SARDAR SWARAN SINGH
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIO-ENERGY
(Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India)
KAPURTHALA-144601 (PUNJAB)
Email: [email protected]
Prof. (Dr.)Yogender Kumar Yadav
Director
Indian Energy Scenarioo Over 230 GW power generation capacity is
mainly based on thermal and hydro with about13% from renewables.
o Energy and peaking shortages 8 & 11%
o 145 MT consumption of oil products. Importsabout 80%, and growing.
o Per capita energy use 911 kWh / Annum is1/4th of global average 2373 kWh / Annum
o Our electricity supply will need to grow 5 to 7times of our current consumption forsustaining growth of around 8-9% through nexttwo decades
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Drivers for Bioenergy in India
o Demand for power and exhaustible fossilfuels increasing
o Problems in meeting even minimum energyneeds for cooking and lighting in manyareas
o About 80 million homes still withoutelectricity
o Power shortages felt even in cities and affectindustrial production
o Need to control GHG emissions
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Biomass Waste Sources
Availability Status(2009)
Surplus Available
(2009)
Availability Projections
(2015)
Projected Surplus(2015)
Crop & Agro- processwaste
523.44 127.27 680.47 226.01
Road Side Biomass 10.74 6.44 17.28 10.36
Wasteland Biomass 27.12 16.32 40.92 24.55
Forest Waste 157.18 94.31 196.79 118.08
Agro – Forestry Waste 9.06 5.44 9.18 5.51
Livestock Waste 267.76 - 266.31 -
Poultry Droppings 4.87 - 6.95 -
Total 1000.17 249.78 1217.90 384.51
Availability of Biomass (MT) in India
THE CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS
Storage in Open
Release of CH4 which is 24 times more
effective as green house gas, CO2
Loose Burning of Straw
Release of toxic Gases CO, CO2, NOX,
SOX, CxHy, SPM, RSPM
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6
Problems of Biomass Conversion to Energy
Complexity is not only a problem to choose the correct
logistic chain for specific situation, but there are other
problem like:
low territorial density, it does not have homogenous
geographical distribution
seasonality , it’s necessary to optimise the storage to have
a constant feed to the plant of energy conversion
choice of correct energy conversion technique adapted to
the territorial context
The project success of biomass utilization need interdisciplinary
approach of several technical and scientific skills.
Bioenergy Options Improved solid fuels (Pellet, Briquettes, Char)
Biomass Combustion / Co-generation
Gaseous Fuels
- Bio-chemical / Bio-methanation (Biogas)/Hydrogen
- Thermo-chemical (Producer Gas)/Hydrogen
Liquid Fuels
- Thermo-Chemical (Pyrolysis)
- Bio-chemical (Ethanol, Butanol)
- Extraction (Trans-esterification / biodiesel)
7
Loose agriculturalresidues have low bulkdensity (30 to 100kg/m3) and difficult tohandle and use as fuel.
By briquetting thequality improves anddensity is increased to1000-1200 kg/m3 andbecome better qualityfuel.
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Biomass Briquetting
Bulk density of
paddy straw40-60 kg/m3
True density of
briquettes900-1100
kg/m3
Energy
requirement45-55 kWh/ton
Calorific Value 14 MJ/kg
Briquetting Operational Parameters
Biomass Briquetting
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POWER GENERATION
VIA
BIOMASS COMBUSTION
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Sketch of Typical Biomass Power Generation Plant
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Salient Features
Biomass combustion is clearly a proven technology,
but design improvements over the past couple of
decades have helped to increase its efficiency, reduce
emission levels and reduce costs.
At the same time, the creation of professional
certification programs for installers and inspectors
might help to boost the safety of biomass combustion
systems.
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Bagasse Co-generation in Sugar Industry Potential : 5000 MW for about 620 sugar mills
Installed about 2400 MW (48% of potential)
Under installation 1000 MW (20% ofpotential)
o Biomass Co-generation Projects for meeting thermal andelectrical energy requirements
o Installed 130 projects of over 500 MW
- 45 projects in Paper Mills
- 50 projects in Rice Mills
- 15 projects in Solvent extraction plants
- Others in Textile, Alcohol, Food processing
Biomass Co-generation in other industries
BIOMASS GASIFICATION
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Biomass Gasification
Biomass gasifier systems in the range of 5 kw to 500 kw for thermal and electrical applications
Ankur, Vadodara and IISc, Bangalore are major technology developers
About 120 MWeq systems installed for electrical and thermal applications.
About 100 MWth, in the range of 2-6 MWth, have been deployed for thermal application
Four Grid connected biomass gasifier systems in the range of 1.0-1.5 MWe are under installation
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It is a thermo-chemical conversion process in which biomass reactswith limited air to produce gaseous fuel called producer gas.
Thermal Application of Gasifier
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20 kW Gasifier Power Plant
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BIOGAS GENERATION
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Biomethanationo Household biogas plants mainly based on
cattle manure for cooking and lighting
o Biogas plants based on cattle manure andother segregated wastes for heat, electricityor motive power
o Biogas from urban and industrial wastesand effluents
o Co-digestion of farm / agricultural residueswith urban and industrial wastes
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Floating Drum Biogas Plant
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Kitchen waste biogas plant
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Biogas for Domestic Cooking
22
Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Programme
Potential: 2600 MW
Project in operation: 16 MW project at
Okhla, Delhi
Projects under installation: 41 MW
12 MW at Ghazipur, Delhi
8 MW at Bangalore
11 MW at Hyderabad
10 MW at Pune
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BIO-DIESEL/GREEN DIESEL
PRODUCTION
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o 1st generation Biofuels
- From starch and sugars - mainly ethanol
- From oil bearing seeds (SVO and biodiesel)
o 2nd generation Biofuels: from ligno-cellulosic substrates
- Ethanol through enzymatic fermentation
- bio-crude, bio-oil (Thermo-chemical route)
o 3rd generation Biofuels - Algae based bio-oils, green
diesel/jet fuel
o 4th generation Biofuels: CO2 sequestration …….
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Vegetable Oils
Vegetable oils represent one of the
premium renewable resources that can
be potentially used for fuel production.
Vegetable oil being renewable in nature
is also useful to earn carbon credit as
envisaged from Kyoto protocol.
They can be used as substitute
petrochemicals due to their similarity to
the traditional crude oil products.
Due to high density and viscosity,
vegetable oil can not be used directly in
engines.
They can be efficiently used in engine
after appropriate processing.
Edible oils are Coconut, Olive, Soy,
Canola, Sunflower, Safflower, Peanut,
Cottonseed , Rapeseed, Corn, Soybean,
Sesame etc.
Non-edible oils are processed Linseed oil,
Tung oil, Castor oil, Jatropha, Mahua,
Neem, Karanja, palmMesua ferrea L. etc.
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Oil Content of Some Oil Bearing Seeds
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Species Oil fraction (%) Nature
Castor 45-50 Non-edible
Jatropha 40-50
Mahua 35-40
Sal 10-12
Linseed 35-45
Neem 20-30
Pongamia (karanja) 30-40
Mesua Ferrea L. 75-79
Mustered 27-35% Edible
Sunflower 35-40%
Peanut 35-50%
Olive 35-38%
Rice Bran 20-25%
Mesua ferrea L.
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30KARANJA
Non-edible
Vegetable Seeds
Trans-esterification
Biodiesel (FAME) +
Glycerol
Biodiesel &
Characterization
Pure Biodiesel Green Diesel, Bio-petrol,
TBP Distillation
Bio-crude &
Characterization
Hydro-processing
Extraction & Analysis of Oil
Catalysts
Separation Washing
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Transesterification Process
Vegetable
oil
+ Alcohol +
Catalyst
H2 Gas
Hydrogen
Cylinder
Crude
Biodiesel
Batch
Reacto
r
Separator-1
Condenser
Filtration
Catalyst
Alcohol Recycling
Separato
r-2
Glycerol
Biodiesel
Activation &
Recycling
Condenser
Washing &
Purification
Washing & Purification
Pure
Biodiesel
Pure
Glycerol
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MBCUS
Catalyst
LPT
Catalyst
Biodiesel from
Jatropha oil
SEM Image TEM Micrograph
Biodiesel from
Bitter apricot oil
Hydroprocessing
Gases
Residue
Green Diesel
Bio-ATF
Bio-petrol
Vegetable oil
+ Catalyst
H2 Gas
Hydrogen
Cylinder
Biocrude
Batch
Reacto
r
TBP Distillation
Unit
Condenser
Water
Settler
Gases
Biocrude
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Various Bio-crudes and Distillates Fractions
Green Hydrocarbons
Liquid bio-fuel
distillates obtained
from Hydroprocessing
of vegetable oils and
TBP distillation.
Gasoline
Aviation turbine
Fuel Diesel
Lube oil
Wax Bitumen
Biocrude
Thrust Areas for Biofuel R&DLigno-cellulosic ethanol / biobutanol production
Pre-treatment Development of engineered micro-organisms for
higher yields of ethanol utilizing C5 and C6 sugars. Saccharification and fermentation - development of
microorganism and optimization of conditions. Identification and development of strains/processes
for bio-butanol
Thermo-chemical
Thermo chemical platform for production of secondgeneration biofuels
Gasification - upgradation of bio-oil
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Process development for bioethanol production
from agricultural residues
Enzyme production for saccharification of
lignocellulosic biomass using isolated bacteria
Isolation of yeast for fermentation of sugars
(hexoses and pentoses) to bioethanol
Microscopic viewIsolate NIRE-GX1
Pentose Fermenting Yeast
Isolate NIRE-K1 Microscopic view
Hexose Fermenting Yeast
NIR
E A
1
Xylanase activity
NIR
E A
1
Ligninase activity
NIR
E A
1
Cellulase activity
Hexose Sugar Fermentation
Ethanol Yield of NIRE K1 0.41
Yield increased to 0.49 after
optimisation of growth and
fermentation conditions
Batch Fermentation in Bench-scale Bioreactor
Optimisation of maximum specific growth rate
using Design Expert software
Ethanol Fermentation by NIRE-K1 at 430C
Pentose Sugar Fermentation
Ethanol Yield of NIRE GX1 – 0.29 g/g at 400C
C. Genetic Engineering for ethanol production
A. Bioethanol production from xylose sugar using naturally fermenting yeast
B. Adaptation of yeast to increase ethanol production
10Kb8 Kb6 Kb4 Kb3 Kb
K1 K320 Kb appx
3000 bp2000 bp1000 bp500 bp
300 bp
100 bp
K3K1K1 K3
K1 K1K1K1
Amplified
Unamplified
DNA isolation of NIRE-K1 PCR of genomic DNA
xylose utilization increased by 88%
Xylitol production increased
Growth of yeast increased
Identified Thrust Areas for R&D
Algal biofuels
Identification of efficient and engineered strains foralgae
Cultivation and harvesting of micro-algae, dryingand conversion into biofuels.
Bio-refinery
Value addition to the biofuel production
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Microalgal Biodiesel Microalgae have been suggested as
very good candidates for fuelproduction because of theiradvantages of higher photosyntheticefficiency, higher biomass productionand faster growth compared to otherenergy crops.
Microalgae commonly double theirbiomass within 24 hours.
Biomass doubling times duringexponential growth are commonly asshort as 3.5 hours.
Oil content in microalgae can exceed80% by weight of dry biomass.
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C5 Value Addition: Towards an economic process!
Acid Pretreatment Liquor(Xylose, Arabinose, Organic acids, etc)
C5 Sugars
L-arginine
L-lysine Algal biomass, oil
Succinic AcidItaconic acid
Mannosyl Erythritol Lipid(Biosurfactant)
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BIOMASS
Thermo-chemical
Transformation
Biochemical
Transformation
Chemicals
BiofuelsMaterials
Basic concept of Bio-refinery?
Oilseed based BiorefineryCombustion &Process
heat, electricity
biogasbiogas
Lignocellulosic based Bio-refinery
Cellulose or
paper products
Catalytic
Synthesis
Gasification
Heat/Steam
Electric power
Adhesives
Surfactants
Other aromatic compounds
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis Oil
Coke
Volatiles
Burning/CHP
Lig
no
cell
ulo
sic
Bio
ma
ss
Condensates
Coke
H2, CO (Syngas)
Chemicals
Liquid fuels
Acetic acid
Other acids
Ethanol
Butanol
Acetone
Hydrogen
PHA
Enzymatic
hydrolysis
Acids
Sugars
Fer
men
tati
on
Thermal-Chemical
Dissembling
Extractive
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Aromatics
Algae based Bio-refinery
Residue
Green Diesel
Green ATF
Green Gasoline
Green Propane
Vent
Bio-crudeSeparator
Water
HPHT Reactor
Catalyst
H2
Catalyst
Recycle
Algal biomass
Biomass Pro
Filter
ABE Fermentation
butanol. E. coli gene mod
Butanol
Biogas
Challenge of the Bio-refinery Development
Development of feasible process and technology.
To study the pros and cons of every process.
To upscale the process up to pilot scale level.
Techno-economic study of different individual units.
Integration of different units to realize biorefinery.
Economic assessment of the whole set up (output-input).
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Thank You
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