end recycle purpose like gardening, toilet
flushing, cooling tower makeup water etc. In case similar quality is to be achieved
through conventional process, extra tertiary treatment units like Denitrification
tanks, clarifloculators and sand filters are required, which add to the land
requirement, capital as well as operating cost.
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TREATMENT METHODS
RECEIVING OF EFFLUENT
Deep gravity outfall sewer shall discharge the raw Effluent into a Receiving
Chamber from where it shall be taken into downstream Coarse Screens. The
function of the Receiving Chamber is to reduce the incoming velocity.
COARSE SCREENING Adequate Nos. of Mechanical (working) along with Manual (standby) Coarse
Screens shall be provided upstream of Wet Well for removal of floating and
oversized material coming with the Effluent. The Coarse Screens shall screen out
most of the medium & large floating and oversized material such as plastic rags,
debris, weeds, paper, cloth, rags etc which could clog the waste water pump
impellers. The Coarse Screens shall be inclined Bar Screen of stainless steel flats
and shall be of sturdy design to take care of all sorts of materials envisaged in the
gravity sewer. The screenings shall be dropped on a Conveyor provided above the
top of the Screen Channels. The screening material as collected will drop
automatically into a wheelbarrow for its disposal.
RAW EFFLUENT PUMPING STATION
Screened Effluent after Coarse Screening shall enter into Wet Well of the Pumping
Station. The capacity of the Wet Well is such that adequate detention time is
available during average and peak flow conditions. The effective liquid volume shall
be provided below the invert level of the incoming sewer after leaving provision for
freeboard. Also an additional depression shall be provided to ensure adequate
submergence of Pumps. Pumping Station shall have a Room adequate for
installing Electrical Panels. Suitable arrangement shall be provided for lifting of
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Pumps.
Suitable combination of Submersible Pumps shall be provided to cater the pumping
requirements at average and peak flow conditions. Based on incoming flow
conditions, adequate nos. of Pumps shall start / stop automatically to cater the
pumping requirements.
The pumped flow from the Pumping Station shall be taken to the elevated head
works, Inlet chamber of the plant from where Effluent will gravitate to Fine Screen
Channels.
FLOW MEASUREMENT An ultrasonic Flow Measurement Device shall measure the flow in the common
discharge header of pumps. The flow computation shall be through the dedicated
digital display with integrator
STILLING CHAMBER
Raw Effluent shall be taken into a Stilling Chamber from where it shall be taken into
downstream Fine Screens. The function of the Receiving Chamber is to reduce the
incoming velocity.
FINE SCREENING CHANNELS Adequate Nos. of Mechanical along with Manual (standby) Fine Screens shall be
provided upstream of treatment units for fine screening of Effluent. The Fine
Screens shall screen out most of the floating and oversized material more than
6mm size such as plastic debris, weeds, paper, cloth, rags etc which could foul the
downstream treatment units. The Fine Screens shall be inclined Bar Screen of
stainless steel flats. The screenings shall be dropped on a Conveyor provided
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above the top of the screen channel. The screening material as collected will drop
automatically into a wheelbarrow for its disposal.
DE-GRITTING Screened Effluent will gravitate to Grit Separator Tank for removal of grit and small
inorganic particulate matter of specific gravity above 2.65 and particle size above
150 microns. The Grit Separator Tank shall be of RCC construction complete with
mechanical internals and square in size. The grit separated shall be properly
collected and be transferred for disposal. The de-gritted Effluent shall flow through
open channels from the Grit Separators and confluence into a single channel of
suitable width.
SBR/CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS Primary treated Effluent shall be fed into the Cyclic Activated Sludge Process/SBR
Process Basins for biological treatment to remove BOD, COD and Suspended
Solids. C Tech is a CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT process. It
provides highest treatment efficiency possible in a single step biological process.
The C Tech System is operated in a batch reactor mode. This eliminates all the
inefficiencies of the continuous processes. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor,
which ensures 100% treatment. Two modules are provided to ensure continuous
treatment. The complete process takes place in a single reactor, within which all
biological treatment steps take place sequentially. No additional settling unit,
Secondary Clarifier is required!The complete biological operation is divided into
cycles. Each cycle is of 3 – 5 hrs duration, during whichall treatment steps take
place.
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Explanation of Cyclic Operation:
A basic cycle comprises:
• Fill-Aeration (F/A)
• Settling (S)
• Decanting (D)
These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then repeated.
A Typical Cycle
During the period of a cycle, the liquid is filled in the C Tech basin up to a set
operating water level.Aeration Blowers are started for aeration of the
effluent. After the aeration cycle, the biomass settlesunder perfect settling
conditions. Once settled the supernatant is removed from the top using a
DECANTER. Solids are wasted from the tanks during the decanting
phase.These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then
repeated.
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Schematic Drawing of a C-Tech Basin
CONTROL OF OIL POLLUTION
Oil pollution occurs in harbour basins when leaks from shore facilities for the supply
of diesel fuel to fishing vessels find their way into the harbour water; when vessels
pump out oily bilge water in port; when used engine oil is dumped overboard and
when an accident results in leakage of fuel oil. To mitigate oil pollution, the fishery
harbour incharge shall take necessary action to:
• Provide shore-based reception facilities for oily wastes (bilge water and
spent oil) from vessels
• Minimise leaks while bunkering.
• Assist those responsible for containment and clean-up operations if a major
oil spill occurs in the vicinity.
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Oily wastes
Oily wastes discharged to reception facilities are usually mixtures of oil and water
and in some cases, solids. The composition ratio of these solids can differ
considerably, depending on the type of wastes given as below:
Bilge water consists mainly of water contaminated with oil, whereas
Waste oil and fuel residues consist mainly of oil contaminated with water.
The cross section of an artisanal oil separator for bilge water. typical oil-separation
and storage facility for fishing ports is shown in Figure-5.1. The bilge water
separation facility is shown in Figure-5.2.
Figure-5.1: Artisanal oil/water separator
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Figure 5.2: Separated bilge oil collection
The oil collected by the separators may then be returned to a recycling plant by
authorised collectors. In Visakhapatnam, main port has a fixed installation of 100
m3 capacity to service cargo ships and an 8 m3 mobile tanker to collect oily bilge
water from some 100 fishing vessels ranging from 15 to 25 m in length. The mobile
tanker is fitted with a vacum pump and an oil-resistant hose to span four vessels
moored abreast. In Phuket, a much smaller mobile tanker (1 m3) was used for
collecting oily bilge water.
Reception facilities for used engine oil inside harbours are intended as a temporary
storage only, whereas the reception facilities for bilge water need to separate the oil
from the considerably larger volume of water. The oil may then be transferred to the
used oil storage facilities for collection at a later date, and the treated water
returned to the sea. Waste or spent engine oil can be recycled 100% and it is now
very common for refineries to collect used oil from harbours, car repair shops and
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petrol stations. The artisnal oil collection system is shown in Figure-5.3. A 5000 litre
spent oil tank for a small fishing port is shown in Figure-5.4.
Figure 5.3: Artisanal spent oil collection system
Figure 5.4: A 5000 litre spent oil tank for a small fishing port
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CONTROL OF OIL SPILLS
When a oil spill occurs in the vicinity of the fishery harbour, the harbour incharge
will render assistance to the team responsible for combating the spill and for
subsequent clean-up operations. There are four main methods of combating an oil
spill:
• mechanical recovery
• dispersant use
• in-situ burning
• allowing the oil to come ashore for clean-up later.
Mechanical containment and recovery of oil is the most desirable option. Booms
are used for containment, and skimmers are used to recover oil from the water
surface.
Natural or induced agitation of water causes dispersion of oil into the water column.
Dispersants are mixtures of surfactants in one or more solvents, specifically
formulated to enhance the rate of this natural process and thereby reduce the
amount of oil coming ashore.
In-situ burning has the advantage that it rapidly removes large volumes. But it
poses fire hazards, and has limitations when the thickness of the oil slick is less
than 2 mm. Emulsions bum poorly, if at all.
The last option of letting the oil come ashore is chosen only when the shoreline can
be cleaned relatively easily or has low environmental, social or economic value.
Considering the size of the proposed fisheries harbour mechanical containment in
the form of booms is recommended. Booms prevent the spreading, and facilitate
oil recovery.
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There are many kinds of booms. Their structure may differ, but basically they
comprise the following components:
• freeboard to prevent or reduce splashover;
• subsurface skirt to prevent or reduce escape of oil under the boom;
• flotation by air or some buoyant material;
• longitudinal tension member (chain or wire) to withstand the effect of winds,
waves and currents.
5.3.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The solid wastes so generated will contain Solid waste comprising all bulky rubbish,
old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc. The total solid waste to be
generated would be of the order of 3 t/day.The solid waste disposal system
proposed are as follows:
Collection
Solid waste comprises of bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish
boxes etc. A typical collection point made of locally available stone and concrete
(the size of the waste centre depends on local requirements) shall be constructed.
Recycling
Metal items shall be collected and sold to scrap dealers. Tyres can be turned into
fenders, timber fish boxes can be sold as fuel wood. Styrofoam boxes should be
avoided because they break up easily and cannot be recycled safely ,as they give
off dangerous fumes when burnt.
Offal Collection
Fish should be cleaned and gutted on the journey back to the landing centre. Offal
should never be dumped inside the fish landing centre basin or discarded in corners
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within the fish landing centre area or village because, besides giving off offensive
smells, it also poses a health hazard by attracting pests. Plastic 100-litre drums with
airtight lids should be bought and used to collect offal from fish markets or moored
boats.
Process Description: Step 1: MSW along the Fish waste (offal) collected from the Fish landing
centre shall be transferred to a Platform
Step 2: Waste from platform is transferred into the bio-mechanical
composting machine where the waste is shredded and mixed with
Saw dust or paper which acts as absorbent. Bacterial inoculum is also
fed into the composting machine. In a process time of 15 minutes, the
waste will be uniformly shredded and odour mixed with bacteria which
can perform a speedy digest of the organics. Raw compost is drawn
as output from the bio-mechanical composting machine. Batch size of
the machine will be 125 Kg minimum. In 12 cycles the entire waste
can be digested to form raw compost.
Step 3: The raw compost is cured for 2 weeks to get a good quality compost
material.
Step 4: The final compost is ready to use for gardening.
Components of the Solid waste treatment system:
1. One no. of composting machine
2. One shredder
3. Suitable curing system
4. Bagging arrangement.
The cost of the solid waste management system comes to Rs. 18 lakhs (Inclusive of civil, electrical, mechanical components
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A provision of Rs.3.7 million has been earmarked for the solid waste disposal. The
details are given in Table-5.1.
TABLE-5.1 Cost estimates for solid waste management
S. No.
Item Cost (Rs. million)
1. One covered tempo for conveyance of solid waste to the landfill
1.0
2. Manpower cost for 4 persons @ Rs.5000/month for 2 years including 10% escalation/year
0.4
3. Preparation of landfill site including surveying, levelling, excavation, lining, etc.
0.4
4. Cost for solid waste management system 1.8
Total 3.7
5.3.8 AIR ENVIRONMENT
Control of Emissions
Minor air quality impacts will be caused by emissions from construction vehicles,
equipment and DG sets, and emissions from transportation traffic. Frequent truck
trips will be required during the construction period for removal of excavated
material and delivery of select concrete and other equipment and materials. The
following measures are recommended to control air pollution:
• Contractor will be responsible for maintaining properly functioning
construction equipment to minimize exhaust.
• Construction equipment and vehicles will be turned off when not used for
extended periods of time.
• Unnecessary idling of construction vehicles to be prohibited.
• Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in
and around the project area.
• Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended to
with proper road repair and maintenance work. An amount of Rs. 2.0 million
has been earmarked for this purpose.
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Air Pollution control due to DG sets
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has issued emission limits for
generators upto 800 kW. The same are outlined in Table-5.2, and are
recommended to be followed.
TABLE-5.2
Emission limits for DG sets prescribed by CPCB
Parameter Emission limits (gm/kwhr)
NOx 9.2
HC 1.3
CO 2.5
PM 0.3
Smoke limit* 0.7
Note : * Light absorption coefficient at full load (m-1)
The above standards needs to followed by the contractor operating the DG sets.
Control of Pollution due to increased vehicles
The major source of air pollution in the proposed project is the increased vehicular
movement in the project construction and operation phases. The movement of
other vehicles is likely to increase, as the commissioning of the project would lead
to significant development in the area. Thus, as a control measure, vehicles
emitting pollutants above the standards should not be allowed to ply either in the
project construction or in the operation phases. Vehicles and construction
equipment should be fitted with internal devices i.e. catalytic converters to reduce
CO and HC emissions.
All the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the roads connecting the
construction site should be paved or black topped to minimize the entrainment of
fugitive emissions. If any of the roads stretches cannot be black topped or paved
due to some reason or the other, then adequate arrangements must be made to
spray water on such stretches of the road.
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5.3.9 CONTROL OF NOISE
The construction and operation phases are likely to increase the vehicular traffic in
the area, which can lead to increase in the ambient noise levels mainly along the
road alignment. It is proposed to develop a greenbelt along the road stretches near
to the habitation sites. Three rows of trees will be planted. The details of the same
are given in Section 5.3.10.
The contractors will be required to maintain properly functioning equipment and
comply with occupational safety and health standards. The construction equipment
will be required to use available noise suppression devices and properly maintained
mufflers.
• vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle
manufacturer.
• staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of
equipment within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever
possible.
• use of temporary sound fences or barriers to be evaluated.
• notification will be given to residents within 300 feet (about 90 to 100
m) of major noise generating activities. The notification will describe
the noise abatement measures that will be implemented.
• monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during the construction
phase of the project. In case of exceeding of pre-determined
acceptable noise levels by the machinery will require the contractor(s)
to stop work and remedy the situation prior to continuing construction.
The following Noise Standards for DG sets are recommended for the running of DG
sets during the construction:
• The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new diesel generator
sets with rated capacity upto 1000 KVA shall be 75 dB(A) at s distance of 1
m from the enclosure surface.
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• Noise from the DG set should be controlled by providing an acoustic
enclosure or by treating the enclosure acoustically.
• The Acoustic Enclosure should be made of CRCA sheets of appropriate
thickness and structural/ sheet metal base. The walls of the enclosure
should be insulated with fire retardant foam so as to comply with the 75
dB(A) at 1m sound levels specified by CPCB, Ministry of Environment &
Forests.
• The acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment of the room should be designed
for minimum 25 dB(A) Insertion Loss or for meeting the ambient noise
standards, whichever is on the higher side.
• The DG set should also be provided with proper exhaust muffler to attenuate
noise level by atleast 25 dB(A).
• Efforts will be made to bring down the noise levels due to the DG set,
outside its premises, within the ambient noise requirements by proper siting
and control measures.
A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set should be
set and followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which would help
prevent noise levels of the DG set from deteriorating with use.
It is known that continuous exposure to noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the
hearing of the workers/operators and hence has to be avoided. Other
physiological and psychological effects have also been reported in literature, but
the effect on hearing acuity has been specially stressed. To prevent these effects,
it has been recommended by international specialist organizations that the
exposure period of affected persons be limited as specified by Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) in Table-5.3.
TABLE-5.3
Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure noise level dB(A) period per day for 8
hrs/day and 5 days/week
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 1/2 115 1/4 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.3.10 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT It is proposed to develop greenbelt around various project appurtenances, which
will go a long way to achieve environmental protection and mitigation of pollution
levels in the area.
Depending upon the topo-climatological conditions and regional ecological status,
selection of the appropriate plant species has been made.
Various criteria adopted for selecting the species for greenbelt development are:
- plant should be fast growing; - preferably perennial and evergreen; - indigenous; - resistant to SPM pollution, and - should maintain the ecological and hydrological balance of the region.
The general consideration involved while developing the greenbelt are:
- Trees growing upto 10 m or above in height with perennial foliage should be planted around the perimeter of the proposed project area.
- Trees should also be planted along the road side in such a way that there is dust control.
- Generally fast growing trees should be planted. - Since, the tree trunk area is normally devoid of foliage upto a height of 3 m, it
may be useful to have shrubbery in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion.
Taking into consideration the above parameters, the greenbelt development plan
has been evolved for the proposed alternatives to reduce the pollution levels to the
maximum possible extent. The plantation will be at a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m. The
width of the greenbelt will be 30 m. About 1,600 trees per hectare will be planted.
The maintenance of the plantation area will also be done by the project proponents.
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The cost of plantation per hectare is estimated at Rs.50,000. About 2 ha of land is
proposed to be afforested as a part of Greenbelt Development Plan. The total cost
of afforestation works out to Rs.0.12 million.
The species recommended for greenbelt development are listed in Table-5.4.
TABLE-5.4
Recommended species for greenbelt development --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Common Name Botanical Name --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Neem Azadirachta indica Mango Mangifera indica Salvadora Salvadora persica Bangan Ficus bengalensis Cassia Cassia siamea Terminalia Terminalia catappa Karaunda Corissa carandas
5.4 EMP MEASURES DURING OPERATION PHASE
5.4.1 Marine Water Quality
• Regular monitoring of surface marine water quality shall be carried out
for the parameters viz. temperature, pH, DO, BOD/COD, salinity,
turbidity, TSS, Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N),
Ammonia-Nitrogen (NH3-N), Phosphate-Phosphorus (PO4-P), Silicate-
Silicon (Si04-Si), Chlorophyll a, oil and grease, heavy metals (viz. iron,
lead, zinc, mercury), total coliform / faecal coli form, etc, and the
impacts of the project operations shall be assessed on water
enviornment.
• Adequate safeguard measures should be taken to deal with oil spills by
the fishing boats that may lead to water pollution in and around the
area.
• Spillage of oil from various handling areas should be prevented and the
spillage shall be treated with measures such as provision of impervious
bases at all the relevant spaces, oil separators, etc. Shall be provided
before discharge into the environment.
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5.4.2 Sediment Quality
• Regular monitoring of sediment quality shall be carried out for the
parameters viz Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides,
Sulphates, Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna etc, and the
impacts on project operations shall be assessed on water environment.
5.4.3 Summary of Environmental Monitoring During Operation Phase The summary of Environmental Monitoring during operation phase is given in
Table – 5.5.
TABLE – 5.5
Details of Environmental Monitoring Cost during Operation Phase
S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
1. Marine water
Physico-chemical parameters
pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.
Once in three months
3 sites
Biological parameters
Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons
Once a year
3 sites
2. Sediments
Physico-chemical parameters
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates
Once in three months
3 sites
Biological parameters
Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
Once in a year 3 sites
3. Greenbelt Develoment
Growth of various species, need for any additional inputs in the form of agro-chemicals, irrigation, protection etc.
Once in three months
Greenbelt sites
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The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme
during operation phase shall be Rs. 0.75 million/year. The details are given in
Table – 5.6.
5.4. COST ESTIMATE
The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.27.0 million. The details are
given in Table-5.6).
TABLE-5.6
Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
S. No.
Parameter Cost (Rs. million)
1. Solid Waste Management 3.70
2. Waste Water Treatment 20.00
2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.80
3. Treatment of effluent from workshops 0.50
4. Greenbelt development 0.12
5. Purchase of noise meter 0.05
6. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase (Refer Table-6.3)
1.60
Total 26.67 say Rs. 27.0 million
The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during
construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The cost required for implementation of
Environmental Monitoring Programe during operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year
5.5 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The summary of Environmental Management Plan is given in Table – 5.7
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TABLE - 5.7
Summary of Environmental Management Plan
S. No.
Issues / Impacts
Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Pre-construction Stage
1 Clearances and Approvals
(i) Secure regulatory clearances such as CRZ Clearance of CRZ rules , GoI (ii) Obtain planning permissions from relevant local planning authority and the local administration (iii) Ensure transfer of land from revenue authorities for approach road and dumping site of the project
Fisheries Department
2 Site clearance Site clearance shall be carried out to in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste is disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. In no case the waste material shall not be disposed in the sea or river or any other sensitive environment components.
Contractor
During Construction Stage
1 Infrastructure provisions at construction camps
The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour as per the requirements of applicable labour regulations of Government of India.
All the work sites and camp sites shall also be provided with basic sanitation and infrastructure as per the requirements of Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996.
Contractor
2 Transportation of construction materials
The contractor should bring construction material only from approved quarries. Heavy vehicles shall be covered with Tarpaulin sheets to minimize fugitive dust during transportation
Contractor
3 Ambient Air quality
All the vehicles must have valid PUC certificates at all the time during construction phase of the project, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site. All the DG sets used for construction
Contractor
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts
Mitigation Measures Responsibility
shall have valid consents from TNPCB and shall have built-in stacks to reduce the air emission impacts.
4 Noise The construction materials shall be properly maintained and barricades shall be provided around the site for reducing the noise levels. All the workers will be provided with personal protective equipment including ear plugs and other necessary provisions by the contractor.
Contractor
5 Water The quality of water (marine, river and wastewater discharged from the camps) shall be analysed once in three months during construction, for its compliance to the disposal standards of pollution control authority.
Contractor
6 Emergency Management
First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be provided by the contractor at the work sites, camp sites and all other ancillary facilities.
Contractor
7 Greenbelt development
Green belt with adequate number of trees shall be developed and shall be maintained to ensure at 80% survival rate.
Contractor and Fisheries Department
8 Marine Environment
• Dredging has to be carried out using crawl cat dredger or coastal dredger or pontoon mounted system.
• Dredging to be avoided during April 15 to May 31 to avoid the impacts on fish breeding
• Dredged material to be disposed by suction and pumping through pipeline to disposal site.
• Dredging shall be carried out in such a way that the loss of sediments into the neighbouring water column is minimized and disturbance to the marine ecology is avoided.
• Leveling of spoil area after reclamation.
• Provision of garland drain around spoil area.
• Fencing of spoil area after disposal of dredged material.
Contractor
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts
Mitigation Measures Responsibility
• Plantation along periphery of spoil area disposal of dredged material.
• Vessels operating during construction phase such as dredger shall be equipped with spill response kits.
• To assess the impacts on marine environment marine water and benthal samples shall be analysed on a quarterly basis during construction phase and necessary mitigation measures shall be implemented, as directed by the engineer in charge
• Dredging and construction activities to be scheduled and planned to minimise impacts on fishermen and their livelihood activites;
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various locations in and around the dredging/construction work areas in order to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts
• Waste consignment shall be maintained to ensure that the dredged material is disposed at the designated site as per the procedures stipulated in the EIA / EMP of the project.
Operation Stage
1 Monitoring Operational Performance
The PIU and Fishing harbour management shall monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation measures implemented in the project. This shall include overall hygiene practices of the Fishing harbour, performance of wastewater treatment plant, impacts due to dredging material dump site, survival rate of trees, quality of river water, marine water and sediment quality
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
2 Water & Waste water
Surface water, ground water, marine water and treated / untreated wastewater quality shall be analysed by on a quarterly basis
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
3. Air Environment Ambient air quality and DG stack monitoring shall be done once in a quarter.
Water sprinkling for dust suppression and Greenbelt development shall be carried out in the premises.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts
Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Proper maintenance of boats shall be ensured to reduce the emissions.
4. Noise DG sets with acoustic enclosures shall be deployed.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
5. Solid Waste Solid waste from the site should be source segregated and collected into biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. The biodegradable waste will be treated in organic waste converter (OWC) and used as manure, whereas the non biodegradable waste shall be sent to authorised recyclers.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
6 Emergency Management
First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be maintained by the Fishing harbour operating agency. Adequate fire extinguishers shall be provided in the premises with clear fire exit signals and sign boards are displayed for evacuation.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
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CHAPTER-6
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
6.1 THE NEED
Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any developmental project.
It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any development
project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people,
various natural resources, biota and the many developing forces. Thus, a new
environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the exact
post-project environmental scenario. Hence, monitoring of critical parameters is
essential in the post-project phase.
Monitoring of environmental indicators signal potential problems and facilitate timely
prompt implementation of effective remedial measures. It will also allow for validation
ofthe assumptions and assessments made in the present study.
Monitoring becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned for
environmental protection function effectively during the entire period of project
operation. The data so generated also serves as a data bank for prediction of post-
project scenarios in similar projects.
6.2 AREAS OF CONCERN
From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are resettlement and
rehabilitation of project-affected persons, marine water quality, ambient air quality,
noise, etc. An attempt is made to establish early warning system which indicate the
stress on the environment. Suggested monitoring parameters and programmes are
described in the subsequent sections.
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6.3 MARINE WATER & SEDIMENT QUALITY
Construction phase
The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in
three months and biological parameters once a year during project construction
phase, close to the major construction sites. Both surface and bottom waters should
be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows:
Marine Water
Physico-chemical parameters
- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides
Biological parameters
- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density)
Sediments
Physio-chemical parameters
- Texture - pH
- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD
- Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates
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Biological Parameters
- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna
The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external
agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose.
Assuming construction phase is to last for 2 years and considering as escalation of
10%, an amount of Rs. 1.26 million can be earmarked.
Operation Phase
The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in
three months and biological parameters once a year during project operation phase.
Both surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters
to be monitored are as follows:
Marine Water
Physico-chemical parameters
- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides
Biological parameters
- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density)
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Sediments
Physio-chemical parameters
- Texture - pH
- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD
- Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates
Biological Parameters
- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna
The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external
agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose.
6.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
Construction Phase
Ambient air quality monitoring is recommended to be monitored at three stations
close to the construction sites. The monitoring can be conducted for three seasons.
For each season monitoring can be conducted twice a week for 4 consecutive
weeks. The parameters to be monitored are SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx. An amount
of Rs. 0.144 million/year would be required. Considering, construction phase of two
years and escalation of 10%, an amount of Rs. 0.302 million/year can be earmarked
for this purpose. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase
can be conducted by an agency approved by Puduchery Pollution Control
Committee.
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Operation phase
The ambient air quality monitoring will have to be conducted at three locations. Air
quality could be monitored for three seasons in a year. High volume samplers can be
used for this purpose. The frequency of monitoring shall be twice a week for 24
hours for four consecutive weeks. The parameters to be monitored are SPM, RPM,
SO2 and NOx. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase can
be conducted by an agency approved by Puduchery Pollution Control Committee. An
amount of Rs. 0.15 million/year can be earmarked for this purpose.
6.5 NOISE
Personnel involved in work areas, where high noise levels are likely to be observed
during project construction and operation phases. For such in-plant personnel,
audiometric examination should be arranged at least once a year.
The noise level monitoring during construction and operation phases will be carried
out by the project staff and a noise meter can be purchased. An amount of Rs.0.05
million has been earmarked for this purpose.
Neighbourhood (upto radius of 1 km)
It is recommended that during project operation phase, monitoring of sensitive areas
like schools and medicare centres be conducted within a distance of 1 km radius of
the jetty to ascertain noise levels at receptors, taking note of any excessive build-up
in any particular direction.
6.6 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT
Sites of greenbelt development should be monitored once in every month during
project operation phase to study the growth of various species and to identify the
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needs if any, such as for irrigation, fertilizer dosing, pesticides, etc. The monitoring
can be conducted by project staff.
6.7 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during
project construction and operation phases is given in Tables-6.1 and 6.2
respectively.
TABLE-6.1 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during
project construction phase S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
1. Marine water
Physico-chemical parameters
pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.
Grab, Once in quarter.
4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site and waste water from camp site
Biological parameters Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons
Grab, Once in quarter.
4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site) and drinking water from camp site
2. Sediments
Physico-chemical parameters
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates
Once in quarter.
3 sites
Biological parameters Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
Once in quarter. 3 sites
3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx
- Summer, Post-monsoon and Winter seasons.
- Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season.
Close to construction site(s)
4. Noise Equivalent Noise Level
During peak construction activities
Construction Site(s)
Project Implementation Agency EIA Study for Reconstruction and Modernization (Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project) of Pondicherry fishing harbour
WAPCOS Limited 6-7
TABLE-6.2
Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during
project operation phase
S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
1. Marine water
Physico-chemical parameters
pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.
Once in three months
3 to 4 sites
Biological parameters
Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons
Once a year
3 to 4 sites
2. Sediments
Physico-chemical parameters
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates
Once in three months
3 to 4 sites
Biological parameters
Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
Once in a year 3 to 4 sites
3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 & NOx
- Summer, Post-monsoon & Winter seasons.
- Twice a week
for four consecutive weeks per season.
Villages
4. Noise Equivalent Noise Level
Once per month Project area and sites within 1 km of the project area
5. Greenbelt Development
Rate of survival and growth of various species
Once per month Various plantation sites.
Project Implementation Agency EIA Study for Reconstruction and Modernization (Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project) of Pondicherry fishing harbour
WAPCOS Limited 6-8
6.8 COST ESTIMATES The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during
construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The details are given in Table-6.3.
TABLE-6.3 Summary of cost estimates required for implementation during
project construction phase
S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million)
1. Marine Ecology 1.26
2. Ambient air quality 0.302
Total 1.5602 say Rs. 1.60 million
The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during
operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year. The details are given in Table-6.4.
TABLE-6.4
Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Monitoring
Programme during operation phase
S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million/year)
1. Marine water quality 0.60
2. Ambient air quality monitoring 0.15
Total 0.75
ANNEXURE-I
National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS)
S. No.
POLLUTANTS Time Weighted Average
Concentration of Ambient Air
Industrial, Residential Rural and other area
Ecologically Sensitive
area (notified by
Central Government)
Method of Measurement
1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) , µg/m3
Annual* 24 hours **
50
80
20
80
-Improved west and Gacke
-Ultraviolet fluorescence
2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) , µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours **
40
80
30
80
- Modified Jacab & Hochheister (Na-Arsentire) -Chemiluminescene
3 Particulate Matter (Size less than 10, µm) or PM10 , µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours **
60
100
60
100
-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation
4 Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5 , µm) or PM2.5, µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours **
40
60
40
60
-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation
5 Ozone (O3), µg/m3
8 hours** 1 hour **
100
180
100
180
-UV photometric -Chemiluminescene -Chemial Method
6 Lead (Pb), µg/m3
Annual* 24 hours **
0.50
1.0
0.50
1.0
-AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper. - ED-XRF using Teflon filter.
7 Carbon Monoxide (CO) , µg/m3
8 hours** 1 hour **
02
04
02
04
-Non disbersive infrared spectroscopy
S. No.
POLLUTANTS Time Weighted Average
Concentration of Ambient Air
Industrial, Residential Rural and other area
Ecologically Sensitive
area (notified by
Central Government)
Method of Measurement
8 Ammonia (NH3), µg/m3
Annual* 24 hours **
100
400
100
400
-Chemiluminescene -Indophenol blue method
9 Benzene (C6H6), µg/m3
Annual* 05 05 -Gas chromatography based continuous analyser. -Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis.
10 Benzo (a) Pyrene(BaP)- particulate phase only, ng/m3
Annual* 01 01 -Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis
11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3
Annual* 06 06 -AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3
Annual* 20 20 -AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at a uniform intervals. ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
ANNEXURE-II
Ambient Noise Standards ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Area Category Limits in dB(A)Leq Code of Area --------------------------------------------- Day time Night time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A. Industrial Area 75 70 B. Commercial Area 65 55 C. Residential Area 55 45 D. Silence Zone 50 40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Note : 1. Day time 6 A.M. and 9 P.M.
2. Night time is 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. 3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 meters around such
premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.
4. Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazette notification, Government of India, date 14.2.2000.
ANNEXURE-III ABUNDANCE OF PHYTOPLANKTON DENSITY (cells/litre)
S.NO SPECIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Asterionella japonica
442 300 275 200 150
2 Bacteriastrum hyalinum
370 - 150 100 -
3 Bacteriastrum cosmasum
- 200 - - -
4 Basillaria paradoxa
256 - 175 - -
5 Chaetocerous decipieus
- - - 70 50
6 Chaetocerous affinis
275 - - - -
7 Coscinodiscus diversus
- 100 150 - -
8 Coscinodiscus lineatus
350 125 - - -
9 Coscinodiscus centralis
300 - 125 100 125
10 Ditylum brightwelli
- 100 - - -
11 Navicula salinarum
250 175 125 - 100
12 Nitchia serchia 275 - 150 - -
13 Pleurosigma elongatum
400 - - - -
14 Pleurosigma angulatum
430 - - - -
15 Rhizolenia alata
575 400 - 275 -
16 Skeletonima costatum
550 275 - - -
17 Thalassiothrix longissima
- 150 - 50 -
18 Rhizosolenia styliformis
450 - 120 - 50
19 Streptotheca thomensis
275 - - - -
20 Caratinum candelabrum
350 - - 150 75
21 Thalassionema nitzschioids
- - 15 - -
22 Stereptotheca - 100 - 50 75
thamensis
23 Nitzchia closterium
350 125 10 - -
Total 5898 2050 1295 995 625
ANNEXURE-IV ABUNDANCE OF ZOOPLANKTON DENSITY (No/litre)
S.NO SPECIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Pseudocalanus elongates
700 450 - - 100
2 Protozoa - 200 50 50 -
3 Lucifer protozoea
600 175 - - 50
4 Pontellid nauplius
100 50 50 75 -
5 Paramysis arenosa
- - 50 - -
6 Sagitta enflata 550 - - 50 75
7 Heteropod larvae
500 - - - -
8 Temora longicornis
- 175 - 50 75
9 Protozoea larvae
500 - 75 - -
10 Lamellibranch larvae
- - - - -
11 Balas devians - 275 - 75 50
12 Macrosetella gracilis
625 - - -
13 Cyphonautes larvae
- 120 50 - 75
14 Pseidocalanus elogates
400 - - - -
15 Tellina crassa 475 - 75 50 75
16 Centropagus typicas
- 100 - - -
17
Modiolus mochiolus
- - 50 50 5-
18 Leptomysis gracilis
275 - - - -
Total 4725 1545 400 400 500
ANNEXURE-V BENTHOS MEIO FAUNA (No/10cm2)
S.NO SPECIES/GROUPS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Textularia stricta 10 5 3 1 -
2 Nematodes 6 4 2 3 1
3 Orbulina universa 4 2 1 - 1
4 Turbellarians 3 2 2 2 -
5 Anomalina sp 5 3 2 1 1
6 Textularia sp 3 1 1 1 -
Total 31 17 11 8 3
ANNEXURE-VI
MACRO FAURA (No/m2)
S.NO
SPECIES/GROUPS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Turritella duplicate 3 2 1 5 1
2 Donax scortum 2 1 2 - -
3 Natica gualteriana 4 2 1 3 -
4 Cymatium perryi 1 1 1 - -
5 Bursa spinosa 2 2 2 - 1
6 Murex trapa 8 4 1 2 2
7 Hemifusus puglinus 2 2 2 - -
8 Architectonica perpetiva
2 2 1 2 2
9 Telescopium telescopium
7 5 1 1 2
5
Chicoreus ramosus 5 3 - - 1
Total 36 24 12 13 9
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