Prof. Andreas Ladner
pmp 2011
Gestion de l’organisation territoriale
Tasks and Functions
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Why do we have/need a state?
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State in history
The feudalistic state (empires, monarchies)
The oligarchic state (aristocracies, bourgeoisies)
The liberal constitutional state
The national state
The democratic welfare state
(States without territory and boundaries)
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Main tasks of a state - a general view
Guaranteeing security and social order (external and internal
security)
Guaranteeing provisions and services which are essential to
modern life and for which an universal provision has to be
guaranteed
Providing infrastructure and regulations for economic prosperity
Guaranteeing social security and welfare
Guaranteeing sustainable development and protection against
risks
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A state provides public services
1. What are the specific public services a state has to
provide?
2. How does the state have to provide these services?
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How do you define what a modern state has to do?
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In modern, developed countries the term public services often includes:
Broadcasting
Education
Electricity
Environmental protection
Fire service
Gas
Health care
Military
Police service
Public information and archiving,
such as libraries
Public transportation
Social housing
Social services
Telecommunications
Town planning
Waste management
Water services
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How do you define how a state has to provide its services?
Goods (services) which may (according to prevailing social
norms) be under-provided by the market.
Or: By democratic political decisions tout court!
.
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Mancure Olson (1986): Toward a More General Theory of Governmental Structure
A theory of governmental structure begins with market
failure
Market failure stems from nonrivalness in consumption
and infeasability of excluding nonpurchasers -> Public
goods
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Public goods have different patterns of benificiaries
Exogenous domains (receivers of a public good are
beyond the control of the political and legal system)
Endogenous domains (receivers of a public good are
within the political and legel system)
Some public goods have a clientele that is not defined
geographically.
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See article 1969:
Parteo optimal allocation has to follow the principle of
fiscal equivalence
http://www.andreasladner.ch/dokumente/Literatur_Unterric
ht/Olson_1969.pdf
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„Gewährleistungsstaat?“
Services provided by the state itself
Services for which the responsibility for the provision is in
the hand of the state
Leading principle(s)?
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B: Allocation of tasks and services
Which state level which services?
Decision, funding and execution
(Social security, health, education, …… )
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Which level which services?
Allocation of services between different levels
Decision, funding and execution
Relationship between the different levels
-> IGM
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Dimensions to analyse (Page and Goldsmith 1987)
Tasks
Discretion
Access and Influence
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Results 1987
Northern European Countries (Norway, Denmark, Sweden, UK): Local
governments have a wide range of functions, with some discretion in the
way these functions are performed. Access to central government
passes largely through their local government associations.
Southern European Countries (France, Spain, Italy): Local governments
are small with few functions, limited discretion (oversight through central
government) and limited finances. More direct and informal access to
central government for many matters of interest.
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Since then, things have probably changed
EU
NPM
Local Democracy
Governance
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How to measure the role of local government?
Task and functions: share of public expenditure, share of public
employment
Discretion: Regulations and the legal system, oversight, (financial
autonomy), self-rule or shared rule
Access: importance of associations, role of parties, „cumul des
mandats“
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Hypotheses
Recent developments had very little impact on IGR (path
dependency)
Extensive changes
Varying degrees of change depending on the experience
of each country
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Observation
Growing importance of the meso (UK, Belgium, Spain,
France, Italy Norway, Sweden).
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La Suisse – Sonderfall?
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Personnel de la fonction publique centrale selon le type d’employeur 1995-2008 (NOGA08)
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Taux d’administration selon la forme juridique
| Diapositive 25 |
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Impact culturel 2005
G3 Personnel de la fonction publique selon la culture dominante 2005, en %
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Germanophones Francophones Italophones Total
Source: OFS, RFE 2005, calculs propres BADAC
Corporations dedroit public
Communes
Canton
Confédération
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Results from the country conclusion of the chapters in Goldsmith/Page (1)
Institutions of territorial governance have changed (due to
globalization, Europeanisation, the emergence of the meso
and changing patterns of regulation) considerably
-> nature of IGR are likely to have changed also.
-> a greater diversity in terms of IGR is to be found
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Results from the country conclusion of the chapters in Goldsmith/Page (2)
North-south distinction is no longer valid
Some countries which were at the top in 1987 have moved
down (N), some have moved up (F, I) (p. 248)
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Discretion
Supervisional power of national government has declined
in F and I
E: Whitehall has become more important, supervision,
audit
DK, N, S: tightening of the existing framework of
supervision
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Trends
Finishing unfinished business in the South
Greater regulations and new forms of it
Beyond North and South
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